Quantifizierung der Schadenspotentiale infolge Erdbeben – Teil 1: Rekonstruktion des Bebens in der Schwäbischen Alb vom 03. September 1978

Assessment of damage and loss potentials due to earthquake (1): reconstruction of the “Albstadt” – quake in the Swabian Albs in September 03, 1978. Due to lack of strong earthquakes, there is almost no data or experience available concerning the behaviour and vulnerability of common buildings in German seismic zones. The consideration of their earthquake resistance or vulnerability is still outside the scope of official investigations. A scale is missing to calibrate results of seismic risk assessment and to prove their reliability. For these purposes, an outstanding importance has to be attested to the September 03, 1978 Earthquake in the Western Swabian Alb, the heaviest one in Germany over the last 50 years. The 1978 Albstadt earthquake provides an impression of the severity of design earthquakes (in lower range) defined by DIN 4149: 2005 for the highest zone 3. Due to the limited time elapsed since the quake, it can be assumed that the building inventory is comparable to the situation today and might be generalized to other communities in that zone today. The present study can be regarded as a continuation of research activities directed towards the assessment of damage and loss potentials in German cities initiated by Deutsches Forschungsnetzwerk Naturkatastrophen (DFNK), while introducing recently elaborated and more refined approaches. The detailed survey and documentation of damage cases provide the basis to test the applicability of the developed GIS‐based seismic risk assessment technologies to other seismic regions. For this purpose, the main damage zones and the distribution of mean damage grades in Albstadt/Tailfingen are reconstructed and the loss will be recalculated for the building inventory at the time of the quake in 1978. The vulnerability of building types is evaluated on the basis of the European Macroseismic Scale EMS‐98. The classification of EMS‐98 is used to transform the existing damage observations into a scheme of damage grades. In addition to the empirical approach, selected damage cases are examined by a recently developed evaluation tool for masonry structures, combining experience and analysis in a hybrid way to detect critical zones, as well as the extent and the level of damage. All results indicate a remarkable agreement with the reported situation.     

Climatic zoning for energy efficiency applications in buildings based on multivariate statistics: The case of the Brazilian semiarid region

This study aimed to propose climatic zones in the Brazilian semiarid region using multivariate statistical techniques and to characterize these zones for energy efficiency applications in buildings. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to select the variables with the greatest practical relevance. From this selection, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to spatially define climatically homogeneous zones. For each defined zone, the most feasible constructive thermal conditioning strategies were defined, and the thermal indexes of heat and degree-hours of cooling and heating were calculated. As result, PCA reduced the dimensionality of the initial database from 104 to 48 variables, among which the climatic and bioclimatic variables related to temperature stood out. From the HCA, three climatic zones were defined for the Brazilian semiarid region. For all zones, there was a high demand for constructive conditioning strategies, which have to be adopted in more than half of the total annual hours. The proposed zoning is adapted to the climatic aspects of the Brazilian semiarid and has significant potential for applications in construction planning in this region. Moreover, the methodology presented can be applied for establishing climatic zones in other regions, which can contribute to increasing the energy efficiency of buildings.     

Thermal zoning and interzonal airflow in the design and simulation of solar houses: a sensitivity analysis

Many assumptions must be made about thermal zoning and interzonal airflow for modelling the performance of buildings. This is particularly important for solar homes, which are subjected to high levels of periodic solar heat gains in certain zones. The way in which these passive solar heat gains are distributed to other zones of a building has a significant effect on predicted energy performance, thermal comfort and optimal design selection. This article presents a comprehensive sensitivity analysis that quantifies the effect of thermal zoning and interzonal airflow on building performance, optimal south-facing glazing area, and thermal comfort. The effect of controlled shades to control unwanted solar gains is also explored. Results show that passive solar buildings, in particular, can benefit from increased air circulation with a forced air system because it allows solar gains to be redistributed and thus reduces direct gain zone overheating and total energy consumption.     

