KCHCI：一个CSCW系统框架

本文介绍了在异要型分布式计算环境下工发的一个ＣＳＣＷ系统框架ＫＣＨＣＩ。它为开发多用户协同应用提供了有力的支持层次结构和知识表示的方法的采用，使得在ＫＣＨＣＩ之下开发的协同应用系统具有良好的可移植性和可扩充性。     

Opportunities and challenges in improving surgical work flow

Safe and efficient surgical operations depend on a work environment larger than the individual operating room (OR) and on communications at different levels of the hospital organization. Extensive communication is needed before and during surgery to ensure that surgical rooms, equipment, and supplies; patients; surgeons; supporting personnel; and accompanying documentation are all ready at the appropriate times. In this article, we compile the results of three of our studies of communication activities outside ORs, with the goal of identifying opportunities and challenges in the workflow of surgery. The first study demonstrates the amount of communication work performed by OR coordinators. The second study demonstrates the potential functions of a whiteboard in communication. The third study describes an organizational learning strategy of proactive event reporting. We apply computer-supported cooperative work and organizational learning concepts to the findings and suggest ways in which information technology may improve surgical workflow.     

Cooperative hypermedia an enabling paradigm for cooperative work

This paper describes the integration of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), multimedia, and hyperstructures into a single framework calledCooperative Hyper Media (CHM). The concept of CHM supports groups of users acting on a single hypermedia document. Cooperative HyperMedia is a layered concept that integrates several notions related to the production of hypermedia documents, namely, document contents, access, and organization. To test the applicability of the concepts of this approach to CSCW we have realized a generic CHM editing architecture (Co MEdiA), telecommunication mechanism for multimedia objects (Tele Media), and service for cooperative work over long distances for time-dependent media (MISTER COOL).     

ICT capabilities for supporting collaborative work on business processes within the digital content industry

The digital content industry requires the integration of specialized information and communications technology (ICT) capabilities to support collaborative work for planning and executing its business processes. In particular, this knowledge-intensive industry lacks for adequate control on product documentation, inter and intra organizational resources management, and process monitoring which is required for supporting the high demand of projects typically constrained in time, costs, and quality. This paper presents a defined maturity model named DigiCoMM to assess collaboration and interoperability capabilities that are specific to pre-production, production, and post-production processes within the digital content industry. It also presents MONO, a computer-supported collaborative work (CSCW) software for supporting the incremental transition of companies through the different levels of the maturity model. MONO was developed in the context of the DAVID research project (Strategic Programme for the Research and Development of the Colombian Animation and Video Games Industry), during the period of 2012–2015. This model and software were used to assess and support the collaborative capabilities of several animation and video game companies in Colombia.     

协同信息处理系统中信息流转过程的设计

主要介绍了一种在基于C／S模式的协同信息处理系统中模拟实际业务流程的软件设计方法，包括利用数据库表构造消息队列和设计信息流转过程，以及利用线程技术实现系统消息的接收与发送等，该设计方法具有简便、快速、易扩展的特点。     

支持边缘端—云端协同工作的群组命令传输算法

Internet是连接云端与分布在不同区域边缘端的重要传输载体,其尽力而为的服务模式在支持群组控制命令传输时,会造成快速消耗网络资源及路径竞争等问题。首先,把Internet群组控制命令传输问题转换为不相交带约束的多Steiner树问题(constrainted multi-Steiner trees with disjoint problem,CMSTDP),并提出一种改进型遗传算法。该算法聚焦于提升全局搜索能力和缓解路径竞争两个方面。实验从群组命令传输成功率、收敛延时比及解误差率三个方面验证,该算法适合应用于边缘端—云端之间的群组命令传输。     

Supporting articulation work using software configuration management systems

Software product development is a highly collaborative activity, where teams of developers need to collaborate to produce a system. It is also a domain where systems are used to try to help the developers coordinate their work. This paper describes the results of an empirical study of the use of one such system, a configuration management tool. Specifically it describes three aspects of the support that the tool provides: the challenges of representing the work, the need to support both individuals and groups working together, and how the assumptions about software development built into the tool interact with others in the organization. The study suggests that long after the initial adoption the tool and the organization continue to interact with each other. It also opens up questions for empirical studies of the organizational context behind the tool usage.This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Researcch Council, United Kingdom. This work was conducted while at the University of California, Irvine.     

