Application of NURBS for Obtaining Free Form Curves and Surfaces in Spur and Helical Gears by Using CMM （Coordinate Measurement Machine）

Currently, engineering processes require reduced manufacturing time and low cost, in addition to the growing demand for workpieces with high accuracy. Workpieces with complex geometries and free forms has been a common practice in industries from different sectors such as： automotive, aeronautics, bioengineering among others. One way to satisfy the market requirements satisfactorily is making measurements more efficient to make the production process faster, in other words, it is necessary to make the inspection system more accurate and flexible. The coordinate measuring evolved over the past three decades and today it is the technology that best meets the requirements of modem manufacturing through CMMs （coordinate measurement machines）. The CMMs are important tool for design, fabrication and inspection of manufactured products, also used in the application of reverse engineering. These machines are also used by engineers in order to produce an accurate digital model in a virtual space for later use in CAD （computer-aided design）/CAM （computer-aided manufacturing）. It is worth mentioning that the accuracy of the modeling process of given piece depends on the number of control points that are captured on the workpiece surface. Consequently, the laser inspection systems are the best tools for use in reverse engineering, but more expensive when compared to contact measurement systems that use the TTP （touch trigger probe）, also used by CMMs. In this case, this paper aims to present an approach based on NURBS （non-uniform rational B-splines） to obtain free form curves and surfaces from a group of points obtained by using a contact sensor, the touch trigger probe. NURBS is an important mathematical tool and consists of generalizations of Bezier curves and surfaces and B-splines. The approach proposed in this paper can be applied for obtaining free form curves and surfaces in spur and helical gears. Experimental results obtained by measuring spur gears showed that the NURBS technique contributes     

Modified Pressure Loss Model for T-junctions of Engine Exhaust Manifold

The T-junction model of engine exhaust manifolds significantly influences the simulation precision of the pressure wave and mass flow rate in the intake and exhaust manifolds of diesel engines. Current studies have focused on constant pressure models, constant static pressure models and pressure loss models. However, low model precision is a common disadvantage when simulating engine exhaust manifolds, particularly for turbocharged systems. To study the performance of junction flow, a cold wind tunnel experiment with high velocities at the junction of a diesel exhaust manifold is performed, and the variation in the pressure loss in the T-junction under different flow conditions is obtained. Despite the trend of the calculated total pressure loss coefficient, which is obtained by using the original pressure loss model and is the same as that obtained from the experimental results, large differences exist between the calculated and experimental values. Furthermore, the deviation becomes larger as the flow velocity increases. By improving the Vazsonyi formula considering the flow velocity and introducing the distribution function, a modified pressure loss model is established, which is suitable for a higher velocity range. Then, the new model is adopted to solve one-dimensional, unsteady flow in a D6114 turbocharged diesel engine. The calculated values are compared with the measured data, and the result shows that the simulation accuracy of the pressure wave before the turbine is improved by 4.3% with the modified pressure loss model because gas compressibility is considered when the flow velocities are high. The research results provide valuable information for further junction flow research, particularly the correction of the boundary condition in one-dimensional simulation models.     

Electro-Mechanical Phase Shifters Based on MEMS Structure

The aim of the study of phase shifter on MEMS （micro-electro-mechanical systems） structures was to minimize the dimensions of the design achievement. Also, the main task was to achieve the reliability and durability of the device. The calculation was based on the optimization technique （step by step） and the modeling of individual parts of the device, namely MEMS-keys that perform the main function--switching. The urgency of this problem is the development and study of one device as a universal, that is, automatically switches from two signals simultaneously. Designs are original and devises are the intellectual property of the authors. The program for modeling phase shifters Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio and its results are presented in the paper.     

