共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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In Italy recently the regulatory authority for electricity, gas and the water industry was mandated to design a new tariff method more consistent with EU standards of ‘full cost recovery’ and the ‘polluter pays’ rules. This paper attempts to highlight the strengths and limitations of this new method, its actual effects on tariffs, financial plans and utilities' investment policy, compared to the previous method, with a focus on the effects of the tariff method for both users and utilities. A case study was selected and this included the biggest water utility controlled by the local water authority in Verona province. 相似文献
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This study analyzes the effect of governance structure on the tariff levels applied by Brazilian corporations of water supply and sanitation. It aims to contribute to the traditional debate of public versus private management, and to determine the effect of regulatory structure on tariff levels. The results first show that, when jointly considered, the water supply and sanitation tariff levels are higher for privately managed corporations. Second, we have found that a corporation regulated by a local agency or a regional agency does not exhibit significantly lower tariff levels than unregulated corporations. Finally, the results indicate that the use of the rate of return and price cap/revenue cap regimes do not provide tariff levels lower than those set via negotiation with the municipality. 相似文献
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Water tariffs frequently seek to achieve multiple objectives, some of which may conflict. However, the nature and rationale for those conflicts is not always understood or appreciated. This paper consider how localised natural and human phenomena can shape the extent to which so-called ‘best practice’ economic regulation and pricing can be expected to take hold in Victoria and South Australia. Overall, we find that there is room for improvement in the institutional arrangements that circumscribe water pricing in some cases, but direct comparisons are not always helpful, especially when the underlying hydrology, topography and demography of states differs markedly. 相似文献
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The main research questions addressed in this paper are: first, have electricity market reforms achieved lower household electricity prices and, second, has the introduction of renewable energy increased household electricity prices in deregulated markets Answers to the questions were derived using static and dynamic panel data analysis from 1991 to 2014 employing explanatory variables such as the extent of electricity market reform and the share of generation from renewable energy resources. The dynamic model suggests that a lower household electricity price is associated with the degree of electricity market reform, while the share of renewable energy in electricity generation is not statistically significant. 相似文献
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A review of residential water conservation tool performance and influences on implementation effectiveness 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《Urban Water Journal》2013,10(3):127-143
Water scarcity and household water consumption has received increasing attention on national public agendas in recent years. At the same time a number of important demand-side management (DSM) studies have been reported on by non-academic institutions, and there is a need for a comprehensive, up to date review of the impacts of DSM tools and the factors which influence their effectiveness. This paper aims to address an apparent lack of coverage in the academic literature by presenting a review of residential DSM tools using reports of recent DSM campaigns in the western (developed) world. The central objectives are to understand the potential for residential DSM tools to save water in different types of household under varying conditions and to identify influences on implementation effectiveness. In the discussion, we explore causes of uncertainty in DSM planning including the non-transferability of trends and existing methods of evaluation, and describe some of the resulting problems. The conclusions offer recommendations as to areas that require, and offer the greatest scope, for future research. This review article will be of interest to, among others, water company professionals, policy makers, regulators, researchers, and environmental agencies. 相似文献
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It is conventional wisdom that poor households use less water than rich households, and intuition suggests that an increasing block tariff with a lifeline block will target subsidies to poor households. In this paper we provide a simple diagnostic tool that a water utility can use to estimate the distribution of subsidies to households in different income quintiles and to check whether this intuition about the incidence of subsidies is correct in a specific local service area. The results of our illustrative simulations calibrated using data from low- and medium-income countries, show that subsidies delivered through the most common tariff structures are very poorly targeted to poor households. This finding holds regardless of the specific characteristics of the tariff structure used to calculate households’ water bills. We also find that the higher the correlation between household income and water use, the lower the proportion of total subsidies received by poor households. 相似文献
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Rapid urbanization in many African cities has had a significant impact on the basic water services in peri-urban areas, where providing services can be complex. In the city of Maputo, Mozambique, the initial uptake of new household connections following network construction in peri-urban areas was slow. Focus group discussions with residents and interviews with key actors revealed the importance of offering flexible payment options to the urban poor in order to increase the affordability of connection charges. Although the high connection fee was a constraint, residents were willing to pay if the charges were spread across several monthly installments. These findings suggest that flexible payment arrangements for customers can both bring utility services within reach of low income households and expand the customer base for utility service providers. 相似文献