Vereinfachtes Flächenerfassungsmodell für Mehrzonenbilanzen

Bei der energetischen Bilanzierung nach DIN V 18599 müssen Gebäude aufgrund unterschiedlicher Nutzungseigenschaften zoniert werden. Auch die Gebäudehüllfläche wird nach diesen Kriterien aufgeteilt und den Zonen zur weiteren Berechnung zugewiesen. In der Praxis ist die Aufteilung der inneren Zonenumschließungs‐ und der äußeren Gebäudehüllfläche mit einem hohen Arbeitsaufwand verbunden. Etwa 50 % der Zeit wird für die Zonierung und die Ermittlung dieser Flächen‐ und Bauteileigenschaften benötigt. Zur Verringerung des Zeitaufwandes wurde eine Methode entwickelt, mit welcher die Gebäudehülle ähnlich dem 1‐Zonen‐Modell erfasst werden kann. Die Hüllfläche wird den Zonen vereinfacht zugeordnet, sodass die eigentliche Berechnung in der Mehrzonenbilanz erfolgen kann. Dies bringt wesentliche Vorteile bei der Auslegung und Optimierung nachgeschalteter Anlagentechnik mit sich. Die Verteilung der thermischen Hüllflächen erfolgt bei diesem vereinfachten Verfahren in Abhängigkeit von der Zonengröße und kann über ein Wichtungsverfahren beeinflusst bzw. korrigiert werden. Untersuchungen an mehreren Gebäuden haben gezeigt, dass die Flächenverteilung mit einer guten Genauigkeit eingesetzt werden kann, wobei eine “intelligente” Zuteilung über ein Wichtungsverfahren erforderlich ist. Die Zeitersparnis bei Anwendung der Vereinfachungen beträgt etwa 30 %. Bei komplexeren, vielzonigen Gebäuden ist die Einsparung tendenziell höher einzuschätzen. Das Verfahren erlaubt, alle Bauteilflächen detailliert auf Zonenebene nachzueditieren und somit die Möglichkeit, das Gebäudemodell planungsbegleitend zu konkretisieren. So kann die Berechnung im Laufe der Projektbearbeitung immer weiter präzisiert werden, wodurch die Berechnungsgenauigkeit und die Optimierungsmöglichkeiten gesteigert werden. Diese Vereinfachungen sollen zukünftig in der Luxemburger EnEV zur energetischen Bewertung von neu zu errichtenden Nichtwohngebäuden nach DIN V 18599 Anwendung finden. A simplified surface area calculation and zoning model for energy performance assessment of buildings. According to the DIN V 18599 energy performance assessment, buildings have to be divided into zones depending on their utilisation. The same zoning applies to the building envelope where the segments are being allocated to the individual zones. In engineering practice about 50% of the work is required for zoning, calculating surface areas and evaluating the properties of building envelope components. In order to reduce the time needed for these efforts a methodology similar to the single zone model has been developed. To carry out the multiple zone calculation the building envelope is being split and allocated to the individual zones in a simplified way. This as well provides a significant advantage for the dimensioning and optimisation of the related HVAC and lighting systems. Within the simplified calculation, the allocation of the building envelope is carried out in dependence of the zone size and corrected with a weighting factor if needed. The analysis of several buildings has shown that the simplified method can be applied with sufficient accuracy. The weighting factors are however necessary. By implementing this simplification the time expenditure to calculate a building is reduced by more or less 30%. This reduction tends to be even more important when dealing with complex buildings which have a high number of zones. The methodology enables building components to be edited by zones and hereby gives the opportunity to easily modify the design during the course of the planning. As the project develops, the calculations can be more detailed thereby increasing the precision of the calculation. In the near future this methodology will be implemented in the Luxembourg energy saving ordinance (EnEV) for the energy performance assessment of non residential buildings.     

Vom Hofbräuhaus zum Deutschen Museum – Münchner Bauten aus Eisenbeton 1890 bis 1914 (2)

From Hofbräuhaus to the German Museum – reinforced concrete buildings in Munich from 1890 to 1914. This year (2008) Munich celebrates its 850‐year anniversary and in appropriate publications the authors try to work out the special Munich style. Little attention will be paid to a special chapter of Munich's history – the beginning of construction with reinforced concrete about 1900. Munich can claim that city to have been first in the new building technology and important buildings in reinforced concrete were designed and erected. Unfortunately, today this extraordinary architectural and engineering development is widely forgotten.     

Vom Hofbräuhaus zum Deutschen Museum – Münchner Bauten aus Eisenbeton 1890 bis 1914 (1)

From Hofbräuhaus to the German Museum – reinforced concrete buildings in Munich from 1890 to 1914. This year (2008) Munich celebrates its 850‐year anniversary and in appropriate publications the authors try to work out the special Munich style. Little attention will be paid to a special chapter of Munich's history – the beginning of construction with reinforced concrete about 1900. Munich can claim that city to have been first in the new building technology and important buildings in reinforced concrete were designed and erected. Unfortunately, today this extraordinary architectural and engineering development is widely forgotten.     

