精铸技术在模具制造中的应用

本文叙述了熔模精铸模具、陶瓷型精铸模具、石膏型精铸模具和加压精铸模具的应用情况，由于精铸模具比机加工模具缩短了生产周期．降低了制造成本．故有很好的发展前景。文章还对陶瓷型精铸模具技术提出了六点改进意见。     

Die Casting Mold Design of the Thin-walled Aluminum Case by Computational Solidification Simulation

Recently, demand for the lightweight alloy in electric/electronic housings has been greatly increased. However, among the lightweight alloys, aluminum alloy thin-walled die casting is problematic because it is quite difficult to achieve sufficient fluidity and feedability to fill the thin cavity as the wall thickness becomes less than 1mm. Therefore, in this study, thin-walled die casting of aluminum （Al-Si-Cu alloy： ALDC 12） in size of notebook computer housing and thickness of 0.8 mm was investigated by solidification simulation （MAGMA soft） and actual casting experiment （Buhler Evolution B 53D）. Three different types of gating design, finger, tangential and split type with 6 vertical runners, were simulated and the results showed that sound thin-walled die casting was possible with tangential and split type gating design because those gates allowed aluminum melt to flow into the thin cavity uniformly and split type gating system was preferable gating design comparing to tangential type gating system at the point of view of soundness of casting and distortion generated after solidification. Also, the solidification simulation agreed well with the actual die-casting and the casting showed no casting defects and distortion.     

支座半固态压铸模具设计研究

根据支座产品及半固态浆料充型凝固特点,选用压射比压70MPa,压射速度为1．5m／s,浇注温度590℃,模具预热温度为220℃,进行计算机数值模拟,确定半固态压铸模具的设计方案。设计并制造出支座半固态铸模具。通过支座半固态压铸实验,压铸充型凝固过程非常平稳,得到了合格的支座产品,证实了数值模拟结果及模具设计的正确性。     

快速充型对镁合金压铸件质量的影响

针对汽车发动机缸盖罩盖零件,采用压力传感器,通过对铸件的表观质量进行评定及铸件密度和抗拉强度的测定,系统研究了镁合金压铸过程中快速充型速度和起速位置对型腔内压力变化和铸件质量的影响.结果表明:随着充型速度增加,镁合金铸件的表观质量显著改善,达到一定值后,这种趋势变化不明显;铸件的表面缺陷随着起速位置的增大先增多后减少;铸件的强度与密度均随着充型速度和起速位置的增大先增大后减小,这与充型速度与起速位置对铸件型腔内压力的影响规律一致;当充型速度为70 m/s,起速位置为210 mm时,镁合金压铸件的质量与性能最佳.     

Heat Transfer between Casting and Die during High Pressure Die Casting Process of AM50 Alloy-Modeling and Experimental Results

A method based on die casting experiments and mathematic modeling is presented for the determination of the heat flow density （HFD） and interfacial heat transfer coefficient （IHTC） during the high pressure die casting （HPDC） process.Experiments were carried out using step shape casting and a commercial magnesium alloy,AM50.Temperature profiles were measured and recorded using thermocouples embedded inside the die. Based on these temperature readings,the HFD and IHTC were successfully determined and the calculation results show that the HFD and IHTC at the metal-die interface increases sharply right after the fast phase injection process until approaching their maximum values,after which their values decrease to a much lower level until the dies are opened.Different patterns of heat transfer behavior were found between the die and the casting at different thicknesses.The thinner the casting was,the more quickly the HFD and IHTC reached their steady states.Also,the values for both the HFD and IHTC values were different between die and casting at different thicknesses.     

