Measurement and analysis of injection characteristics among each nozzle hole within a heavy-duty diesel engine

The mass flow rate from each injector nozzle hole of a diesel engine influences the distribution, atomization, and combustion of fuel in the chamber. Thus affecting the power, the fuel economy, and the emission quality of the diesel engine. A spray momentum flux test bench was built and used to measure the injection rate from each nozzle hole of a multi-hole nozzle in this study. Selected force sensors used for data acquisition were one of the integral parts of the set-up. The influence of the force sensors’ installed position (location in the set-up) on measured results, were analyzed and the optimum position that ensures independence of the results, determined. Additionally, the effects of injection pressure, injection pulse width and injection hole diameter on the injection characteristics were also investigated. Furthermore, in this research, the reliability and robustness of Strain sensor and Piezoelectric sensors were analyzed with regards to their response. The analysis showed that, strain sensors have weak dynamic response characteristic compared to piezoelectric sensors also, the measured result obtained from strain sensors fluctuated greatly. Piezoelectric force sensor gave a more reliable and stable measurement, comparatively. The accuracy of the results were affected by the installation position of the sensors. A distance of 16 mm (between nozzle hole exit and sensor surface) was determined to be adequate for the acquisition of reliable experimental data. As the injection pressure gets higher (during injection), the rate of mass flow increased, the average cycle-to-cycle variation coefficient and nozzle-to-nozzle variability coefficient of injection quantity decreased. Hence, improving the consistency of each cycle and the uniformity of each hole. In addition, increasing the injection pulse width decreased the average cycle-to-cycle variation coefficient. Also, nozzle-to-nozzle variability coefficient had minimal or no influence with regards to injection pressure. At 80 MPa, the uniformity of injection from the multi-hole nozzle improved significantly. In summary, the larger the hole diameters, the higher the maximum value of mass flow rate and the fuel injection quantity.     

高压共轨技术发展的思考

柴油机高压共轨电控燃油喷射技术,是现代柴油机进行性能改进的关键技术措施之一。随着燃烧理论的进步,对喷油率形状及喷射压力有了更高的要求,即喷油率可调、多次喷射及超高喷射压力。常规高压共轨系统的喷油率形状近似于矩形,而且只能通过喷射压力调节矩形的高度,无法改变其形状。同时国内尚没研制出可以实现超高压喷射的压力源。本文结合国内外共轨电喷技术的发展特点,提出了双压共轨系统这一结构型式。双压共轨系统主要适用于非道路用大功率柴油机,该系统在单次喷射中能够提供两级压力-基压和高压,基压能够满足柴油机部分负荷的喷油需要,高压能够满足全负荷的需要。高低压的转换及组合通过喷油器电磁阀及增压器电磁阀配合完成。通过高低压的组合能够实现喷油规律的变化。     

满足欧Ⅲ及以上标准的重载车用柴油机排放控制技术

本文简要介绍了柴油机达到欧Ⅲ及以上排放标准的主要技术措施，并对重载车用直喷式柴油机加以重点说明。     

Effects of needle response on spray characteristics in high pressure injector driven by piezo actuator for common-rail injection system

The common-rail injection systems, as a new diesel injection system for passenger car, have more degrees of freedom in controlling both the injection timing and injection rate with the high pressure. In this study, a piezo-driven injector was applied to a high pressure common-rail type fuel injection system for the control capability of the high pressure injector’s needle and firstly examined the piezo-electric characteristics of a piezo-driven injector. Also in order to analyze the effect of injector’s needle response driven by different driving method on the injection, we investigated the diesel spray characteristics in a constant volume chamber pressurized by nitrogen gas for two injectors, a solenoid-driven injector and a piezo-driven injector, both equipped with the same injection nozzle with sac type and 5-injection hole. The experimental method for spray visualization was based on back-light photography technique by utilizing a high speed framing camera. The macroscopic spray propagation was geometrically measured and characterized in term of the spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and spray tip speed. For the evaluation of the needle response of the above two injectors, we indirectly estimated the needle’s behavior with an accelerometer and injection rate measurement employing Bosch’s method was conducted. The experimental results show that the spray tip penetrations of piezodriven injector were longer, on the whole, than that of the solenoid-driven injector. Besides we found that the piezo-driven injector have a higher injection flow rate by a fast needle response and it was possible to control the injection rate slope in piezo-driven injector by altering the induced current.     

Measurement and verification of transient injection flow rate of high pressure natural gas pulse injector

A high-pressure natural gas direct injection engine can achieve lean combustion and diffusion combustion of natural gas, which can reduce the emission level and improve power performance. However, the transient gas injection rate of the injector directly affects the combustion rate. In order to optimize engine performance, it is essential to focus on the technology used to measure the transient injection rate. Therefore, in this study, a method is developed to measure the transient flow rate of a high-pressure natural gas pulse injector. First, experiments were conducted to locate the optimum position for sensor installation, thereby ensuring the quality of the signal. Subsequently, a mass flow meter and schlieren imaging method was used to verify the injection mass and injection start/end timing. Finally, the common working conditions of a certain type of injector are measured. Results indicated that the test error of the cycle injection mass and injection start/end timing did not exceed 4% and 2.1%, respectively. As the injector energizing time increased, the injection rate curve changed from triangle to trapezoid. As the injection pressure increased, the injection start delay time decreased and end delay time increased. Measurement of the main and post injection strategy indicates that the main injection has a significant impact on the injection mass and injection rate curve for post injection. When the interval between the two injections is short, the injection rate curves merge. This increases the injection duration. The total injection mass of the main injection and post injection mass is found to be significantly higher than the sum of the two independent injections.     

EFFECTS OF INJECTION STRATEGY ON D.I. DIESEL ENGINE COMBUSTION

Experiments are conducted to develop an understanding of how split injections can affect the combustion and emission characteristics of a D.I. diesel engine with a common-rail injection system. The ratio of the amount of fuel injected between two injection pulses and the injection interval is varied keeping the injected fuel quantity constant. Results show that under the 70D90-10 injection pattern, the engine achieves the lower NOx-smoke emissions and BSFC compared with the single injection pattern. The heat release rate and the temperature show that the split injections increase the initial premixed burn and retards the diffusion burn. With the balance of these two effects, the maximum in-cylinder temperature decreases while the 50% heat release point is held at almost the same crank angle. Therefore, both NOx emission and BSFC are improved while keeping the smoke emission at the same level.