Anforderungen an Umkehrdächer mit Trennlage: Erläuterungen zur Anwendung von EN ISO 6946

Requirements for inverted roofs with separating layer – notes on the application of EN ISO 6946. This paper explains the application of the EN ISO 6946 standard for different regions in Europe in terms of heat losses through inverted roofs. For determining the heat transfer coefficient of inverted roofs, the October 2003 version of this standard takes into account additional heat loss due to precipitation. This enables additional roof heat losses originating from the flow of warmed precipitation below the thermal insulation to be calculated. The heat loss depends on the quantity of precipitation and on the proportion of water that drains directly between the roof sealing layer and the thermal insulation. The paper explains the application of the standard for different regions in Europe. Supplementary climatic data and boundary conditions for different regions are provided. In addition, the requirements for the separating layer in inverted roofs with separating layer are described. Using the technique described, heat losses due to precipitation can be reduced to such an extent that they are negligible for the purpose of the calculation.     

Polystyrol‐Extruderschaum mit verbesserten wärmetechnischen Eigenschaften — Entwicklung,Prüfung und Anwendung

Ein neuer Wärmedämmstoff aus extrudiertem Polystyrol‐Hartschaum (XPS) mit geringerer Wärmeleitfähigkeit wurde entwickelt, um die erhöhten Anforderungen an einen dauerhaften Wärmeschutz von Gebäuden einfacher und mit geringerem Materialaufwand zu erfüllen. Die bewährten mechanischen und hygrothermischen Eigenschaften von XPS‐Dämmstoffen werden beibehalten. Die erste Produkt‐Generation ist insbesondere für die außenliegende Wärmedämmung von erdberührten Wänden und Böden sowie für die Kerndämmung von zweischaligen Wänden entwickelt worden. Das verwendete CO₂‐Schäumverfahren entspricht den bestehenden Anforderungen an die Nachhaltigkeit von Bauprodukten. Development, testing and application of extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) insulation with improved thermal properties. Improved extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) insulation with lower thermal conductivity has been developed. This enables meeting the increased requirements for sustainable building insulation with better material efficiency. The proven mechanical and hygro‐thermal properties of XPS insulation are maintained. This first product generation has been developed primarily for external perimeter insulation of basement walls and floors as well as for the insulation of cavity walls. The CO₂ foaming technology meets the sustainability requirements for building products.     

Wärmedämmstoffe in Deutschland nach europäischen Normen: Nicht nur ein Problem für Sachverständige

Thermal insulation products in Germany based on European standards. Not just a problem for technical experts. The harmonised European product standards for factory‐produced thermal insulation products (EN 13 162 to EN 13 171) were drawn up on the basis of the Construction Products Directive adopted by the European Council in 1989. The German Institute for Standardization (DIN) published these standards in October 2001. After a coexistence period that ended on 15 February 2003, during which insulation products carrying either the CE mark or the Ü mark could be put into circulation in Germany, national standards that are in conflict with the harmonised standards have to be withdrawn. National standards that are not in conflict with the harmonised standards, including associated test standards, remain valid. The following paper is intended to explain the new harmonised product standards with regard to thermal insulation products and in particular the new methodology and product characteristics symbols, for the benefit of anyone involved in construction. Furthermore, reasons for quality assurance procedure efforts by the insulation products industry based on CE and Ü marks are provided.     

Harmonisierte europäische Normen für Dämmstoffe für betriebstechnische Anlagen in der Industrie und in der technischen Gebäudeausrüstung

Harmonised European standards for insulation in industrial and building services installations. European standards (EN) for building materials prepared by CEN according to the Construction Products Directive supersede national standards as reference documents in specification documents and standards, building codes and regional building regulations, based on Germany's obligation to implement EU Directives and DIN 's obligations vis‐à‐vis the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). The substitution of national standards by European standards does not apply to working papers prepared by the industrial construction association (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industriebau e. V. – AGI). These papers continue to apply as the basis for the “generally recognised state of the art“. In the event of deviations between AGI working papers and European standards or DIN EN standards, any decision on which statement should be regarded as “generally recognised state of the art” may have to be referred to a court of law.     

