室内空气中甲醛在ACF上的衍生反应动力学及其定量关系的研究

文章在对ACF的纳米空间结构及其载体功能特性以及ACF纳米结构上甲醛的衍生反应及其吸附/解吸原理,进行深入研究基础上,揭示了室内空气中甲醛在ACF上的吸附与解析动力学过程。根据Langmuir-Rideal定理,描述了甲醛与PFBHA-HCHO反应定量关系;推导出PFBHA-HCHO肟化合物浓度的反应速率与室内空气中甲醛浓度之间的一级反应线性回归方程,为定量检测室内空气中甲醛提供了理论依据。     

论室内装饰装修材料用量的科学配置

“非典”疫情使人们的健康、环保意识大大增强，人们对室内装饰给室内空气质量带来的影响给予了更大的关注。影响室内空气质量的因素是多方面的，而建筑装饰装修材料所释放的有害气体对室内空气的污染是一个突出的问题。     

探究建筑材料对室内空气质量的影响

建筑装修材料对于室内空气质量的影响是很大的,特别是甲醛、苯等有害气体,对于人体的危害是很严重的,因此本文就对建筑材料对室内空气质量的影响进行了以下的探究。     

负离子—选择性吸附材料的功能与低碳理念

本文阐述了负离子—选择性吸附材料释放负氧离子和选择性吸附有害气体的原理,介绍了其作为室内空气净化材料的应用方式,并从无源释放负氧离子节能、直接吸收二氧化碳气体和复合制备绿色建筑材料等角度论证了负离子—选择性吸附材料的低碳生活理念。     

粉煤灰沸石分子筛对室内空气甲醛净化性能的实验研究

沸石分子筛具有吸附效率高、环境友好、使用寿命长等优点,在室内甲醛净化领域中作为吸附剂得到了普遍应用,本文以废弃的粉煤灰为原料,通过碱熔融-水热法自制廉价的粉煤灰沸石分子筛,以此作为吸附材料对室内空气进行甲醛净化性能的测试。研究不同空气温度、相对湿度、空气流动速度及不同甲醛含量对室内空气甲醛净化的影响。结果表明,降低室内空气温度、适当的增加湿度以及合理控制空气流速有利于强化室内甲醛气体净化效果。当吸附温度为12℃时,甲醛的吸附量最大为1.36 mg/g;当相对湿度为40%时,甲醛的吸附量最大为1.25 mg/g;当空气流速为4 m/s时,吸附效率最大为0.675 mg/(g·h);当甲醛含量为0.75 mg/g时,甲醛气体的脱除率最大为83%。     

环保型装饰装修材料的应用及其发展前景

１　概述几年来，随着生活品质日益提高和环保意识的加强，人们逐渐热衷于绿色材料，崇尚自然。追求健康材料，已成为家庭装饰装修的主旋律。早在７０年代，世界上就建筑材料释放的气体和物质对室内空气的影响及其对人体健康的危害程度进行了分析研究。大量研究表明，除人类活动影响外，造成室内空气污染的主要因素是通风和建筑材料（包括装饰装修材料和家具等）。而装饰装修材料是一种较大的污染源，如天然的花岗石、大理石中会散发出放射性物质，从人造板材中能散发出甲醛，从塑料制品中散发出增塑剂，从建筑涂料和油漆中会散发出二甲苯类…     

室内环境污染的防控

随着人民生活水平的日益提高，对住宅内部的装修，己成为人们生活中不可缺少的内容和消费方式。同时，室内空气污染也在日益突出，严重地危胁着人们的身体健康。造成室内空气污染原因，主要是有毒有害气体超标。目前，造成室内空气污染的有害气体主要有四种：     

解读建筑装饰装修设计控制室内空气有害物质的方法

室内空气污染是现代建筑室内装饰中比较严重的问题之一,根据医学领域的研究可知,劣质的室内装修设计和材料使用产生了甲醛、苯等诸多有害气体,这些有害气体会严重影响居住在室内的人们的身体健康,引发癌症等病症,所以,进行建筑装饰、装修的绿色设计十分重要。本文从建筑装饰装修可能导致的空气污染物入手,分析建筑装饰、装修设计中控制有害物质的具体方法,为提高建筑室内空气清洁水平提供一些思路。     

预拌混凝士绿色产品评定标准开始实施

由环境保护部颁布的《环境标志产品技术要求预拌混凝土》标准4月1日正式实施。 目前，我国每年的混凝土生产总量达到20亿立方米。近年来，因房屋室内空气质量发生的投诉与纠纷时有发生。究其原因，除了建筑装修材料产生污染外，混凝土作为重要的建筑结构材料，也是产生有害气体和放射性超标的重要因素。     

关于烟气脱硫技术的探讨

我国的大气环境污染仍然以煤烟型为主，主要污染物是二氧化硫和烟尘，烟气治理的除尘、脱硫体化，以废治害，综合利用是降低脱除SO2成本的最有效途径。     

Priority among air pollution factors for preventing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Shanghai.