Perceptions and experiences of,and outcomes for,university students in culturally diversified dyads in a computer-supported collaborative learning environment

The introduction of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL), specifically into intercultural learning environments, mirrors the largely internet-based and intercultural workplace of many professionals. This paper utilized a mixed methods approach to examine differences between students’ perceptions of collaborative learning, their reported learning experiences, and learning outcomes when they collaborated in a CSCL environment working with a culturally similar or dissimilar partner. Culturally diverse student dyads worked together to perform an online learning task in the domain of life sciences. Our sample of 120 BSc and MSc students was comprised of 56 Dutch and 64 international students, representing 26 countries. The results showed that students from an individualist cultural background had a more negative perception of collaborative learning than did students with a collectivist background, regardless of group composition. For women, working in a culturally similar dyad consisting of students from an individualist cultural background resulted in a more negative perception of collaborative learning than did working in this type of group for men or women working in a culturally similar dyad consisting of students from a collectivist cultural background. Students from an individualist cultural background achieved better learning outcomes than did students with a collectivist background, regardless of group composition. These findings suggest that cultural background adds an important dimension to collaborative learning, which requires students to manage collaboration that is not only virtual but also intercultural.     

Software development and integration in a computer supported cooperative work environment

This paper presents a prototype computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) environment that supports the engineering design process. In particular, this environment provides collaborative tools that support computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided software engineering (CASE). This paper takes an high level look at the system as a whole and then focuses on the method used to implement the CASE support. It addresses how group members can simultaneously work on coding a program and then integrate their work to form a single program inside this environment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于协同机制的Web服务器集群负载均衡技术

网站为了满足因特网的大量访问以及更好的QoS保障,目前通用的方案是多台Web服务器构成一个集群,共同分担用户对站点的请求负荷,这就需要解决负荷在各服务器之间的平衡（即负载均衡）问题。简要分析当前常用的Web服务器集群负载均衡方案,提出了以在线‘量为负载参考点,同时兼顾不同性能Web服务器的负载能力,建立一种集群服务器之间的协同工作机制,以实现Web服务器的负载均衡。     

网络CSCW建组协商中的Meta-协商研究和应用

自动协商的广泛应用激发了CSCW(ComputerSupportedCooperativeWork)建组的新思路.独特的在建组成员间的“Meta 协商”使得建组协商不同于普通的购买协商。从分析“Meta 协商”存在性出发,提出了描述临时组结构的“组对象”概念, 将“群决策”理论中“投票”方法用作组策略的核心思想,实现了决策群体动态变动的Meta 协商机制。在“限制空间”基础上,讨论了协商中解空间和组空间的变化情况,结合网络应用的需要设计出减少因网络拥塞延迟造成建组失败的实现方案。     

ＣＳＣＷ系统中实时协同设计模型的研究

实时协同设计系统是CSCW级研究的热点,提出了实时协同设计一般化的五元组模型和其中具有关键性意义的同步模型,并以CoopCAD（协同式计算机辅助设计）系统为例,详细讨论了这一同步模型的具体实现。     

Sensitivities to early exchange in synchronous computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) groups

This study reports the impact of high sensitivity to early exchange in 11th-grade, CSCL triads solving well- and ill-structured problems in Newtonian Kinematics. A mixed-method analysis of the evolution of participation inequity (PI) in group discussions suggested that participation levels tended to get locked-in relatively early on in the discussion. Similarly, high (low) quality member contributions made earlier in a discussion did more good (harm) than those made later on. Both PI and differential impact of member contributions suggest a high sensitivity to early exchange; both significantly predicting the eventual group performance, as measured by solution quality. Consequently, eventual group performance could be predicted based on what happened in the first 30–40% of a discussion. In addition to drawing theoretical and methodological implications, implications for scaffolding CSCL groups are also discussed.     

