低密度聚乙烯/纳米蒙脱土复合材料的水树枝生长特性

低密度聚乙烯是高压电力电缆的主要绝缘材料,水树枝生长特性与聚乙烯高压电力电缆绝缘击穿具有紧密联系。采用熔融插层复合法制备了一种低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料;设计制作了纳米复合材料的水树枝老化试样及试验装置,在试验中观测了试样的水树枝生长长度,并对试样的水树枝引发率进行了统计,分析了低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的吸水率对水树枝生长的影响;采用差示扫描热法分析了试样的结晶度和晶粒尺寸均匀性,通过分析低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结晶行为,说明了纳米蒙脱土对纳米复合材料中水树枝的抑制机理。试验与分析结果表明:掺杂质量分数为3%的纳米蒙脱土粒子能够有效地提高低密度聚乙烯的结晶度,使晶粒尺寸分布均匀,吸水率减小,延缓水树枝在低密度聚乙烯中的引发与生长。     

温度对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

为研究温度对PE水树枝老化特性的影响,选用低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、过氧化物(DCP)交联聚乙烯(XLPE)作为试验材料。在室温(20°C)、40°C、60°C、80°C 4个温度下,采用水针电极法培养水树枝,用金相显微镜观测水树枝形态,并统计水树枝尺寸和引发率。研究发现,在60°C以上,温度对PE水树枝老化特性影响显著;水树枝的引发率随温度的升高先减小后增大;水树枝的尺寸随温度的升高总体呈现增大的趋势;LDPE和XLPE的试验得到类似的结果,但XLPE的抗水树枝老化性能优于LDPE。同时研究发现,随温度的升高,材料的力学性能大幅下降。经分析认为,交联限制大晶块的形成,使材料的力学性能增强,是XLPE抗水树枝化性能优于LDPE的两个主要原因;高温下两种材料力学性能下降、微孔膨胀、水分和盐离子的加速扩散是高温下水树枝劣化加速的主要原因。     

交联聚乙烯电缆热老化与电树枝化相关性研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯（XLPE）电缆绝缘的物理化学性能,还对绝缘内电树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。研究了热老化后XLPE电缆绝缘中的电树行为．探讨XLPE电缆绝缘中电树枝过程与材料热老化的关系。采用带循环通风的热老化箱对XLPE电缆绝缘进行3个温度等级的热老化实验：采用针板结构电极进行电树枝实验,并利用数码显微镜观察电树枝的产生和发展情况;利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）、傅里叶红外光谱分析（FTIR）测试了不同温度热老化下XLPE电缆绝缘的物理化学性能;最后探讨了几种不同结构电树枝的生长机理．认为热老化并没有加速电树枝的生长．反而有一定的抑制作用．     

XLPE电力电缆中水树枝生长规律的研究

本文参考IECTS61956标准＂评定绝缘材料中水树枝化的试验方法＂设计了一种杯状电极装置,对低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）片状聚合物绝缘材料进行了水树枝生长试验研究,重点研究了LDPE中水树枝的长度与老化时间的关系。实验结果表明,在水树枝产生的初始阶段,其生长速度较快,一段时间后增长速率逐渐减慢。水树枝的长度随老化时间呈幂指数规律增长,这一规律与国外的一些学者提出的水树枝的电致应力引发模型基本相符。     

LDPE结晶形态对水树枝老化特性的影响

为研究结晶形态对聚合物中水树枝生长规律的影响,选用低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)作为实验材料,采用不同冷却速率和添加成核剂两种方法来改变LDPE结晶形态,并用水针电极法培养水树枝。实验研究发现:(1)对纯LDPE而言,冷却速率越快,结晶度越低,球晶尺寸越小;而采用成核剂可以获得远高于冷却速率影响的高结晶度和小球晶尺寸。(2)当试样的球晶尺寸大、数量少时,水树枝的生长速度较快;球晶尺寸小、数量多时,水树枝的生长速度较慢。实验研究表明,合理的结晶形态对聚合物的抗水树枝性能具有至关重要的影响。     

Evaluation of materials for WTR-insulated power cables

In order to improve the resistance to water treeing of standard crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation used in medium voltage power cables, a number of materials were selected and studied that represent different water tree growth prevention strategies: (a) using materials with crystallinity and morphology different from that of XLPE, or (b) using additives modifying the interaction between water and materials. Two laboratory procedures were adopted that assess the water tree resistance performance of the materials through different criteria: one based on divergent field geometry (CNRS) and another based on uniform field geometry (Pirelli). Both tests are shown to be complementary in their prediction of the performance of the selected water tree resistant materials. The work reveals a specific additive that greatly increases the water tree resistance performance of the insulation in different polymeric matrices     