The problems that city environmental protection planners face are how important the air pollution exposures are in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in local residents and which factor should be controlled most urgently. The purpose of our study is to determine the control priority among ambient sulphur dioxide (SO2) inhalable particulates (IP) and indoor use of coal to prevent COPD in residents of the city. Ambient air pollution is mainly from SO2 and IP(< 10 nm). Indoor air pollution is mainly from the use of coal for heating and/or cooking. Distribution of ambient SO2, and IP concentrations were described using a quartic trend surface simulation. When stratified by two extreme levels of ambient SO2 and IP and types of fuel used indoors, eight local area populations in four communities with different combinations of exposure levels were selected. In each community a local area population mostly using coal and one mostly burning gas was chosen. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD, ICD 490-493) including chronic bronchitis, asthma and emphysema, are a major cause of death in residents of Shanghai. The relationship between the three air pollution factors and their health effects were analyzed at the level of mortality (1978-1987, 232,459 person-years), prevalence of symptoms (12,037 persons) of COPD, lung function and non-specific immunologic function (514 women). The results show that indoor use of coal has stronger associations with health than estimated exposure to ambient SO2 or IP.     

室内空气质量标准与检测方法

随着室内装修材料广泛运用以及建筑物密闭性的加强,室内空气质量越来越受到人们关注.对居室内环境质量的国内外发展现状进行介绍,对室内空气质量标准及相应的检测方法进行阐述.在恶化的室内空气成分中,挥发性有机化合物气体对人的身体健康影响最为严重.所有有害的化合物中,甲醛对人体的危害最为严重,针对这一现状,对有机化合物甲醛的检测方法进行了进一步的分析.     

Building calibration for IAQ management

Demand Control System (DCV) is designed to optimise the energy consumption with respect to the demand of outdoor air quantity based on the number of people indoors. However, if significant indoor pollutant sources exist, which is not a function of the number of people, the DCV may cause the indoor air quality to be unacceptable. This paper discusses a procedure of calibrating the building in respect of managing the indoor air quality. The objective is to set the minimum fresh air quantity which is a function of the indoor pollutant concentrations rather than metabolic carbon dioxide. Radon is used as an example because it is a common pollutant embedded in the building materials of high-rise buildings in Hong Kong. This paper also presents a year-round record of the indoor air quality in a typical high-rise building which is very useful for building indoor air quality (IAQ) design.     

Impact of surface ozone interactions on indoor air chemistry: A modeling study

An INdoor air Detailed Chemical Model was developed to investigate the impact of ozone reactions with indoor surfaces (including occupants), on indoor air chemistry in simulated apartments subject to ambient air pollution. The results are consistent with experimental studies showing that approximately 80% of ozone indoors is lost through deposition to surfaces. The human body removes ozone most effectively from indoor air per square meter of surface, but the most significant surfaces for C₆‐C₁₀ aldehyde formation are soft furniture and painted walls owing to their large internal surfaces. Mixing ratios of between 8 and 11 ppb of C₆‐C₁₀ aldehydes are predicted to form in apartments in various locations in summer, the highest values are when ozone concentrations are enhanced outdoors. The most important aldehyde formed indoors is predicted to be nonanal (5‐7 ppb), driven by oxidation‐derived emissions from painted walls. In addition, ozone‐derived emissions from human skin were estimated for a small bedroom at nighttime with concentrations of nonanal, decanal, and 4‐oxopentanal predicted to be 0.5, 0.7, and 0.7 ppb, respectively. A detailed chemical analysis shows that ozone‐derived surface aldehyde emissions from materials and people change chemical processing indoors, through enhanced formation of nitrated organic compounds and decreased levels of oxidants.     

Assessing air quality in Hong Kong: A proposed,revised air pollution index (API)

The Environment Protection Department of Hong Kong has been using an air pollution index (API) to report the status of ambient air quality since 1995. Such an index system was first developed by the USA Environmental Protection Authority. The API compares five main air pollutants, i.e. sulfur dioxide (SO₂), respirable suspended particulates (RSP), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO) and Ozone (O₃) as sub-indexes, which are calculated separately from a segmented linear function that transforms ambient pollutants concentrations into a normalized scale extending from 0 to 500. The resultant pollution level is described by the maximal value of these five sub-indexes. The limitation of this API system is that it considers only one pollutant with the maximum value at a time but reflects other pollutants concurrently. In this study, a revised air quality index (RAPI) is proposed based on the entropy function, which combines the effect of all pollutants on public health. The design of the revised index is based on database of air pollutants collected at two air quality monitoring stations in Hong Kong, i.e. a roadside station in Mong Kok and a general station in Sha Tin. Compared with the existing API, values of RAPI (calculated from data collected for API) at both stations are at higher levels and provide more information of levels of all pollutants. Therefore, RAPI should be representatively and widely used to provide the public with a better indicator of air quality. In addition, variations and oscillations of pollutants concentrations were also examined and the results show that RSP and NO₂ contribute more to the overall pollution level than other components. It is suggested that more abatement strategies be focused on these pollutants to improve air quality in the future.     