The Microstructure of Direct Squeeze Cast and Gravity Die Cast 7050 (Al–6.2Zn–2.3Cu–2.3Mg) Wrought Al Alloy

A 7050 (Al–6.2 wt% Zn–2.3 wt% Cu–2.3 wt% Mg) Al alloy, conventionally used for wrought products, has been successfully cast to near-net shape using direct squeeze casting. Squeeze casting with an applied pressure of 50 MPa removes the defects observed in gravity die cast billets, in particular, (1) shrinkage pipe, (2) poor die replication and waisting, and (3) microporosity. Squeeze casting results in considerable refinement of the microstructure due to an increase in cooling rate from 0.5°C s^–1 for gravity casting to 11°C s^–1 for squeeze casting in a tool steel die lined with porous insulation, and from 2.5 to 10°C s^–1, respectively, in an uninsulated die. A normal segregation pattern of increasing eutectic toward the center of the billet is found for squeeze casting, compared to an inverse segregation pattern of increasing eutectic toward the edge of the billet for gravity casting. This change in segregation pattern is due to a higher radial temperature gradient and reduced time in the semisolid state for squeeze casting.     

Development of an interactive simulation system for the determination of the pressure-time relationship during the filling in a low pressure casting process

An interactive computer simulation system has been developed in this study to aid the determination of the pressure–time relationship during the filling of a low pressure casting to eliminate filling-related defects while maintaining its productivity. The pressure required to fill a casting in a low pressure casting process can be separated into two stages. The first stage is to exer pressure to force the molten metal to rise in the riser tube up to the gate of the casting die, whichvaries from casting to casting due to the drop of the level of the molten metal in the furnace, whilst the second stage is to add an additional pressure to push the molten metal into the die cavity in away that will not cause much turbulence and have the proper illing pattern to avoid the entrapment ofgas while maintaining productivity.

One of the major efforts in this study is to modify the filling simulation system with the capability to directly predict the occurrence of gas porosity developed earlier to interactively determine the proper gate velocity for each and every part of the casting. The pressure required to ill the die cavity can then be obtained from the simulations.

The operation principles and the interactive analysis system developed are then tested on an automotive wheel made by the low pressure casting process to demonstrate how the system can aid in determining the proper pressure–time relations, the p–t curve, required to produce a sound casting without sacrificing productivity.     

热流道辅助长筒薄壁形锌合金件压铸成型研究

ZA8锌合金以其卓越的耐冲击性能和尺寸稳定性,在精密电子类产品中得到广泛的应用.但这种合金材料的热流动性能较差,在其压铸成型中会造成很多的压铸缺陷.为减少薄壁ZA8锌合金铸件压铸生产中出现的流纹、缩松、气孔、起泡等缺陷,本文在采用传统的锌合金压铸流道实验的基础上,调节各种工艺参数,对其产生的压铸缺陷进行了统计分析.分析结果显示,流道结构是该铸件缺陷产生的主要原因,改用热流道辅助压铸成型.重新统计后发现,热流道能有效地减少铸件出现的各种缺陷,且材料利用率可以从30.6%提高到41.9%.在对比压铸传统流道和热流道特点的基础上,给出了热流道的设计和安装结构,详细阐述了压铸热流道技术的原理,分析了采用压铸热流道技术所带来的经济效益.研究得出,锌合金压铸热流道相比于传统的流道,在生产中具有加温时间快、产品成型周期短、温度压力损失小、材料利用率高、铸件缺陷低等优点.     

Magnesium alloy defectology AZ91D high‐pressure die cast and influence on the fatigue behaviour

The fatigue results of a high‐pressure die cast of AZ91D magnesium alloy revealed the presence of different types of casting defects, which account for the large scattering in the number of cycles until failure. In this paper, this magnesium alloy has been analysed, and in an effort to reproduce the same surface and material conditions exhibited in automotive service components, the fatigue test samples were manufactured using a die that employs the same casting process and equipment. To examine the fracture surface of all the fatigue tests, a scanning electron microscope was used, and the source of the failure, so as to relate fatigue life with casting defect type, was identified. Five casting defect types that influence the fatigue behaviour were observed and classified: (a) isolated pores (blowholes), (b) micro‐porosity areas, (c) circular shrinkage cavities associated with the contraction and geometry of the casted specimen, (d) surface burrs associated with the die‐casting mould and (e) the presence of oxides or inclusions.     