从生态中求生存--德国盖尔森基辛日光村的启示

德国的北威州通过“北威州的50个日光村”计划,致力于太阳能利用和低能源消耗的建筑这项激进的革新。作为首批的盖而森基兴——俾斯麦日光村不但表现出能源革新的理念,而且出色地把经济的、社会的、生态的和城市的理念结合在一起。     

Zur Erdbebenbemessung im Holzbau

Seismic design in timber construction. Images from earthquake areas all over the world with a devastating impact on humans, nature and built‐up areas reach us almost every day. Many people do not know that the risk of an earthquake exists in Germany as well. Even experts disregarded the issue of earthquakes in Germany for a long time. The building regulation approved of earthquake regulations took place in 1998 for the first time. The standard DIN 4149:2005 applies to all German federal states since 2007. Many experts commonly think of timber being less suitable for structures in earthquake areas. The use of wood in engineering terms under seismic load and the economical design of a load‐bearing structure will be exemplified in this paper. The recently introduced timber construction code DIN 1052:2004 is the solely German standard for timber construction in addition to the Eurocode 5. Due to the semi‐propabilistic safety system the timber construction code is compatible with the earthquake code. Designing according to timber requirements and considering ductility and also oscillating duration of wood constructions, these buildings are outstandingly adequate to be used in all earthquake areas.     

Building climate zones of major marine islands in China defined using two-stage zoning method and clustering analysis

The current scheme of building climate zones in China generally assumes that building climate zones of island cities are identical to adjacent land stations.Consequently,building design strategies for island buildings usually refer to those developed for inland cities.This approach has to some extent hindered the energy-saving design and green development of island buildings in China.This research takes a first step on this issue by defining the building climate zones of 36 marine islands over China marine area using two-stage zoning methodology adopted by current building climate zoning standard(GB50178-1993).The meteorological data used for analysis was obtained from the National Climate Center of China over the 30-year period from 1985 to 2014.As comparison,40 coastal stations which are adjacent to the inves-tigated marine islands were also included in this study.Subsequently a more objective techni-que-cluster analysis was operated as an effective supplement to discover the climate characteristics among different observations.The results of both methodologies consistently show that among the 36 islands investigated,the majority of islands located in northern and eastern marine area belong to the same climate zones as their adjacent coastal cities.Howev-er,island cities in southern marine area cannot be assigned to any current climate zone,which was demonstrated by its distinctive climate features different from any other sites investi-gated through cluster analysis as well as different energy use patterns.Thus a new zone was defined to supplement the current building climate zoning scheme to cover marine area of China.     

Building climate zones of major marine islands in China defined using two-stage zoning method and clustering analysis

The current scheme of building climate zones in China generally assumes that building climate zones of island cities are identical to adjacent land stations. Consequently, building design strategies for island buildings usually refer to those developed for inland cities. This approach has to some extent hindered the energyesaving design and green development of island buildings in China.This research takes a first step on this issue by defining the building climate zones of 36 marine islands over China marine area using two-stage zoning methodology adopted by current building climate zoning standard (GB50178-1993). The meteorological data used for analysis was obtained from the National Climate Center of China over the 30-year period from 1985 to 2014. As comparison, 40 coastal stations which are adjacent to the investigated marine islands were also included in this study. Subsequently a more objective techniquedcluster analysis was operated as an effective supplement to discover the climate characteristics among different observations. The results of both methodologies consistently show that among the 36 islands investigated, the majority of islands located in northern and eastern marine area belong to the same climate zones as their adjacent coastal cities. However, island cities in southern marine area cannot be assigned to any current climate zone, which was demonstrated by its distinctive climate features different from any other sites investigated through cluster analysis as well as different energy use patterns. Thus a new zone was defined to supplement the current building climate zoning scheme to cover marine area of China.     

