基于孪生网络结构的轴承故障诊断研究

针对轴承故障诊断中故障样本稀缺、深度神经网络模型在小样本条件下存在故障诊断准确度较低的问题，提出将深度神经网络扩展为孪生网络结构的框架，以提高在小样本条件下的故障诊断性能。孪生网络通过权值共享的骨干网络从样本对中提取特征，采用L₁距离判定样本对的特征相似度，实现轴承故障诊断。不同于传统深度神经网络，孪生网络采取输入样本对的方法，在故障数据不足的情况下，可以提高轴承故障诊断性能。分别将不同层数的卷积神经网络(CNN)与长短期记忆网络(LSTM)扩展为孪生网络结构，在实测轴承数据集上进行小样本故障诊断实验。实验结果表明，通过扩展为孪生网络结构可以提高故障诊断结果的准确率，孪生CNN网络比对应的CNN网络准确率平均提高1.08%,孪生LSTM网络比对应的LSTM网络准确率平均提高4.78%。     

基于希尔伯特变换的风电机组齿轮箱故障诊断方法研究

齿轮箱作为风电机组关键部件,由于运行环境以及工况的复杂性,易出现故障,严重威胁机组安全稳定运行。因此,对齿轮箱进行故障诊断对确保风电机组稳定运行具有重要意义。在介绍齿轮箱结构特点、故障模式、振动监测的基础上,结合齿轮箱结构特点,给出齿轮与轴承故障特征频率的计算方法。同时采用希尔伯特变换与倒谱分析相结合的方法对齿轮箱振动数据进行分析,提取故障特征频率。经实例验证,该方法能够准确得到齿轮箱故障频率的同时定位齿轮箱故障,实现风电机组齿轮箱的故障诊断。     

基于CNN-SVM和特征融合的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对以数据驱动的齿轮箱故障诊断过程中存在特征提取复杂、分类器对特征存在较强的依赖性等问题,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和支持向量机(SVM)相结合的齿轮箱故障诊断模型。该诊断模型以多传感器采集的原始振动信号作为模型的输入,通过卷积神经网络完成特征的自适应提取,然后在特征级上将各传感器的特征进行融合,最后将融合特征输入到支持向量机进行故障的分类。经过实验证明,该模型直接以原始信号进行故障诊断的准确率能达到96.3%,且提取的特征在经过融合过后有很高的区分度;相比于基于特征工程的特征提取方法,基于特征学习的特征提取方法提取的特征对齿轮箱故障诊断更有效。     

基于CLPSO-IDBN的风电机组轴承故障诊断

针对风电机组轴承故障诊断时的数据特征复杂难以提取，故障诊断准确率低，耗费时间长等问题，提出一种综合型学习粒子群算法(comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization, CLPSO)与改进深度置信网络(improved deep belief network, IDBN)相结合的故障诊断方法。首先在DBN内部添加了迭代误差阈值优化策略构建IDBN,大大减少了训练时间；然后利用CLPSO算法优选IDBN网络结构，运用具有最优结构的IDBN模型从原始信号中提取故障特征，识别轴承的故障类型。仿真实验结果表明，CLPSO-IDBN算法模型具有更高的准确率以及在相同情况时更少的训练时间，在训练集和测试集上的诊断准确率分别达到了98.28%与97%,并且可以平均节省约30%的训练时间，与4种其他方法相比较，证实了新方法的有效性与准确性。     

基于自适应加权和D-S证据理论的风电机组故障诊断

由于风电机组系统相当复杂,故障原因及其现象不成简单或线性对应关系,单一检测不能够满足诊断需要。针对这一问题,将无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network)中信息融合的理论和方法应用于风电机组状态监测和故障诊断中,使采集到的海量数据分别进行信号层与特征层两个层次的信息融合,运用自适应加权融合算法降低网络的数据冗余和传输能量消耗,利用高斯隶属度函数获得基本概率的赋值,提高了D-S证据理论数据的可靠性,改进的证据组合方法提高了故障识别能力。最后,对风电机组齿轮箱的故障诊断进行仿真实验,实验结果验证了该方法具有较高的诊断精度,明显提高诊断的可信度。     

