Experiment and simulation study on cavitation flow in pressure relief valve at different hydraulic oil temperatures

Hydraulic oil is the “blood” of hydraulic system, its high temperature in low-pressure hydraulic system would promote the development of cavitation and cause severe erosion of pressure relief valve. The influence of high oil temperature on the distribution of pressure field, velocity field and vapor volume fraction are discussed experimentally and numerically. The results show that with the increasing oil temperature, the viscosity of the oil decreases, and the flow rate increases, resulting the decreasing pressure at the orifice. Higher oil temperature promotes the occurrence of cavitation in the pressure relief valve, wider low-pressure zone could be found and cavitation bubble developed more fully and towards the valve core head. When the oil temperature increases from 303 K to 353 K, the cavitation intensity rises more sharply, but the growth rate of cavitation intensity increases firstly and then decreases with the increasing input pressure. Furthermore, based on the field synergy theory, the flow resistance and energy dissipation under different oil temperatures are evaluated. Both of large viscous dissipation and effective viscosity coefficient are mainly concentrated at the orifice, which are all effected by the oil temperature, so as to the characteristics of cavitation flow. The average field synergy cosine angle and the average viscosity coefficient decreases gradually with the increasing oil temperature, while the average vapor volume fraction increases. The energy dissipation is reduced by 3.3 × 10⁷ (W m⁻³) while the hydraulic oil temperature increases from 303 K to 353 K. Appropriate hydraulic oil temperature could provide favourable working conditions for the pressure relief valve which is beneficial for extending the hydraulic system's service life.     

一种电站用超(超)临界锅炉调节阀临界流流场特性分析

针对超(超)临界电站锅炉调节阀在国产化进程中汽蚀失效问题,结合某电站调节阀出现的阀门管配系统底板汽蚀击穿现象,基于两相空化流动控制方程和Fluent流场数值模拟手段,展开对该调节阀及其管配系统流场特性分析并进行了结构优化。模拟结果表明,原锥压式调节阀在开度较小的情况下介质发生了严重的汽化现象,气化率达90%以上,介质速度高,以至于底板被冲击至击穿。根据电站锅炉用给水泵流量结构特性,提出一种笼罩式调节阀,优化结构在喉口区域含汽量减少了32.75%,盲板附近的速度降低79.03%,管配系统安全。模拟结果较好的展现了阀门流场的分布规律,为该类调节阀结构设计与优化提供了理论指导,对该类阀门国产化起到积极的意义。     

Influence of the flow area around the ball valve on the flow characteristics of the injector control valve

The increase in common rail pressure can lead to increased cavitation inside the injector, resulting in degradation of injector performance and reduced life. The paper investigates the effect of the pressure block structure parameters (initial flow area around the ball valve) on the velocity field, pressure field, fuel gas phase volume fraction and drain rate of the control valve. The relationship between the initial flow area around the ball valve on the cavitation strength and unloading rate inside the valve was revealed. The results show that both the reduction of the flow area around the ball valve and the increase of the cavitation intensity inhibit the rate of oil discharge from the control valve. The reduction of the fuel flow area inhibits the expansion of the low-pressure region (0–1 MPa) within the flow layer, thus limiting the development of cavitation. The reduction of the cavitation area increases the fuel flow rate, however, the increase in flow rate increases the cavitation phenomenon, and these changes form a cycle (Reviewer 5. comment 2). The increase in cavitation inhibits the control valve pressure relief rate more significantly than the decrease in the initial flow area around the ball valve. Based on this, a stepped-pressure block model is proposed. The stepped pressure block model can effectively reduce the cavitation strength near the seal and enhance the oil discharge rate of the control valve. The study can provide a reference for the engineering optimization design of high-pressure common rail injector control valves.     