城市总体规划与主体功能区规划管制空间研究

从空间界限、功能定位、指标控制等角度揭示主体功能区规划(优化开发区、重点开发区、禁止开发区、限制开发区)与城市总体规划空间管制分区(禁建区、限建区、适建区、已建区)功能空间的相似性和差异性,并对两者进行解构与重组,尝试探索城市总体规划和主体功能区规划管制空间的耦合关系。     

基于气候区划的中国建成区绿地率 区域差异研究

气候是影响城市绿地的基础性自然因素,定量研究气候对建成区绿地率的影响,利于合理调控城市绿地建设。以中国县级市及以上城市为样本,综合运用标准差、变异系数和锡尔系数等方法,探究1996—2015年不同气候区划建成区绿地率区域差异状况。结果表明:1)从发展水平看,不同气候区划具显著差异,热带高于温带,湿润、半湿润区高于半干旱、干旱区,其中,热带与湿润区、半湿润区城市重合度高,是气候优势区位;2)从差异度看,不同气候区划差异度具明显区别,温带差异度高于热带,干旱、半干旱区高于湿润、半湿润区;3)从差异分解看,温度带间建成区绿地率不平衡对全国总差异的影响度大于干湿区间,温度带间差异是我国总体差异的主要原因。以期为揭示气候对城市绿地建设水平的影响作用提供理论依据。     

Das Hochhausensemble am Münchner Tor

The high‐rise buildings at the Münchner Tor in Munich. The load‐bearing structure of the two high‐rise buildings at the Münchner Tor in Munich are an important milestone in the advancement of high‐rise construction in Germany. Usually for buildings of this height, a frame construction with bracing cores made of reinforced concrete is used. The load‐bearing structure of the high‐rise buildings presented in this article, however, consist completely of a composite structure. This structure supports all vertical and – via the diagonals in terms of an end channel framing – horizontal loads. Only the thin slabs and the basement box are made of reinforced concrete. The construction principle used for the High‐Rise Ensemble in Munich has made it possible to construct a building of an hitherto unknown transparency and exceptional slimness.     

Überlegenheit moderner,innovativer Planungswerkzeuge in der Gebäudeplanung

Superiority of advanced, innovative design tools. In Germany, standard building design is often determined in the traditional way that is, solely according to the HOAI (Official Scale of Fees for Services by Architects and Engineers) [1]. This means that in most cases only simplistic design tools are used by default. However, with high‐class complex buildings these are not always an adequate means of ensuring that the often stringent requirements their use places on the indoor climate conditions are met once they are in operation. In ambitious buildings featuring numerous open areas inside and open exits leading outdoors or to adjacent buildings but still place stringent requirements on the indoor climate conditions, the interactions between the individual areas inside and between these and ambient air are extremely important. Such buildings often appear transparent so as to look attractive to visitors: keeping entrance doors open helps to attract the attention of passers‐by and to make the buildings seem more inviting. The resulting streams of visitors necessitate a multiple open doorways, resulting in more or less strong airflow within the buildings. The effects of this wind‐ and buoyancy‐induced airflow on the indoor climate conditions proposed for a particular building can only be evaluated by means of advanced innovative design methods in the form of simulation technology. The airflow inside the buildings raises a number of very different issues regarding their design which can only be resolved by means of different simulation techniques. Using the new entrance building (NEG) on Berlin's Museum Island as an example, typical design issues are exemplified and the corresponding simulation techniques presented here. In this way the – urgently needed – transparency concerning the application of building simulation technology is encouraged.     

Erdbebenrisiko‐Kartierung für Deutschland

Earthquake Risk Assessing and Mapping for Germany The aim of this study is to assess and map the seismic risk for Germany. There are several earthquake prone regions in the country which have produced ML magnitudes above 6 corresponding to ground shaking intensity VIII (EMS‐98). Combined with the fact that some of these earthquake prone areas are densely populated and highly industrialized and where therefore the hazard coincides with high concentration of exposed assets, the damaging implications from earthquakes must be taken seriously. In this study a methodology is presented and pursued to calculate the seismic risk from intensity based probabilistic seismic hazard, vulnerability composition models, which are based on the distribution of residential buildings of various structural types in representative communities and distribution of assets in terms of replacement costs for residential buildings, which are estimated for all communities of the country. The estimates of risk are treated as primary economic losses due to structural damage to residential buildings. The obtained results are presented as maps of the damage and risk distributions. For a probability level of 90% non‐exceedence in 50 years (corresponding to a mean return period of 475 years) the mean damage ratio is up to 20% and the risk up to hundreds of millions of euro in the most endangered communities. The developed models have been validated with observed data from several damaging earthquakes in Germany and the nearby area in the past 30 years.     