冷却介质对低密度聚乙烯电树枝老化特性的影响

低密度聚乙烯是电力电缆的主要绝缘材料,电树枝生长特性分析是评估电缆绝缘性能的基础。为此选用冰水、空气和硅油3种不同介质对聚乙烯进行淬火处理,采用针板电极设计出试样的电树枝生长实验系统,通过实时数字显微摄像系统对试样中电树枝生长过程进行了观测,采用差示扫描量热法分析了试样的结晶度和晶粒尺寸均匀性,采集了试样的局部放电数据并对数据进行了统计分析。试验与分析结果表明:硅油冷却聚乙烯电树枝增长速度与扩散系数均小于冰水、空气冷却试样;3种试样中,硅油冷却聚乙烯结晶度最高,晶粒尺寸分布最均匀,放电量与放电重复率较低;冰水冷却聚乙烯结晶度最低,放电量与放电重复率较高。     

热处理对聚乙烯材料中电树发展的影响

电树与半结晶材料的形态结构有着密切的关系。在本文中,首先通过两种不同的热处理方式：（1）自然冷却,（2）急冷对高密度聚乙烯和低密度聚乙烯薄膜进行处理,然后,在不同的实验条件下测量电树的发展速度和长度。通过试验,我们发现尽管高密度聚乙烯比低密度聚乙烯有更高的结晶度和更大的球晶尺寸,并在电树起始阶段表现出高阻性,但电树在前者中的发展比在后者中容易。据此,我们推测,材料的形态结构对于电树的发生和电树的发展有着不同的影响。     

Suppression of electrical treeing by addition of lithium carbonate to low-density polyethylene

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is used widely as an electric insulating material in electric power cables. The generation of electrical treeing due to aging of LDPE may lose the reliability of its insulating capability. Therefore it is important to suppress its treeing and to improve its electrical properties so that the reliability of cables can be improved. For this purpose, the authors prepared LDPE to which various inorganic materials were added. This investigation focuses particularly on lithium carbonate and quartz which were effective in suppressing the treeing when added to LDPE. Lithium carbonate-added (0.25 phr) LDPE in two hours of discharge showed the tree length 150 μm shorter than that (560 μm) of nonadded LDPE, exhibiting an obvious suppressing effect on treeing generation. It was found that this effect was more significant than quartz-added LDPE and even at elevated temperatures lithium carbonate-added LDPE exhibited suppression of treeing. The thermal decomposition temperature at which lithium carbonate-added (1 phr) LDPE loses 50 percent of its weight rose 100°C more than nonadded LDPE and 60°C more than that of quartz-added LDPE, which showed improvement in heat resistance of LDPE.     

The influence of crystalline morphology on the growth of watertrees in PE

A small amount of phenolphthalein, acting as a nucleating agent, was added to low density polyethylene (LDPE) to modify the size and number of spherulites. The crystalline morphology was observed and analyzed with the aid of a chemical etching method. It was found that the growth of water trees is faster in LDPE samples in which spherulites are larger and the number of the spherulites is lower. In contrast, water trees grow more slowly in other LDPE samples in which spherulites are smaller in size and greater in number. On the other hand, three different kinds of additives, weak electrolyte and hydrophilic or hydrophobic substances, were added to the LDPE materials to investigate the influence of typical spherulite boundary regions on the growth of water trees. It was verified experimentally that during the process of crystallization, these three different additives are rejected and finally settled near the spherulite boundaries. Therefore, three kinds of boundary regions with different characteristics are formed. It has been concluded that hydrophillic boundary regions can strongly inhibit the growth of water trees, while the other two boundary regions (weak electrolyte, hydrophobic) have little influence on the water tree growth     

化学交联方式对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

为研究化学交联对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响,选用低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）、过氧化物交联聚乙烯、硅烷交联聚乙烯作为试验材料。采用水针电极法培养水树枝,用金相显微镜观测水树枝的形态,并统计了水树枝的尺寸和引发率;同时观测了试样的结晶形态,测定了试样的结晶度、交联度和杂质质量分数,并对比分析了交联前后及不同交联方式试样的电气...     

A versatile method to study electrical treeing in polymeric materials

Electrical treeing in high voltage cable insulation has been studied widely as it is one of the major breakdown mechanisms for solid dielectrics subjected to high electrical stresses. The most frequently experimental set-up used to study electrical treeing is utilizing needles to achieve a high divergent field to promote the initiation of electrical trees. In this paper a new type of electrode configuration is described, which will be beneficial when examining electrical treeing in terms of both the capability to follow the course of events in real time and the small amount of insulation material is needed. This new electrode configuration makes use of a thin tungsten wire as electrode to obtain the high divergent electrical stress needed to initiate electrical trees. Multiple electrical trees are at times formed at different points along the wire during the testing, this indicates that the field are homogenous along the wire. This allows for determining the tree initiation field and the rate of tree growth. It is also shown that this electrode configuration is able to distinguish the increased electrical tree inception obtained by the addition of voltage stabilizers.     

A water treeing model

A new model for water treeing is introduced. It assumes that when the field-induced stress applied on nano cavities filled with a liquid is larger than the yield strength of the polymer, bonds will be broken and the nano cavity will expand. The growth of the water trees is enhanced by the fatigue induced by the alternating electric field. The diffusion of the liquid is also a parameter affecting the water tree length. A simple equation relating the water tree length with field, time, frequency, and the nature of the solution is presented. A very good agreement between theory and experiments for a wide variety of results obtained with low density polyethylene (LDPE) tested under various fields, frequencies and ionic solutions is observed. This model also predicts the growth of water trees under DC fields after very long times or after many polarity reversals. Some aspects of this model requiring further refinements or experimental data are also pointed out.     