Quantitative laser atom probe analyses of hydrogenation-disproportionated Nd-Fe-B powders

We report a successful atom probe tomography of hydrides in hydrogenation-disproportionated Nd-Fe-B powder using a green femtosecond laser. The atom probe specimens were prepared from one particle of powder using the focused ion beam lift-out method. The atom probe tomography taken from an α-Fe/NdH₂ structure suggested that B and Ga (trace added element) were partitioned in the NdH₂ phase. The hydrogen concentration of 64 at% determined from the atom probe analysis was in excellent agreement with the stoichiometry of the NdH₂ phase.     

Dual colorimetric and fluorescent determination of iron (III) using a novel squaraine dye

A novel squaraine dye, 6-carboxy-2-[[3-[1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethy-1-ethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)methyl]-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-2-cyclobuten-1-ylidene]methyl]-3,3-trimethy-3H-indolium, has been synthesized. The squaraine dye was found to be a dual colorimetric and fluorescent probe for the determination of iron (III) in CH₃CH₂OH/H₂O (4:1, v/v) exhibiting high selectivity and sensitivity. The binding of squaraine dye +Fe³⁺ was studied by a Job’s plot and Fourier transform infrared and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The result indicates that the squaraine dye may be utilized as a naked-eye and real-time probe for the efficient determination of Fe^3+.     

二硫-水自由基阳离子复合物中二中心三电子键的质谱研究

含硫二中心三电子（2c3e）键的研究一直是蛋白质中自由基传递领域的重要课题。本研究采用串联质谱和同位素标记方法研究不同位阻［RS-SR+H₂O］^+·的质谱碎裂模式,以探索位阻不同时这些自由基阳离子配合物内2c3e键的结构性质。结果表明,空间位阻低的［RS-SR+H₂O］^+·（R=甲基,乙基或丙基）碎裂时主要产生［RSH+H₂O］+·和［RSOH+H］⁺ 2种离子,而空间位阻高的［RS-SR+H₂O］^+·（R=异丙基或叔丁基）主要碎片离子是由母离子丢失H₂O而形成的［RS-SR］^+·。因此,在空间位阻低的［RS-SR+H₂O］^+·中2c3e键应以［S∴S］⁺的形式存在,而在空间位阻高的［RS-SR+H₂O］^+·中2c3e键应以［S∴O］+的形式存在。由此可见,结构环境的不同对自由基结构的性质有重要影响,这有助于理解与2c3e键有关的化学反应和生物体中自由基的传递过程机理。     

自制滤光片光度探头光度滴定测磷灰石中钙镁的含量

报道了用钨灯、滤光片、光电二极管自制的一种光电探光头。应用于ＥＤＴＡ滴定钙镁时，该探头能灵敏地响应酸性铬蓝Ｋ－萘酚绿Ｂ混合指示剂的颜色变化，从而实现了自动光度滴定。方法已用于磷灰石中钙镁的测定，取得了满意的结果。     

单模光纤探针式光学轮廓仪的基础研究

本文提出了单模光纤探针式光学轮廓仪的构成及工作原理,重点分析了光纤探针的基本理论,导出了理想状态下光纤探讨与被测表面的耦合效率,分析了光纤探针扫描时表面轮廓对语效率的调制原理,给出了单模光纤探针探头的基本结构,在实验中用单模光纤探针式光学轮廓仪实验装置进行了测试,给出了实验结果的误差分析,并与多模光纤探针的测试结果进行了比较     

Proof of Concept MFD Optimization of the Aftbody Geometry of Axisymmetric Slender Body Based on Wave Drag Considerations

A comprehensive, universally valid, elegant and yet simple method to design slender axisymmetric body of minimum wave drag in transonic and supersonic flows is developed. Computational aerodynamics is also used as a tool for numerical experiments in gaining physical understanding of the drag mechanism due to the geometry of the aftbody, such as the correlation between wave drag and wave distribution of the aftbody geometry. The method utilizes MFD （modified feasible direction） based optimization program, along with the linear slender body aerodynamics, for its elegance and generic optimization convenience. The efforts are focused on inviscid flow. A practical method of reducing the wave drag of a given body is developed for both bodies with pointed end and with base area, using shock wave generator at a particular location on the aftbody. The results show that the MFD optimization program can be effectively utilized in an aerodynamic optimization problem.     