Fatigue testing and non‐destructive characterization of AlSi9Cu3(Fe) die cast specimens by computer tomography

AlSi9Cu3(Fe) aluminum alloy fatigue test specimens were produced by high pressure die casting (HPDC) and vacuum‐assisted die casting (VPDC) techniques. Non‐destructive material tests (NDT) have been performed on cast specimens by computed tomography (CT). Uniaxial fatigue tests with two stress ratios of R = ?1 and R = 0.1 have been performed in the high cycle fatigue (HCF) regime, and the CT results were reassigned after the fatigue test in order to identify the origin of the failure. The aim of this paper is to establish a relationship between the CT result and fatigue failure of die cast specimens. The location and the size of the casting defect determine the specimen fatigue life. It has also been found that the fatigue life is determined not only by the size of the defect but also by its location with respect to the position of the highly stressed area. The results can be used to judge the applicability of cast parts after non‐destructive testing.     

REVIEW OF NEW PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ALUMINUM DIE-CASTING INDUSTRY

There have been many challenges in aluminum die casting to establish casting processes to produce high-integrity components from aluminum alloys. Advances in new casting technology mainly have been in pressure die casting; in particular, to obtain mold filling at low speed. This can be achieved by using innovative filling processes with aluminum alloys in the liquid or semisolid state. Different techniques such as high-pressure die casting (HPDC), Cosworth process, low-pressure systems, squeeze casting, indirect squeeze casting, metal compression forming (MCF), and semisolid metal (SSM) processing have been developed. Semisolid forming includes thixoforming and rheoforming. During the semisolid casting process, preheating by induction is needed to obtain the same temperature and the same liquid fraction through the billet in a short time. Thixocasting in the semisolid state helps to avoid turbulence during mold filling.     

铸旋铝合金车轮旋压模具的优化设计

目的 保证铸旋车轮短流程制造工艺的实现,提高旋压模具与同一轮型不同铸造毛坯的配合能力,防止因旋压后毛坯尺寸变化过大,造成车轮机加成品率下降的现象。方法 以某款车轮旋压模具为研究对象,对其旋压模具结构进行重新设计,增加定位滑块、垫板等设计,提高毛坯与模具的定位与配合,增强模具对毛坯的自适应性。结果 对改进后的旋压模具进行试验验证,新结构的旋压模具能够满足不同铸造毛坯的旋压,且控制上模压力在4.5 MPa内,毛坯尺寸合格,性能无影响。结论 该旋压模具设计的方法已经应用到了其他铸旋车轮的设计中。     

铝合金压铸工艺数值模拟分析

采用压铸工艺成形铝合金薄壁长轴类零件。首先根据压铸模具浇注系统的设计原则,对铝合金件压铸模的浇注系统进行了设计计算;其次运用procast软件对铝合金压铸成形工艺进行数值模拟,根据压铸过程中的温度场云图,进行了压铸模具的热平衡分析和压铸件的充型凝固分析;最后针对模拟的结果进行了压铸模具的设计。     

压铸模的失效分析与失效抗力指标

对铝、铜合金压铸模具进行失效分析和对国内同类模具进行失效类型统计;实测３Ｃｒ２Ｗ８Ｖ,４Ｃｒ５Ｍｏ２ＭｎＶＳｉ和４Ｃｒ３Ｍｏ２ＭｎＶＮｂＢ钢的六种性能,找出了影响铝、铜压铸模使用寿命的主要失效抗力指标。将三种钢制作同种模具进行实物考核,证实符合抗力指标要求的热模钢使用寿命长。     