P2P网络中基于代理合作的匿名传输机制

P2P网络中通常采用重路由技术实现匿名通信,增加了网络管理的难度和传输延迟。基于代理合作的匿名传输机制是在P2P网络中选取部分节点组成虚拟合作代理群(Virtual Cooperative Proxy Troop,VCP),网络中的节点均有一个对应的VCP节点来负责为其提供代理转发服务。VCP代理节点根据响应请求的延迟来合理分配多条有限长度的路径来进行数据传输,从而实现VCP节点之间的相互合作,降低传输耗时和平衡网络负载     

Evaluating teamwork support in tabletop groupware applications using collaboration usability analysis

Tabletop groupware systems have natural advantages for collaboration, but they present a challenge for application designers because shared work and interaction progress in different ways than in desktop systems. As a result, tabletop systems still have problems with usability. We have developed a usability evaluation technique, T-CUA, that focuses attention on teamwork issues and that can help designers determine whether prototypes provide adequate support for the basic actions and interactions that are fundamental to table-based collaboration. We compared T-CUA with expert review in a user study where 12 evaluators assessed an early tabletop prototype using one of the two evaluation methods. The group using T-CUA found more teamwork problems and found problems in more areas than those using expert review; in addition, participants found T-CUA to be effective and easy to use. The success of T-CUA shows the benefits of using a set of activity primitives as the basis for discount usability techniques.     

Advancing educational research on collaboration through the use of gStudy computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) tools: Introduction to special issue

This is an introduction to a special issue on computer-supported collaborative learning.     

Strategies for designing distributed systems: case studies in the design of an air traffic management system

The air traffic management system in the USA is an example of a distributed problem-solving system. It has elements of both cooperative and competitive problem-solving. It includes complex organizations such as Flight Operations Centers, the FAA Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center (ATCSCC), and traffic management units at en route centers that focus on daily strategic planning, as well as individuals concerned more with immediate tactical decisions (such as air traffic controllers and pilots). The design of this system has evolved over time to rely heavily on the distribution of tasks and control authority in order to keep cognitive complexity manageable for any one individual operator, and to provide redundancy (both human and technological) to serve as a safety net to catch the slips or mistakes that any one person or entity might make. Within this distributed architecture, a number of different conceptual approaches have been applied to deal with cognitive complexity and to provide redundancy. These approaches can be characterized in terms of the strategy for distributing: (1) control or responsibility, (2) knowledge or expertise, (3) access to data, (4) processing capacity, and (5) goals and priorities. This paper will provide an abstract characterization of these alternative strategies for distributing work in terms of these 5 dimensions, and will illustrate and evaluate their effectiveness in terms of concrete realizations found within the National Airspace System.     

Sensemaking,safety, and cooperative work in the intensive care unit

Making sense of circumstances and situations is critical to coordinate cooperative work. Especially in process control domains, we may expect that effective and reliable organizations will possess processes that develop, maintain, distribute, and, when necessary, repair this social understanding (sensemaking). Our research has focused on collective sensemaking process in an intensive care unit (ICU). Thus, sensemaking is most likely to be visible to researchers in high tempo, high uncertainty work settings such as hospital ICU, where complexity, criticality, and uncertainty are the main characteristics of the working activities and making sense of what is happening is one of the most important challenge of the team of physicians working in this context. The research demonstrates how workers create and distribute sense within small work groups and also how they use the results of these efforts to coordinate ongoing work activities. Practitioners tradeoff the opportunity costs of formal, collective sensemaking (sensemaking at intervals) against the value that this preparation provides to sensemaking during high tempo work (sensemaking on-the-fly). Further study of this dynamic balance will provide insight about how practitioners construct platforms for action during future, uncertain, high stakes work.