Europäische Baunormen im Test – Charakteristische Werte nach DIN EN 1990, DIN EN 1926 und DIN EN 13162

European Structural Standards under test – characteristic values according to DIN EN 1990, DIN EN 1926 and DIN EN 13162 The determination of nominal value is the starting point for the calculation of the design value. An analysis shows that the required reliability in DIN EN 1990 is not always guaranteed: – application of quantile factors for a confidence level P = 1 – α = 0,50 of assessment via the characteristic value (ENDIN 1990) – use of quantile factors of normal distribution in case of logarithm normal distribution for a confidence level P = 1 – α ≠ 0,50 (ENDIN 1990) – direct assessment of the design value on the basis of a sample size of n = 4, 5, 6, … for a 99,9%‐quantile (EN DIN 1990) – checking whether the underlying distribution and the measure results are in agreement (ENDIN 1926) – estimation of the quantile of the thermal conductivity λ_90/90 from the quantile of the thermal transmission resistance R_10/90 and vice versa (EN DIN 13162). There is a need for consistency between the harmonized European Standards and the technical rules of DIN EN 1990. Therefore, this paper will give recommendations for required corrections.     

Torsions‐Querschnittswerte für rechteckige Hohlprofile nach EN 10210‐2:2006 und EN 10219‐2:2006

The new European Standards EN 10210‐2:2006 and EN 10219‐2:2006 contain the necessary cross‐section values for calculation of primary torsion (St. Venant‐torsion). In the following paper all cross‐section values for secondary torsion are additionally given, so that calculation of normal and shear stresses of the warping torsion is possible. These stresses cannot be neglected, but occur only at certain points of disturbance. For hollow sections it is always necess‐ary to take into consideration the shear deformations of warping torsion.     

Teil 2: Trittschalldämmung — Flankentrittschallpegel und Trittschallminderung

Sound protection of cavity floors. Part 2: Impact sound insulation — namely impact sound flanking level and impact sound reduction In part 1 [1] of this three‐part report on cavity floor sound protection, the history of the development of cavity floors introduced on the market since the early 1980s, the main design principles of such floors, and the concepts of flanking level reduction and weighted standard flanking level difference were illustrated. This second part examines two aspects of impact sound insulation, namely impact sound flanking level — previously sometimes referred to as horizontal impact sound insulation — and impact sound reduction. The following discussion of these two impact sound insulation parameters is based on approximately 150 measurements in an acoustics laboratory. The bulk of the measurements was carried out according to DIN 52 210 [3], more recent measurements according to DIN EN ISO 140‐12 [4].     

Die Wärmeübertragung in porösen Stoffen – Einfluss von Albedo und Extinktion

Heat transfer in porous materials – effect of albedo and extinction. In the context of European market harmonisation it is important to determine the properties of construction and insulation products with minimum measurement uncertainty. For insulation used for industrial equipment and building services the temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity has to be specified for the respective application. However, the established test methods for determining thermal conductivity are not designed for high temperatures. prEN 15548‐1:2006 [4] is a new technical specification designed to meet the requirements of such measurements. In order to be able to compare different types of insulation products, the measuring methods must have approximately the same measurement uncertainty, and the influence factors for the different measuring methods must be clear. For certain products the thickness is a significant influence parameter, which may have different causes. This paper focuses on the so‐called thickness effect.     

Messtechnische Analyse flachgeneigter hölzerner Dachkonstruktionen mit Sparrenvolldämmung — Teil 2: Nicht belüftete,extensiv begrünte Dächer mit Zellulose‐ und Mineralwolledämmung

Im gegenständlichen zweiten Teil dieser Aufsatzreihe werden die Messwerte aus zwei Gründachelementen, welche zum einen mit Mineralwolledämmung und feuchteadaptiver Dampfbremse und zum anderen mit Zellulosedämmung und Vliesdampfbremse ausgeführt sind, diskutiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Temperatur auf der Dachabdichtung neben den Witterungsbedingungen auch vom Bewuchsgrad des Gründaches abhängt. Aufgrund der geringen sommerlichen Umkehrdiffusion der Gründächer kommt es zu erhöhten Luftfeuchten im Gefach. Dies führt beim Gründach mit Mineralwolledämmung zu erhöhten Materialfeuchten. Das Gründach mit Zellulosedämmung weist diese erhöhten Materialfeuchten hingegen weniger stark auf. Trotz der teilweise lang andauernden hohen Feuchtelast im Gefach der beiden Gründächer konnten weder Schimmel‐ noch holzzerstörende Pilze in diesen entdeckt werden. Measuring investigations of the hygrothermal behaviour of timber flat roofs — Part 2: Non‐ventilated green roofs with cellulose and mineral wool insulation. In the second part of this article serial the measuring values of two green roof elements made of mineral wool insulation with a moisture adaptive vapour retarder and cellulose insulation with a fibrous vapour redarder are discussed. It is shown that the roof surface temperature, beside the weathering conditions, depends on the level of plant coverage. Because of very low drying potential of green roofs high air humidity occurs in the cavity. This leads to higher material moisture content in the element with mineral wool insulation. The green roof element with cellulose insulation shows this higher material moisture content less pronounced. Despite high moisture loads in the cavities of both green roof elements no mould or rot could be found in the investigated roofs.     