改进MFO-LSTM网络的风电机组齿轮箱故障预警研究

风电机组齿轮箱在数据采集与监控系统（SCADA）的帮助下,通过监控齿轮箱油温是否超过阈值实现故障报警,其判断精度不高且问题发现不及时,因此使用长短期记忆网络模型（LSTM）融合SCADA数据实现对齿轮箱油温状态的预测。用齿轮箱正常运行状态下的数据训练LSTM模型,计算油温预测值与真实值之间的残差,根据正态分布的原则设置残差的上下预警阈值,用来对齿轮箱故障进行预警。为简化训练模型的复杂度,在SCADA数据中选用与齿轮箱油温相关性较为密切的参数作为LSTM模型的输入项。为降低因LSTM模型超参数设置不当造成的预测准确度表现不佳,提出改进飞蛾火焰算法（MFO）与LSTM的组合模型,在保留MFO算法强大的全局搜索能力的同时,使其避免陷入局部搜索的陷阱,通过改进MFO对LSTM模型参数进行迭代优化,最终构建合适的模型。最后通过某风电机组SCADA数据验证该方法能够有效预警齿轮箱的故障,并且与其他方法相比准确度更高,预警更及时,迭代效果更好。     

基于WP-LSTM的偏心转子马达故障诊断方法

为解决智能设备中的偏心转子马达故障检测准确性与效率低下等问题,提出一种基于小波包与长短时记忆网络(Wavelet Packet-Long Short Term Memory,WP-LSTM)的故障诊断方法。首先,将偏心转子马达的电压信号进行小波包分解,对高频信号进行重构。其次,将重构信号作为特征向量输入到3层LSTM网络中,依靠LSTM网络的记忆特性充分学习非稳态信号中具有时序性的故障特征信息,再利用模型诊断出马达断线、卷线、电刷不良和接触不良故障。最后,通过实验验证了所提方法的可行性,且准确率高达98.91%。与现有的马达故障诊断方法相比,基于WP-LSTM的诊断方法具有更好的诊断效果,对提高故障诊断的准确率有一定的作用。     

基于CEEMDAN-IGWO-SVM的轴承故障诊断研究

为了提高支持向量机(SVM)在轴承故障诊断时的准确率和识别效率,提出了一种基于具有自适应白噪声的完整集成经验模态分解方法(CEEMDAN)、改进灰狼优化算法(IGWO)和支持向量机(SVM)相结合的故障诊断方法。首先用CEEMDAN与Shannon熵对振动信号消噪、分解,获得典型故障的敏感信号;其次,将粒子群算法(PSO)惯性权重w与粒子“飞行”速度v引入灰狼优化算法(GWO),得到IGWO,通过IGWO算法优化SVM得到诊断模型的最优参数,增强SVM的学习能力和泛化能力;最后,利用美国西储大学的轴承试验数据验证优化模型的有效性。结果表明,IGWO算法优化SVM的模型可以准确、高效地对轴承进行故障诊断;与GA、PSO、和GWO算法优化的SVM模型相比,该方法的故障诊断准确率和识别效率更高。     

MW级风机齿轮箱故障模拟实验台设计

齿轮箱是风力发电机的核心组件,设计一种可对齿轮箱故障进行模拟分析的试验台,对后期风电机组的运行状态检测及齿轮箱故障诊断有着深远的意义。分析风机齿轮箱试验台国内外现状,根据MW级风机实际参数进行缩放并计算出试验台所需参数,采用变频器控制电机调速以及采用机械飞轮结构模拟真实风机转矩输入以及角速度输入,实现风机动态特性的模拟。     

基于云模型与LSTM算法的旋转机械故障诊断研究

针对旋转机械故障率偏高,而人工参与故障诊断工作量大、效率偏低等问题,提出一种基于云模型与LSTM算法的旋转机械故障诊断方法。采用实验台采集振动故障原始数据,统一进行EEMD数据预处理,利用云模型进行故障特征数据提取,输入LSTM神经网络模型进行故障诊断。通过云模型和能量法进行特征提取,分别输入支持向量机和LSTM神经网络模型进行诊断结果对比。结果表明：云模型与LSTM算法的故障诊断准确率最高,达到98.75%,证明该方法能够有效应用在旋转机械故障诊断中。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。