Modeling of the production of secondary gaseous products in confined atmospheres

Confined environments are indoor spaces in which the air is not renewed or very poorly renewed by fresh outdoor air (spacecraft, submarines, etc.). In these environments, indoor air quality (IAQ) is expected to be highly influenced by homogeneous and heterogeneous chemistry. This paper presents a representative example of the contribution of these two phenomena to the production of secondary gaseous pollutants indoors by analyzing the chemical degradation of isoprene. An indoor air quality model was developed in the Matlab environment to compute the concentrations of both organic and nonorganic gaseous species involved in this mechanism. Two kinds of initial conditions (concentrations of nitrogen oxides, ozone and isoprene) were considered for the simulations. The results show strong interactions between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Especially, the integrated reaction rate (IRR) of the heterogeneous hydrolysis of nitrogen dioxide emerges very high. Demonstration of strong interactions between inorganic and organic chemistries is also made, the conversion between NO and NO₂ being of central importance in the degradation cycle of isoprene. The type and amount of secondary products obtained are assessed. The results emphasize the strong influence of ozone and nitric oxide concentration levels indoors.     

Filtration effectiveness of HVAC systems at near‐roadway schools

Concern for the exposure of children attending schools located near busy roadways to toxic, traffic‐related air pollutants has raised questions regarding the environmental benefits of advanced heating, ventilation, and air‐conditioning (HVAC) filtration systems for near‐road pollution. Levels of black carbon and gaseous pollutants were measured at three indoor classroom sites and at seven outdoor monitoring sites at Las Vegas schools. Initial HVAC filtration systems effected a 31–66% reduction in black carbon particle concentrations inside three schools compared with ambient air concentrations. After improved filtration systems were installed, black carbon particle concentrations were reduced by 74–97% inside three classrooms relative to ambient air concentrations. Average black carbon particle concentrations inside the schools with improved filtration systems were lower than typical ambient Las Vegas concentrations by 49–96%. Gaseous pollutants were higher indoors than outdoors. The higher indoor concentrations most likely originated at least partially from indoor sources, which were not targeted as part of this intervention.     

Predictive Models Based on Personal,Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution Exposure

Portable air pollution samplers were used to measure sulphur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and respirable suspended particulates (RSP) in a study of a group of nineteen asthmatics during two periods in the winter and summer respectively. One sampler was carried by each subject, one was placed in the home indoors, and one outdoors by the home. In addition, similar pollutants were measured at a central stationary site within a 15 km radius during the same time periods. Samplers were not placed, however, in other indoor spaces where subjects spent part(s) of the day. We used the data from all the sampling sites to develop predictive models for personal exposure. With 330 person-days of exposure data, multiple regression of these “fixed site” measures of pollution against the personal exposure measures revealed a predictive relationship whose power increased proportionally to the time the subjects spent indoors. This relationship was limited, however, since samplers were not placed at other indoor spaces, thus leaving the predictive model incomplete. A pollution index in which these indoor and outdoor pollutant measures were weighted by the time spent at home indoors and outdoors was predictive of personal exposure for NO₂ and RSP (R = 0.78,0.44 respectively); the SO₂ levels were too low to be used in the comparative analysis (R = 0.19).     

吸附剂Tenax—TA和活性炭对空气中苯的吸附性能比较

分别采用吸附剂为Tenax-TA和活性炭的吸附管模拟现场采集室内环境空气,了解Tenax-TA和活性炭对空气中苯的吸附性能。当Tenax-TA吸附剂以0.5L/min的流量采集10L空气时,苯存在漏出现象。说明空气中苯的采集不宜用Tenax-TA吸附剂替代活性炭吸附剂。     

Cooking‐related PM2.5 and acrolein measured in grocery stores and comparison with other retail types

We measured particulate matter (PM), acrolein, and other indoor air contaminants in eight visits to grocery stores in California. Retail stores of other types (hardware, furniture, and apparel) were also sampled on additional visits. Based on tracer gas decay data, most stores had adequate ventilation according to minimum ventilation rate standards. Grocery stores had significantly higher concentrations of acrolein, fine and ultrafine PM, compared to other retail stores, likely attributable to cooking. Indoor concentrations of PM_2.5 and acrolein exceeded health guidelines in all tested grocery stores. Acrolein emission rates to indoors in grocery stores had a mean estimate about 30 times higher than in other retail store types. About 80% of the indoor PM_2.5 measured in grocery stores was emitted indoors, compared to only 20% for the other retail store types. Calculations suggest a substantial increase in outdoor air ventilation rate by a factor of three from current level is needed to reduce indoor acrolein concentrations. Alternatively, acrolein emission to indoors needs to be reduced 70% by better capturing of cooking exhaust. To maintain indoor PM_2.5 below the California annual ambient standard of 12 μg/m³, grocery stores need to use air filters with an efficiency rating higher than the MERV 8 air filters commonly used today.