光纤O2敏感探头的制备与性能测试

通过对多孔光纤修饰Ru配合物掺杂的敏感膜,制备了一种O2光纤传感探头。该探头结构基于简单的多孔光纤,内部设有贯穿的微孔道作为敏感材料的载体以及微传感池,在微孔道内完成传感过程。通过沉积凝胶膜修饰敏感层,即将含有[Ru(dpp)3]2+的溶胶直接吸入光纤内部,在光纤微孔阵列中形成高分子敏感膜。传感过程基于荧光淬灭原理,由于O2对敏感膜中的[Ru(dpp)3]2+具有强烈的荧光淬灭作用,传感探头对于不同浓度的O2表现不同的荧光强度。实验结果表明:设计的探头对于0～100%浓度的O2呈线性响应,灵敏度I0/I100值为9.4,探头在50ms内即可做出快速响应。实验还显示,实验值与真值的误差小于3%,常压下的检测分辨率可以达到2%。     

Identification Method of Dynamic Coefficients of Fluid Film Bearings for HDD Spindle Motors

Fluid film bearings are widely used as support elements of rotating shaft for HDD （hard disk drive） spindle motors. Recently, the opportunity for the HDD spindle motors exposed to external vibration has been increasing because the HDDs are used for various information related equipments such as mobile PCs, car navigation systems. Hence, the rotating shaft has a possibility to come in contact with the bearing and it causes wear or seizure to the bearing surface. In order to avoid the problems, it is extremely important to enhance the dynamic characteristics of the fluid film bearings for spindles. However, verification from both theory and experiment of dynamic characteristics such as spring coefficients and damping coefficients is rare and few. In this paper, the bearing vibration characteristics when the HDD spindle is oscillated are investigated theoretically and experimentally. And then the identification method ofoil film coefficients of fluid film bearing spindles is described.     

Investigation of CFD calculation method of a centrifugal pump with unshrouded impeller

Currently, relatively large errors are found in numerical results in some low-specific-speed centrifugal pumps with unshrouded impeller because the effect of clearances and holes are not accurately modeled. Establishing an accurate analytical model to improve performance prediction accuracy is therefore necessary. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical simulation is conducted to predict the performance of a low-specific-speed centrifugal pump, and the modeling, numerical scheme, and turbulent selection methods are discussed. The pump performance is tested in a model pump test bench, and flow rate, head, power and efficiency of the pump are obtained. The effect of taking into consideration the back-out vane passage, clearance, and balance holes is analyzed by comparing it with experimental results, and the performance prediction methods are validated by experiments. The analysis results show that the pump performance can be accurately predicted by the improved method. Ignoring the back-out vane passage in the calculation model of unshrouded impeller is found to generate better numerical results. Further, the calculation model with the clearances and balance holes can obviously enhance the numerical accuracy. The application of disconnect interface can reduce meshing difficulty but increase the calculation error at the off-design operating point at the same time. Compared with the standard k-ε, renormalization group k-ε, and Spalart-Allmars models, the Realizable k-ε model demonstrates the fastest convergent speed and the highest precision for the unshrouded impeller flow simulation. The proposed modeling and numerical simulation methods can improve the performance prediction accuracy of the low-specific-speed centrifugal pumps, and the modeling method is especially suitable for the centrifugal pump with unshrouded impeller.     