Semi-quantitative method to identify the vulnerable areas in terms of building aggregation for probable landslide runout at the regional scale: a case study from Soacha Province,Colombia

Landslide susceptibility and vulnerability maps are key components for urban planning and risk management. The main objective of this research was spatial vulnerability mapping in the probable landslide runout zone in Soacha Province, Colombia. This study included three major steps: identification of a landslide susceptible area, identification of its runout zone, and vulnerability assessment using an area damage index method. The landslide-prone area was identified through a susceptibility analysis using a logistic regression model. In total, 182 landslide locations were collected and randomly distributed as training data (70%) and validation data (30%). The final landslide susceptibility map was validated using the area under the curve method. The validation result showed success and prediction rates of 88.71% and 89.96%, respectively. The Flow-R model was applied to identify the runout zone, and a back-propagation analysis approach was applied to estimate two essential input data for the model, i.e., the travel angle and velocity. From seven locations, the back-propagation analysis showed an average travel angle of 14.6° and an average velocity of 11.4 m/s. A total of 3777 buildings were identified within the probable runout zone. A physical vulnerability assessment was done by finding the ratio between area of buildings and area of runout zone in each small unit boundary. The physical vulnerability was classified as low, moderate, extensive, and complete on the basis of building exposure. The final result revealed that most of the village areas are in null or moderate vulnerability zones. In contrast to the village areas, the city areas include zones of extensive and complete vulnerability. This study showed that about 52% of the area of the city of Cazuca is completely vulnerable, i.e., in areas where abandoned quarry sites are present. The map of vulnerable areas may assist planners in overall landslide risk management.

     

Erprobt,bewährt und demontiert – Vom Verschwinden gewohnter Strukturen

Tested – accepted – destroyed: About disappearing of used principles. In Germany in the past years much of what was proven over long time, changed, mostly without necessity – allegedly because of outside obligations, often recommendations became “over‐fulfilled”. This applies in particular to the draft of new laws. Unfortunately a trend shows up to mediocre results of these changes in many areas; the planners concerned with building and the entire construction industry get the consequences, e.g. by standards, lacking in practical relevance. On the other hand the legislator practices in deregulation measures in the wrong position and promotes e.g. by the increasing renouncement of necessary preventive controls a dropping of the safety level of our buildings.     

Die Novelle der Energieeinsparverordnung EnEV 2007 – Chancen für die bessere Bewertung von Nichtwohngebäuden und Einführung von Energieausweisen

Amendment of the German Building Energy Conservation Ordinance (Energieeinsparverordnung – EnEV 2007) Opportunities for better assessment of non‐domestic buildings and introduction of Energy Passports. EU member states were required to implement the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2002/91/EC) in their respective national law by January 2006 [1]. In this context the German Government proposed comprehensive amendments of the existing energy saving legislation (‘Energieeinspargesetz’ or Energy Conservation Law, ‘Energieeinsparverordnung’ or Building Energy Conservation Ordinance). This article describes the current status of the considerations, in particular with regard to technical assessment options for non‐domestic buildings. The second amendment to the German Energy Conservation Law [7] came into force on 8 September 2005. The draft amendment of the Building Energy Conservation Ordinance (EnEV 2007) was presented by the German Government on 16 November 2006 [2]. However, due to the time required for consideration by the Federal Cabinet and the upper house of the German parliament it is not expected to come into force before mid 2007. This article provides an overview of the proposed new requirements for energy saving in buildings.     

Zemente mit mehreren Hauptbestandteilen im Betonbau

Cements with Several Main Constituents in Concrete Construction – Sustainable Solutions for Building with Concrete In view of the reduction of climate‐related CO₂ emissions in the cement industry the manufacture of cements with several main constituents is of particular significance. One reason is the production process, which is more energy‐efficient and more ecological compared to “traditional” CEM I‐cements (Portland cements). But also the durability and performance in their use in concrete constructions are reasons why Portland‐composite cements (CEM II) and blastfurnace cements (CEM III) have meanwhile reached a market share of about 65% in Germany. For a few years now, approximately only 30% Portland cements have been used throughout Europe – with a continuous downward trend. The application‐specific properties, the possible areas of use as well as the ecologic advantages of the cements with several main constituents used in Germany so far are described in the following and illustrated by two practical examples. An outlook into possible further developments is given by examples of the performance of new cements in concrete.