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商品混凝土价格是商混企业经营的关键内容,本文就商品混凝土价格组成、分类、管理等及其与其他经营要素的关系进行初步概要解析。 相似文献
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Sun Kaiyao 《中国建设信息》2007,(2)
本文首先叙述6年来的供热计量实际情况,引证行为节能的成效。记述了楼表计量,各户按面积分摊的失败案例,分户热计量的成功案例和供热系统对楼内系统的影响。强调供热市场必须传递个人利益,计量到户。继而指出优化热价方案的创新点,技术指标和技术原理。最后提出强化推行供热计量收费措施;疏通供热单位的瓶颈;解决资金软肋;遵循现行规范和平等讨论及推广应用热价方案等5项建议。 相似文献
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The problem of an outdated tariff has become acute recently with increased water scarcity in Palestine. Therefore, the goals of the study were to analyse the factors that could affect the water consumption in Jericho governorate, Palestine; explore societal perceptions of alternative water sources; and to identify areas that need to be re-examined for tariff revision or changes to water source and delivery. A total of 76% of the respondents know the water tariff price, and 61% of the sample considers the tariff as high. Future suggestions to raise the price of water will meet resistance. Interestingly, 66% of the respondents agree with the possible future use of treated wastewater, and 46% of the respondents emphasize that treated wastewater is the most favoured solution for water scarcity. Overall, the results indicate the public identifies water conservation as possible and that alternative actions can be applied in order to manage and conserve water resources. 相似文献
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Earlier results indicated that, for an average household, self-sufficiency in water supply can be achieved by following the Urban harvest Approach (UHA), in a combination of demand minimization, cascading and multi-sourcing. To achieve these results, it was assumed that all available local resources can be harvested. In reality, however, temporal, spatial and location-bound factors pose limitations to this harvest and, thus, to self-sufficiency. This article investigates potential spatial and temporal limitations to harvest local water resources at building level for the Netherlands, with a focus on indoor demand. Two building types were studied, a free standing house (one four-people household) and a mid-rise apartment flat (28 two-person households). To be able to model yearly water balances, daily patterns considering household occupancy and presence of water using appliances were defined per building type. Three strategies were defined. The strategies include demand minimization, light grey water (LGW) recycling, and rainwater harvesting (multi-sourcing). Recycling and multi-sourcing cater for toilet flushing and laundry machine. Results showed that water saving devices may reduce 30% of the conventional demand. Recycling of LGW can supply 100% of second quality water (DQ2) which represents 36% of the conventional demand or up to 20% of the minimized demand. Rainwater harvesting may supply approximately 80% of the minimized demand in case of the apartment flat and 60% in case of the free standing house. To harvest these potentials, different system specifications, related to the household type, are required. Two constraints to recycle and multi-source were identified, namely i) limitations in the grey water production and available rainfall; and ii) the potential to harvest water as determined by the temporal pattern in water availability, water use, and storage and treatment capacities. 相似文献
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The paper investigates the design and implementation of water and sanitation service regulation in Bulgaria since 2005. The study identifies the issues that have been encountered, drawing on performance data, and considers how these are being addressed through formal legal and regulatory changes, and through the practical implementation of regulation in the context of ongoing reform process. The case study of Bulgaria suggests lessons for the design of regulatory systems for water services in countries in which water operators are primarily government-owned. 相似文献
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城市地下给排水管道工程所特有的工程隐蔽性、荷载条件的不明确性、埋设环境的影响使地下给排水管道工程的结构安全检测工作与普通钢筋混凝土结构检测工作相比,要复杂得多、困难得多;直接套用普通结构物的检测方法对地下管道进行结构检测,不但无法获得足够的检测数据,而且极有可能漏掉关系到地下管道安全的最重要的因素,得出错误的结果。北京市市政工程研究院充分考虑了地下给排水管道自身技术状态、管道承受的内外荷载、地下管道的埋设环境、邻近区域施工等多种影响因素,根据地下给排水管道结构检测的实际情况,提出了适用于城市地下给排水管道工程的“两环节、五阶段”检测方法,推动了地下给排水管道的结构检测工作。 相似文献
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Domestic water supply using rainwater harvesting 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Terry Thomas 《Building Research & Information》1998,26(2):94-101
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Most countries have opted for public sector management of the water supply service for residential uses. In countries where regulations permit the participation of private companies, this has led to major controversy. In fact, academics, political parties and civil associations are loudly calling for the remunicipalisation of the water service in cities where it is managed by private companies, as well as a halt on new privatisation processes announced by local governments. Much of the criticism centres on the idea that, counter to the public interest, private enterprises systematically set higher prices than public entities do. In this paper, a critical review is carried out of studies published in peer reviewed journals that jointly consider all the factors that can affect the price of water, including the management type. The first aim is to determine whether the hypothesis is confirmed that private companies systematically set prices higher than public entities do. The second aim is to identify the important limitations of this type of research; limitations that, at least in part, call into question the results obtained to date and pose a challenge for the researcher. 相似文献
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