渐扩型流道空化特征的实验研究

渐扩型流道是液压元件中最常见的一种阀口结构,为了研究渐扩型阀口结构中的空化流动特征,该文设计了一种渐扩型阀口流道结构,通过实验研究了随进口压力的提升,阀口空化现象的变化。实验研究发现,空化首先出现在阀口拐角上侧;随着进口压力的提升,空化体积向着类三角形形态发育;渐扩型阀口空化体积随进口压力的提升,呈线性分布。     

不同开口度下的煤矿水液压安全阀的气蚀特性

针对煤矿水液压安全阀存在的严重气蚀问题,建立双排阀口的CFD模型,分析了不同启动次序和开口度的阀腔气相体积分数和压力分布云图,并得到其影响规律及最佳的阀口开启次序.研究表明:3种开启方式下,开口度为0.8～1.2 mm时气蚀均较为严重;同步开启时,综合抗气蚀效果最差,开口度为0.8～1.2 mm时极易形成涡旋,且对气蚀...     

水滴迷宫式调节阀空化特性计算与结构改进

针对超(超)临界机组中水滴迷宫式调节阀在高温高压工况下引起的严重气蚀问题,基于计算流体力学理论和空化机理,选用标准k-ε湍流模型、Mixture模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型,比较了改进前后调节阀在典型开度下的压力、速度、气相体积分数等结构性能.计算结果表明:原始碟片结构压降大,最大可至19.95 MPa,流...     

基于节流-分流耦合的高压高速节流口空化抑制方法

开展高压高速节流口的空化抑制方法研究是提升阀的寿命和可靠性的关键环节。针对高压高速节流口空化破坏严重的问题,提出了一种基于节流-分流耦合的空化抑制方法。该方法采用多级节流的方式,实现阀口压降的多级承担,有效减小阀口压力梯度并降低流速;通过在阀出口采取多排孔分流的方式,改善流线布局,减少流体冲击。以电磁卸荷阀为例,分析卸荷阀动态性能,获得高压高速节流口实际工况,开展高压高速工况下节流口流体仿真。仿真结果显示,相较多级节流方式和多孔分流方式,所提出的方法可显著改善流场的压力和流速分布,实现了阀口空化现象的有效抑制。     

高压差调节阀结构改进

论述了70MPa高压差调节阀的使用要求和结构特点。通过CFdesign软件对其介质流场进行分析,得到了介质流通过程中压降的分布情况,为其阀体的结构优化和避免空化、气蚀现象的产生提供了科学的理论依据。     

调压阀流体空化特性仿真及影响因素分析

针对船用二级调压阀空化问题,建立流域瞬态仿真模型,结合Singhal空化模型和标准k-ε湍流模型对调压阀流体空化现象进行数值模拟,通过流场气体体积分数分析,得出了流体空化强度及分布形态的演变规律,通过流体速度场和压力场分析,阐明了空化演变过程调压阀流场特性,进而研究了开度、流量和背压对调压阀流体空化现象的影响规律.结果...     

Numerical analysis of 3-D flow through LNG marine control valves for their advanced design

A numerical analysis of three dimensional incompressible turbulent flows through high pressure drop control valves was carried out by using a CFD-ACE code to develop anti-cavitation control valve used in LNG marine system. For this, numerical simulation was performed on several models of control valve that have different orifice diameters of anti-trim and the size of valve discharge. In this study, flow characteristics of control valves with complex flow fields including pressure drop, cavitation effect and variation of flow coefficient as well as correlation of discharge coefficient were investigated and analyzed. Comparing with conventional control valves, newly designed valves by using the CFD analysis showed an improved flow pattern with reduced cavitation and an anticipated performance characteristic. This paper was presented at the 9^th Asian International Conference on Fluid Machinery (AICFM9), Jeju, Korea, October 16–19, 2007.     

Numerical analysis of influence of cavitation characteristics in nozzle holes of curved diesel engines

By targeting at the high-pressure common rail nozzle of diesel engines, we put forward a curved nozzle structure, established six groups of nozzle models with different curvatures. By using the CFD software STAR-CCM+, based on the incompressible fluid volume function (VOF) multiphase flow model, applying the K-Epsilon two-layer turbulence model, combined with the Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model, we investigated the degree of influence of the curved nozzle on the cavitation characteristics in the nozzle hole. Cavitation at the inlet, middle and outlet of nozzles was observed under injection pressure of 50, 100 or 150 MPa. The effects of curvature on cavitation were analyzed in detail according to cavitation volume fraction, cavitation volume content, mass flow, turbulent kinetic energy and velocity coefficient. It was found the curved nozzle can significantly reduce the cavitation degree in the nozzle holes, and the larger nozzle bending led to a smaller cavitation degree in the holes. Meanwhile, the average turbulent kinetic energy increased obviously and the average velocity decreased in both the holes and outlet, but the mass flow did not change much.     