低压铸铝件缩孔缺陷数值模拟与工艺改进

目的 为了避免铝合金盖板低压铸造过程产生的缩孔缺陷,对盖板结构进行分析。方法 采用数值分析技术,对盖板低压铸造过程进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与实际铸件缺陷进行对比,分析缩孔缺陷的产生原因。为消除铸件缩孔缺陷,在模具内增设冷却水道,并对该工艺进行模拟分析。结果 铸件凝固过程中,当合金固相率达到75%时,铸件特征位置处的补缩通道开始陆续关闭,形成了孤立液相区,导致凝固结束时形成缩孔缺陷。当模具内增设冷却水道后,铸件的缩孔体积分数由3.5%下降到0.8%。结论 通过在模具内增设合理的冷却水道,能加快铸件厚大部位的凝固速度,有利于实现顺序凝固,从而避免缩孔缺陷,提高铸件质量。     

Modelling the pressure die casting process using a hybrid Finite‐Boundary Element model

In this paper an efficient three‐dimensional hybrid thermal model for the pressure die casting process is described. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used for modelling heat transfer in the casting, and the Boundary Element Method (BEM) for the die. The FEM can efficiently account for the non‐linearity introduced by the release of latent heat on solidification, whereas the BEM is ideally suited for modelling linear heat conduction in the die, as surface temperatures are of principal importance. The FE formulation for the casting is based on the modified effective capacitance method, which provides high accuracy and unconditional stability. This is essential for accurate modelling of the pressure die casting process and efficient coupling to the BEM. The BE model caters for surface phenomena such as boiling in the cooling channels, which is important, as this effectively controls the manner in which energy is extracted. The die temperature is decomposed into two components, one a steady‐state part and the other a time‐dependent perturbation. This approach enables the transient die temperatures to be calculated in an efficient way, since only die surfaces close to the die cavity are considered in the perturbation analysis. A multiplicative Schwarz method for non‐overlapping domains is used to couple the individual die blocks and casting. The method adopted makes use of the weak coupling between the domains, which is a result of the relatively high interfacial thermal resistance that is present. Numerical experiments are performed to demonstrate the computational effectiveness of the approach. Predicted die and casting temperatures are compared with thermocouple measurements and good agreement is indicated. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computer aided foundry die-design

In the design of die casting dies, the object is to produce sound casting as cheaply and rapidly as possible. At the same time consideration must be given to suitable die size, locations of gating system, and selection of an appropriate die casting machine. Foundries in many cases encounter difficulties to ensure shortened lead-time in designing a new die for new product. A lot of estimations have to be done which use fundamentally based on previous experience and application of various mathematical and empirical equations. In this work, main die design procedures and related equations are presented in a logical way. A computer program is developed to estimate main die elements based on the geometry input of casting shape. After initial inputs have been given, the system does full calculations, optimizes selections, and lists main die element sizes. The program can present die characteristics and casting machine characteristics. From both characteristics the optimum die elements were optimized. Optimum filling time and gating dimensions among other elements of die are estimated. Cooling time, cooling channel locations, and flow rates relations are estimated and presented.     

中断正火热处理工艺的研究与应用

对铸钢中断正火热处理工艺进行了研究。结果表明:铸钢件利用铸造余热进行中断正火法热处理后,其基体组织是下贝氏体+马氏体+少量残余奥氏体。因而使铸钢件的强度和韧性获得最佳匹配,并使铸钢件的耐磨性也相应得到提高。     

薄壁陶瓷型铸造工艺的研究与应用

薄壁陶瓷型铸造工艺是将陶瓷型厚度控毛制在2～3mm,并采用金属国外衬套,辅以喷雾冷却等措施.大大提高了铸件凝固时的冷却速度.有效地减少脱碳层,同时细化晶粒,提高了铸件的使用寿食.由于陶瓷型厚度的减薄.大大减少了铸型的脱液收缩及由此而引起的铸型变形和型裂.提高了铸件的精度.应用此工艺成功地试制了汽车万向节热锻模及自行车曲柄辊锻模,工艺简单,成本低,创作周期短.模具使用寿命长.     

原镁直接熔炼生产镁合金压铸件的工艺进展

简述了我国镁合金压铸件生产现状，分析了从原镁到镁合金压铸件的工艺过程及存在的问题；讨论了全封闭式熔化及浇注集成化方法、合金化阻燃技术和半固态成形技术等三种工艺优化方法。