Thermische Leitfähigkeit von Stahlfaserbeton – eine theoretische Betrachtung

Thermal conductivity of steel fibre reinforced – a theoretical view With respect to fire design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures the thermal conductivity λ_c is one of the important input variables. In case of an addition of steel fibres, statements are contradictory about how these affect the thermal conductivity, and thus, the fire resistance. Against this background, literature data was sighted and completed by systematically theoretical considerations and an computer‐based evaluation method. On the basis of theoretical considerations for the thermal resistance of concrete, as well as on the numeric model, in general it can be concluded that, for an in practice frequently used fibre dosage of 1 Vol.‐%, the lower and upper curves for the thermal conductivity given in DIN EN 1992‐1‐2:2010 can be applied for normal‐ and high‐strength concretes. However, for other types of concrete which specifically differ from normal‐ and high‐strength concrete in density, kind, size and distribution of pores as well as in physical and chemical water binding capacity separate observations should be made.     

Europäische Dämmstoffnormen der 2. Generation: Prüfmethoden zur Ermittlung flüchtiger organischer Komponenten (VOC)

2nd generation European Standards for insulating materials and products: test methods for the determination of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) In October 2001 ten “first generation” standards (EN 13162 through EN 13171) were introduced in Europe dealing with insulating materials and products. The new standards now in effect had to be based on the European Construction Products Directive (CPD) and conceptual details had been mandated by the European Commission to the standardization body CEN. Among other properties like thermal conductivity and fire performance the mandate requested to standardize a so called “initial type test (ITT)” for the release of dangerous substances (also called “regulated substances”) to be performed by an independent testing laboratory on behalf of the manufacturer before placing the product onto the market. However, due to the lack of experience and due to a non‐existing European harmonized common method for testing and classification, this property could not be included in the standards in due time and reference was only made to national regulations. Because of this shortcoming, a research project, started in 2003, developed a cost effective and very practical test method based on the emission cell device with a subunit that proved suitable for an initial type test (ITT) for the determination of emissions from thermal insulation materials and products – in particular volatile organic compounds (VOC).     