Stabilizing Mechanism and Running Behavior of Couplers on Heavy Haul Trains

Published studies in regard to coupler systems have been mainly focused on the manufacturing process or coupler strength issues. With the ever increasing of tonnage and length of heavy haul trains, lateral in-train forces generated by longitudinal in-train forces and coupler rotations have become a more and more significant safety issue for heavy haul train operations. Derailments caused by excessive lateral in-train forces are frequently reported. This article studies two typical coupler systems used on heavy haul locomotives. Their structures and stabilizing mechanism are analyzed before the corresponding models are developed. Coupler systems models are featured by two distinct stabilizing mechanism models and draft gear models with hysteresis considered. A model set which consists of four locomotives and three coupler systems is developed to study the rotational behavior of different coupler systems and their implications for locomotive dynamics. Simulated results indicate that when the locomotives are equipped with the type B coupler system, locomotives can meet the dynamics standard on tangent tracks; while the dynamics performance on curved tracks is very poor. The maximum longitudinal in-train force for locomotives equipped with the type B coupler system is 2000 kN. Simulations revealed a distinct trend for the type A coupler system. Locomotive dynamics are poorer for the type A case when locomotives are running on tangent tracks, while the dynamics are better for the type A case when locomotives are running on curved tracks. Theoretical studies and simulations carried out in this article suggest that a combination of the two types of stabilizing mechanism can result in a good design which can significantly decrease the relevant derailments.     

Development of a Stabilized Pan/Tilt Platform and the State of the Art

In the context of this paper, a small scale, medium precision, stabilized pan/tilt platform is developed as a prototype, which is used to compare various stabilization algorithms experimentally. The overall performance of the system depends on rigid body dynamics, structural dynamics, servo control loops, stabilization control algorithm, sensor fusion algorithm and sensory feedback such as from the IMU （inertial measurement unit）. In the case that the response bandwidth of the overall system is high enough, the same hardware can also achieve active vibration isolation. All of these design aspects are investigated in the paper via numerical models and with their experimental verification.     

Effects of laser pulsing on analysis of steels by atom probe tomography

When performing atom probe tomography analysis, laser pulsing was found very helpful for some types of steels, which are prone to premature sample failure under voltage pulsing. Rather accurate chemical compositions for both matrix and precipitates were obtained by voltage- and laser-pulsed mode. Some special issues on the effects of laser are discussed. A simple correction based on the ¹³Cⁿ⁺ and ¹⁰Bⁿ⁺ peak was used to quantify C in the carbide (M₂₃C₆, M=Fe, Cr, Mo) and B in the boride (M₃B₂, M=Mo, Fe, Cr, V). The mass resolution in laser mode is sufficient to resolve ⁵⁶Fe²⁺ and ¹⁴N₂¹⁺ at 28 Da. Small peak shifts were found in the spectrum due to reflectron aberrations.     

Effects of Sedentarism and Treadmill Training in Mechanical Properties of Muscles of Ovariectomized Rats with High-Fat Diet

The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of physical training in the maintenance of muscle strength in rats with HFD （high-fat diet） after OVX （ovariectomy）. Eighty Wistar rats are at eight weeks of age and weight 200 g which divided into 8 groups （n = 10） and treated for 12 weeks： GA： OVX ＋ ND （normal diet）, GB： OVX ＋ ND ＋ training, GC： sham ＋ ND, GD： sham ＋ ND ＋ training, GE： OVX ＋ HFD, GF： OVX ＋ HFD ＋ training, GG： sham ＋ HFD and GH： sham ＋ HFD ＋ training. HFD consists of standard ration for rats with addition of 30% lipids. In training groups, physical training five training/week was conducted on a treadmill with adaptation period of three weeks up to 18 m/s for one hour, training were performed for 12 weeks. The sedentary animals remained in individual box. To analyze the effects of training and diet, tensile strength tests of the gastrocnemius muscles were conducted： the speed of 0.1 mm/min. Analysis of variance was performed to compare groups. The mean （SD） obtained for the maximum load （N） were： GA 57.77 （6.89）, GB 62.74 （5.07）, GC 49.45 （6.06）, GD 59.42 （5.26） and GE 55.58 （4.72）, GF 62.50 （4.56）, GG 58.35 （4.54） and GH 56.67 （5.87）, respectively. There were no differences for maximum load between surgeries （p = 0.004） and between treatments （p = 0.000）. Differences were found also for the relationship surgery diet treatment （p = 0.007）. For the variable stiffness （N/mm）, there were not statistically significant differences： GA 5.03 （0.72）, GB 5.08 （1.09）, GC 5.17 （0.53）, GD 5.35 （0.80）, GE 5.52 （1.20）, GF 5.36 （1.07）, GG 4.83 （1.03） and GH 5.40 （0.73）. For the toughness （N/mm）, there were differences between treatments （p = 0.010） and the ratio diet treatment （p = 0.024）： GA 455.00 （107.21）, GB 541.96 （126.80）, GC 394.97 （84.67）, GD 566.90 （157.07）; GE 424.63 （113.03）, GF 478.07 （106.03）; GG 517.44 （98.65?     

Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior of a Thin Composite Stiffened Skin with a Combined Joint

Many joint models available to predict secondary bending moments in the structure have a stiffness mismatch, while this type of structure widely used in aircraft. To determine how to represent a structure with a stiffness mismatch in a combined joint （bonded/riveted）, a non-linear finite element analysis was performed. The detailed validation of this analysis identified the composite stiffened skin as the most suitable model in three dimensions. The use of this model for validating the secondary bending moment to calculate the behavior of the stiffener edge is straightforward and reliable. Experiments were performed to determine the distribution of the load in a combined joint under a tensile load that creates a secondary bending moment in a structure with a stiffness mismatch. The influence of related joint design considerations on the load transferred by the joint were examined through a finite element parameter analysis. The results are compared to determine best approach to predict the mechanical behavior at the edge of the stiffener. A close agreement between the finite element analysis and experimental results was obtained. Test observations using a C-scan compared well with the predictions of the onset of crack growth.     

Finite Element Analysis of the Dynamic Behaviour of Transmission Line Conductors Using MATLAB

The dynamic behaviour of power line cables have been a source of interest to researchers ever since the phenomenon was first noticed in the 1920s. Conductor oscillation is mostly caused by the dynamic forces of nature such as wind loading. This imposes a periodic force on the conductors which is highly undesirable. It is therefore important for engineers to account for the possible effect of the wind loading when designing the power line. Investigations have shown that modeling the exact dynamic behaviour of a conductor is very difficult. Based on this fact, getting the exact analytical solution to conductor vibration is difficult, which is almost impossible, hence the numerical approximation becomes an option. This paper presents the developed finite element method used to analyse the dynamic behaviour of transmission line conductors. The developed FEM （finite element method） is implemented on MATLAB. The numerical analysis using MATLAB that is presented in this paper is used to simulate the response of the conductor when subjected to external loading in the time domain. The simulation is used to analyse the transverse vibration of the conductor. The formulation of the stiffness matrix and load vector is done and the results obtained are used to evaluate the conductor＇s internal energy dissipation. This finite element solution is compared with the results documented in literature. This numerical simulation is also used to investigate the effects of varying the axial tension on energy dissipation within the strands. Hence, this evolved in physically appropriate energy characterization process that can be used to evaluate the conductor self-damping with respect to line contact.     

Preliminary Study on the Seizure Trend of a MOM-THP with Self-directed Balls

This work continues the approach of one of our topics relating to a MOM-THP （metal on metal-total hip prostheses） with self-directed movement balls. Experiments revealed a certain seizure in some strain conditions. Laboratory trials for balls/plane Hertzian contacts have been restarted in order to determine seizure behaviour depending on the roughness of the flat area. The trials have been carried out in BSF （body simulated fluid） lubrication conditions, much closer to the real operating conditions up against the initial tests with distilled water. Seizure burdens to different loadings and contact surfaces roughness influence over the seizure burden have been determined. Even though the minimum value of the wear must be the same with the minimum value of the surfaces roughness, given the experimental conditions, it came out from the trials results on wear that the lowest level of wear is acquired at a certain value of roughness, not at the lowest level of roughness.