热老化对交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中水树的影响研究

热老化过程不但会影响交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘的电磁学和物理化学性能,还对绝缘内水树的产生与生长有着一定的影响。通过研究热老化过程对XLPE电缆绝缘中的水树现象的影响,以及在几个有可能的影响因素当中,哪个因素对水树现象的影响最大。实验结果表明,在与XLPE电缆绝缘的热老化有关的各种因素对水树现象的影响中,热氧化对XLPE电缆绝缘表层水树的产生和生长的影响最大。尽管热氧化所引起的缺陷有可能就是XLPE电缆绝缘中水树生长过程中的起始点,但是它在一定程度上抑制着水树的成长,甚至有着"水树延迟效果"的美称。     

交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘电树枝化后热分析研究

为了研究交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘电劣化引发电树枝后对材料聚集态的影响,通过差示扫描量热法技术对劣化前试样、松枝状电树枝、稠密枝状电树枝、稀疏丛状电树枝及丛林状电树枝试样的电树区域与非电树区域进行了研究.结果表明,经过电劣化后材料的熔融峰温均低于劣化前试样;各种类型电树枝电树区域的熔融热焓均高于非电树区域,而各类电树枝电树区域...     

交联聚乙烯电力电缆绝缘中电树枝的分析方法

研究交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电力电缆绝缘中电树枝产生后对材料形态的改变具有重要的意义。通过对国内外关于XLPE中电树枝的研究方法的深入分析,并结合实验室得到的电树枝试样具体情况,指出了目前电树枝通道分析方法所存在的问题,提出了进一步分析的方法和研究的目标。     

硫化工艺对抗水树交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆工频击穿性能的影响

为了研究不同硫化工艺对抗水树枝交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆击穿性能的影响,建立了相应的试验手段和评价程序。将使用相同导体屏蔽料、抗水树绝缘料、绝缘屏蔽料,并采用5种不同硫化工艺(A、B、C、D、E)生产的电压等级、型号规格相同且结构相似的电缆作为研究对象,每种电缆取6段作样品,共30段。分别对老化前和老化180d后的5种样品进行工频击穿试验,并观察击穿后样品切片的水树枝、界面微孔、突起和绝缘中的微孔、杂质。试验结果表明:经过180d的加速老化后,5种样品中均无微孔、界面光滑、有少量尺寸较小的杂质,不会导致击穿性能下降;不同硫化工艺生产的电缆工频击穿性能表现出明显差异,其中,A硫化工艺生产的电缆工频击穿强度下降了53.53%,击穿后的样品中观察到了水树枝,B、C硫化工艺生产的电缆工频击穿强度也有不同程度的下降,而D、E硫化工艺生产的电缆的工频击穿强度没有降低,说明硫化工艺对工频击穿强度有直接的影响,并建议实际生产中确定硫化工艺时,各区温度设定应逐渐降低,且初始硫化温度不应过低,生产线速度应适当。     

Influence of internal mechanical stress and strain on electricalperformance of polyethylene electrical treeing resistance

Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) insulations used in HV cables are not only subjected to electrical and thermal stresses, but also exposed to mechanical stresses, whether residual internal stresses created during the cooling process of the fabrication, external forces when cables are bent during installation or thermomechanical stresses caused by differential thermal expansion between the conductor and the polymeric material. In order to investigate the possible influence of mechanical stresses on dielectric properties of polyethylene, measurements were conducted on pin-plane XLPE and LDPE samples with various magnitudes of residual mechanical stresses around the embedded electrode. The time to inception, the growing rate and the shape of the electrical trees under different voltages are reported in this paper. Specimens with the highest values of residual stresses were found to have the shortest inception times and the longest trees after one hour of aging under different voltages. When the mechanical stress was allowed to relax, the treeing resistance was measured to be significantly improved     

频率对高密度聚乙烯电树老化特性的影响

为了解频率对高密度聚乙烯电树老化特性的影响,在50Hz~90kHz较宽频率范围的交流电压作用下,研究了冰水淬火高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)薄膜的电树老化特性。结果表明,频率对电树起始形态具有重要的影响,随着电压频率的升高,树枝型电树的起始几率逐渐降低,丛状型电树的起始几率逐渐升高,电树逐渐由树枝型起始为主向丛状型起始为主转变,树干型和直击型为高频下所特有的电树起始形态。随着电树的生长,电树形态存在转换的可能,低频下,起始占主导的树枝型电树向丛状和树干型转变;高频下,起始占主导的丛状型电树则极易转变为树干和击穿型,导致绝缘的破坏。电树的发展可分为起始、滞长、生长和击穿期4个阶段。频率的提高加快了电树的发展速度且减少了电树的发展阶段,使发生击穿的几率大为增加。