Entwicklung von Planungs‐ und Sanierungskonzepten für den russischen Wohnungsbau

Für russische Wohnhäuser der ersten Periode des industriellen Bauens, so genannte “Chruschtschowki”, besteht ein hoher Sanierungsbedarf. Im Rahmen der nachfolgenden Betrachtungen werden mögliche energetische Sanierungsmaßnahmen für diese typischen russischen Wohngebäude vorgestellt. Das Ziel ist eine Angleichung an das europäische Wärmeschutzniveau und die Erstellung eines einheitlichen Berechnungsansatzes. Als Grundlage für die durchgeführten Berechnungen dienten die deutschen Vorschriften der aktuellen Energieeinsparverordnung in Kombination mit der Berechnungsnorm DIN 4108‐6 sowie DIN 4701‐10. Hierzu wurden die klimatischen Bedingungen Russlands am Beispiel der russischen Metropole Sankt Petersburg in die Berechnungen integriert. Die Datenanalyse des Bestandsgebäudes eröffnet eine große Bandbreite an Möglichkeiten zur Erhöhung der Energieeffizienz. So wird unter anderem im Zuge der Berechnungen festgestellt, dass durch relativ kostengünstige Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Wärmeschutzes eine bedeutende Verringerung des Endenergiebedarfs erreicht werden kann. Es werden weiterhin mögliche Sanierungsvarianten unter Einbeziehung verschiedener Materialien und Heizungsanlagen vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass die Zukunft russischer Wohnhäuser wie der hier dargestellten Typenserie 1‐507 alles andere als aussichtslos ist, wie oft vermutet wird. Sie können im Gegenteil durchaus als komfortabler und funktionaler Wohnraum dienen. Auch die Verwendung regenerativer Energiequellen wie der Solarenergie ist unter den Bedingungen einer nördlich gelegenen Stadt wie Sankt Petersburg realisierbar. Die durchgeführten Berechnungen zeigen, dass eine Sanierung der russischen Wohnbauten der ersten Periode des industriellen Bauens durchaus lohnenswert sein kann, insbesondere wenn man die Entwicklung der Energiepreise betrachtet. In seiner energieeffizientesten Form (“Passivhaus”) bringt eine Sanierung eine Reduzierung des Endenergiebedarfs von bis zu 90 % im Vergleich zum Bestandsgebäude mit sich. Development of plans for retrofitting Russian housing, taking into account European competences for increasing its energy efficiency. There are various options for retrofitting Russian prefabricated concrete‐slab buildings of the first period of industrial construction, so‐called khrushchevki, with the object of bringing them up to European standards of thermal insulation technology. In the given case the basis of calculations was the German EnEV 2007 (Building Energy Conservation Ordinance). The analysis of sample building data opened up a large range of possibilities for increasing its energy efficiency. For instance, calculations ascertained that relatively inexpensive methods of enhancing a building’s thermal insulation can achieve a significant decrease in energy consumption for heating. In addition, this thesis analyzes possible variations of retrofitting and reconstruction using different types of materials and heating systems. The results clearly illustrate that residential houses e.g. type series 1‐507 have a future as comfortable and functional housing space. In fact, and in contrast to common prejudices, their “fate” is far from hopeless. Even the climatic circumstances of a northern city such as St. Petersburg do not preclude the use of alternative energy sources such as solar energy. On the contrary, it is a conceivable method of support for heating systems. In summary, the investigations show that the retrofitting of prefabricated concrete‐slab buildings of the first construction period is a sensible project, especially when taking into account the further development of fossil energy prices. In its most sophisticated form (the passive house), retrofitting will result in energy savings of up to 90 %.     

Wärme‐ und Feuchtetransport in Vakuumisolationspaneelen

Heat and Moisture Transport in Vacuum Insulation Panels. Due to their extremely low thermal conductivity, vacuum insulation panels (VIP) allow for high standard thermal insulation with slim building components. Within few years, this led to widespread use especially in building situations where space is limited. As there are no long‐term experiences concerning the thermal characteristics of VIPs, however, their rated values of thermal conductivity are notably higher than the actual measured values at present, which primarily represents effects of degradation caused by gases infiltrating the panel. Most significant is the influence of water vapour diffusing into the VIP. Whereas the effects of dry gases are well known and can be exactly quantified, water vapour causes different processes of heat and matter transfer which increase thermal conduction within the VIP considerably, but which cannot be separated accurately by means of measuring. Thus a theoretical model was developed which describes heat flux basing on the kinetic theory of gases for molecular diffusion and surface diffusion. It moreover provides information about the diffusion characteristics of the core material.     

Schlagregensicherheit von Steildachkonstruktionen – europäische und nationale Bewertungsverfahren für den Regeneintrag in gedeckte Dächer und die Schlagregensicherheit von Unterdeck‐ und Unterspannbahnen

Resistance to driving rain of pitched roof structures ‐ German and European assessment methods for rain penetration into tiled roofs and the resistance to driving rain of covering underlays and self supporting underlays. Resistance to driving rain describes the ability of an external component to offer protection against ingress of water into the component or the building under specified wind force, rainfall and rain duration. Standardised tests already exist for assessing and classifying the resistance to driving rain of components such as windows, external doors and gates, while for covered pitched roof structures no such tests have been established as yet. This applies to the actual roof covering consisting of small‐sized roofing elements such as tiles as well as covering underlays and self supporting underlays, which are exposed to the weather during the construction phase and during alterations or refurbishment. Over recent years great efforts have been made to try and compare the resistance to driving rain of covered pitched roof structures and exposed covering underlays and self supporting underlays used as temporary roof covering.     