不同进口压力下柴油机非对称喷嘴内部流动特性的数值分析

采用流体动力学欧拉多相流模型，模拟了不同进口压力下柴油机喷油器非对称喷嘴内部流动特性，研究了喷嘴各孔出口处气相体积分数和质量流率分布特性。结果表明：喷嘴内部形成了均匀的雾化场，喷嘴出现空化的气相体积比和压力差上升速度都表现为孔1孔、5孔、2孔、3孔、4孔逐渐降低变化，并且空化现象基本都出现在转角上部。喷嘴各孔质量流率均随进出口压力差表现出单调增加的变化规律，之后趋于一定的稳定。在进口压力30 MPa下，压力增大后将会促进质量流率的升高；在80 MPa的进口压力下，质量流率不会发生显著改变；随着进口压力达到160 MPa，质量流率处于一个恒定状态。     

2D伺服阀矩形先导控制阀口气穴特性研究

为研究双自由度（2D）伺服阀先导控制阀口处气穴现象的影响因素及对阀芯稳定性的影响,运用Fluent软件中cavitation模型对2D伺服阀矩形先导阀口进行了气穴特性的仿真研究。研究表明,在出口压力低于1 MPa时,阀口处会出现气穴现象,且因气穴指数σ较小,故在弓形感受通道会出现气泡现象,出口压力高于5 MPa时,无明显气泡现象但阀口处的气穴仍然存在;随着入口流速增加,阀口内侧壁和外侧壁处气穴强度和分布范围增加;在出口压力0.1 MPa情况下,随着阀口开度增加气穴现象减弱。结果表明,2D伺服阀正常工作时先导阀口处会产生气穴,对伺服阀阀芯运动的稳定性产生干扰。     

2D伺服阀矩形和弓形先导级气穴特性及影响因素

二维(2D)伺服阀因其阀芯集旋转和平移运动于一体,且具有先导控制和功率放大的特性,被广泛应用于航空、军工等领域的液压系统中。由于伺服阀先导级的节流口面积非常小,流体流经此处后会因压力骤降而产生气穴现象,将直接影响伺服阀的工作特性。利用Fluent软件,在不同的阀口开度、敏感腔体积、入口压力下,对矩形和弓形2D伺服阀的先导级阀口和流道进行了两相流仿真。结果表明:矩形和弓形先导级阀口均存在一个最佳开度,对气穴现象的抑制能力最强;矩形先导级结构内的气穴现象,受敏感腔体积变化的影响较明显;入口压力越大,敏感腔体积越大,气穴现象越显著,先导级内气体含量越多。     

锥阀典型面密封结构空化喘振数值仿真研究

针对锥阀典型面密封结构中的空化流场进行了数值仿真研究,基于LES湍流模型、mixture多相流模型与Schnerr-Sauer空化模型,研究复现了阀口大尺度空穴。研究表明:面密封结构易导致流束内收缩效应,形成流束外扩与阀座壁面贴合的固定漩涡,进而诱导固定空化的形成。固定空化在恒定的入口压力条件下表现出尺度周期交变的喘振特性。出口压力条件不改变空化喘振频率,但出口压力越小喘振幅值越大。开度增大导致空化尺度先增大后减小,故喘振幅值先升高再下降;同时导致空化发育速度变慢,喘振频率下降。可依据对喘振特性的预测设置蓄能装置,实现更优的空化喘振削弱效果。     

Study on the design of control valve for U-shaped noise reduction cage and its fluid flow features and noise