轻型竹木复合墙体的热工性能试验研究

为研究轻型竹墙的热工性能,促进推广此类新型轻质墙材在节能建筑中的应用,设计并制作了2片轻型竹墙、1片轻型木墙以及1片轻型竹木复合墙,并进行了墙体的防护热箱试验,实测获取了墙体的热阻和传热系数。结合已有文献中轻钢龙骨墙体的热工性能的试验研究结果,对轻型竹墙、轻型木墙以及竹木复合墙体等的热工性能进行了比较研究。根据ISO 6946:2007的平均传热系数计算方法对轻型竹墙、轻型木墙以及轻型竹木复合墙体的稳态传热性能进行了计算和有限元分析,验证了有限元分析的可行性。基于有限元模型分别以材料的导热系数、龙骨间距、龙骨厚度及墙内钉间距为参数对3种轻型竹木墙体的热工性能进行了模拟分析。结果表明：轻钢龙骨墙体的传热系数最大,轻型竹墙与木墙的传热系数相近,说明以竹代木的设计理念是可行的;龙骨材料的导热系数垂直积层方向变化对墙体的热工性能影响较大;增加龙骨间距可适当减小墙体的传热系数,而增大龙骨厚度则可大幅减小墙体的传热系数;墙体热工性能受墙内钉间距影响较小,钉间距超过150mm时可忽略其影响。     

Hinweise für den Ansatz der Betonzugfestigkeit beim Nachweis der Mindestbewehrung für frühen Zwang gemäß Eurocode 2‐2 (DIN EN 1992‐2/NA)

Guideline for the assumption of the effective concrete tensile strength within the minimum reinforcement check due to early cracking according to Eurocode 2‐2 (DIN EN 1992‐2/NA) In December 2015, the A1‐amendment [1] for the German National Annex [2] of DIN EN 1992‐1‐1 was published. The amendment affects among others the assumption of the effective concrete tensile strength within the minimum reinforcement check due to early cracking. The following contribution elucidates the background, why a respective A1‐amendment for DIN EN 1992‐2/NA has not been provided. Furthermore, the main differences between building‐ and bridge constructions are outlined in order to constitute the different approach.     

Einwirkung von Bitumen auf Kunststoff‐Dach‐ und ‐Dichtungsbahnen

The influence of bitumen on plastic roof and sealing membranes In future, bitumen compatibility will be checked according to the European standard DIN EN 1548 and assessed according to DIN EN 13956. The results show that this procedure is not suitable for providing a reliable assessment and classification of the membranes as bitumen‐compatible or not bitumen‐compatible. Some current classifications provided by manufacturers should also be regarded as questionable.     

Optimierung eines Raumes mithilfe von DIN 18599‐4 (Tageslicht), DIN 4108‐2 (sommerlicher Wärmeschutz) und weiterführenden Simulationen

Room optimisation based on DIN 18599‐4 (Daylight), DIN 4108‐2 (Thermal comfort during summer) and simulations. DIN 18599‐4 is successfully used as a tool for optimising daylight quality in office spaces with respect to dimensions and window size and positioning. Further room optimisation with respect to thermal comfort during summer based on DIN 4108‐2 can lead to uncomfortable conditions, as shown in comparative simulations. Comfortable conditions can be achieved with further optimisation measures based on simulation programs and thermal comfort evaluation based on DIN EN 15251. Recommendations for relevant room parameters including shading, natural ventilation and artificial light switching are provided.     

Schalldämmung und Schall‐Längsdämmung von Fassadenkonstruktionen im Prüfstand – Erkenntnisse für die bauakustische Beratung in der Praxis

Airborne sound insulation and flanking sound insulation of façade constructions (Curtain wallings) in the test stand – findings for acoustic consulting in practice. Based on serial and single measurements for the determination of the weighted sound reduction index and of the normalized flanking sound insulation in horizontal and in vertical transmission direction of façades effects of the measurement procedure and of constructive façade details onto the measurement result are shown. For the performance of measurements of the weighted sound reduction index of façade constructions the possibility of the utilization of German standards DIN ENISO140‐3 in a test stand for wall constructions or of the in field procedure of DIN ENISO140‐5 in a test stand for the determination of the flanking sound insulation of façades is possible. Because the two measurement procedures lead to measurement results with systematically differences for the same façade construction, next to the formal aspect of the communicability of the two measurement procedures the mounting situation of façade elements in the test stand is taken into account. The influence of constructive details of the façade construction and their detailed effect on the determined weighted sound reduction index and/or the determined normalized flanking level difference is supposed to be shown due to carried out measurements of different façades. To that size, kind and order of the glazing, carrying out of façade molliums and façade transoms as well as construction of the façade connecting element as a single‐element for the determination of the normalized flanking sound insulation of a façade construction are taken into account.