In response to technical issues such as the ineffective noise reduction impact of balanced cage and single-seat control valves, the U-shaped noise reduction cage control valve is investigated and developed. In addition, its equal percentage flow properties and noise reduction impact are good, allowing it to effectively minimize the noise created by the change of fluid parameters of medium such as vapor, gas, and gas-liquid two-phase flow. The flow coefficient and flow properties were analyzed. The noise features of the medium air flow at small and large openings of 30% and 85% are simulated and analyzed, respectively. The pressure, velocity, and temperature of the inlet and outlet air, as well as the sound intensity maximum and sound power level maximum, are also analyzed with the opening curves. A small opening of 30% was selected, and the noise characteristics of cavitation generated by the medium water flow were simulated and analyzed. Together with the pressure and temperature change curves of the incoming water, the volume maxima and density minima of water are studied. The maximum sound intensity and sound power level of water are analyzed using the pressure and temperature curves of inlet water, as well as the cavitation coefficient and the degree of opening. The results of the trial for the pressure resistance of the valve body and the trial for the valve seat seal indicate that both the valve body strength and the valve seat seal meet the specifications. Comparing the noise trial results and simulation results reveals that the sound intensity and sound power level assessed by the trial and simulation are comparable, and the noise reduction impact of the control valve is positive.     

Numerical simulation of cavitation surge and vortical flows in a diffuser with swirling flow

The strong swirling flow at the exit of the runner of a Francis turbine at part load causes flow instabilities and cavitation surges in the draft tube, deteriorating the performance of the hydraulic power system. The unsteady cavitating turbulent flow in the draft tube is simplified and modeled by a diffuser with swirling flow using the Scale-adaptive simulation method. Unsteady characteristics of the vortex rope structure and the underlying mechanisms for the interactions between the cavitation and the vortices are both revealed. The generation and evolution of the vortex rope structures are demonstrated with the help of the iso-surfaces of the vapor volume fraction and the Qcriterion. Analysis based on the vorticity transport equation suggests that the vortex dilatation term is much larger along the cavity interface in the diffuser inlet and modifies the vorticity field in regions with high density and pressure gradients. The present work is validated by comparing two types of cavitation surges observed experimentally in the literature with further interpretations based on simulations.     

煤液化调节阀湍流特性及稳定性研究

针对湍流流动对煤液化调节阀内部流场稳定性影响,基于粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)和能量梯度理论对煤液化调节阀的脉动流场信息进行测量和表征。采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法,探究了1.2,1.4,1.6,1.8 MPa 4种进口压力条件下(出口压力固定为1 MPa、开度固定为60%)脉动速度均方根、湍流动能等湍流特性参数的变化规律,并结合能量梯度理论对调节阀内流动稳定性展开分析。结果表明,脉动速度均方根的分布与湍流动能的分布具有相似性,高速主流区域位于阀芯头部低速流体的交界处,脉动速度均方根及湍动能值随流速增大而升高,并在轴向位置x为29.73 mm处达到峰值;高速主流与周围低速流体自身剪切产生的速度梯度是造成流场失稳的主要因素;整个流场最不稳定的位置分布在节流口下方阀芯和阀座壁面位置以及高速主流核心区外的剪切层内,进一步揭示了煤液化调节阀失稳机理。     

水压锥阀空化射流流场结构与流量特性的相关性研究

为了研究水压锥阀空化流场与流量特性的相关性,对两种阀座结构的水压锥阀内部的空化射流开展了三维动态流场仿真.结果表明,直角型锥阀和倒角型锥阀均在阀芯后沿存在分离流诱发的附着型空化,在阀口下游有漩涡空化;此外,倒角阀座流道内亦存在分离流现象并形成附着型空化.倒角型流道入口处的分离流造成流体的局部加速,对于0.6 mm开口度...     

高压调节阀结构改进与汽蚀仿真

针对高压调节阀使用寿命偏低的问题,以串联型的多级降压结构为基础,提出一种优化的高压差调节阀结构。采用ANSYS Fluent对阀门内部的汽蚀现象进行仿真研究,得出静压、速度、气相体积分数等一系列数据,并讨论多级降压结构对阀门性能的影响。结果表明：阀门处于小开度下,容易产生汽蚀,汽蚀部位主要位于节流孔的阀芯与阀座处;相同工况下,优化后的调节阀能够有效抵抗气蚀,从而提高阀门的使用寿命。