汽轮机薄壁叶片加工变形预测及误差补偿

针对汽轮机薄壁叶片的加工过程进行简化,建立了叶片加工过程中的切削力模型,在此基础上借助ABAQUS有限元模拟软件对叶片加工变形进行分析,建立了叶片加工变形预测模型。基于反向误差补偿原理,对叶片变形进行了误差补偿。采用NURBS曲线理论对获取补偿后的叶片数据进行优化处理,重构叶片模型。经验证,新构建的叶片模型能够有效减小误差,提高加工质量,为汽轮机薄壁叶片零件提高加工精度及降低变形量提供了一种可参考的误差补偿方法。     

铣削加工力-位误差的综合建模与补偿

基于铣削加工特点,建立铣削加工过程中的力-位综合误差模型,并基于原点偏移法建立了力-位综合误差在线补偿系统。根据铣削过程中的剪切和犁切机制,建立刀具微元切削力模型,通过积分得到切削力模型。依据变形理论,提出刀具及工件的切削力所致误差模型,并结合机床几何误差模型,利用齐次坐标变换,建立力-位综合误差模型。基于Fanuc数控系统的原点偏置功能开发误差在线补偿系统,实现力-位综合误差的在线补偿。利用立式加工中心对工件进行铣削加工实验,并对无误差补偿、仅补偿机床几何误差、仅补偿切削力所致变形误差、补偿力-位综合误差四种加工方式的加工精度进行对比,结果表明,力-位综合误差补偿的加工精度大大优于各单项误差补偿及无补偿的加工精度。     

航空发动机薄壁叶片加工误差补偿迭代学习建模方法

航空航天复杂薄壁件在数控铣削的过程中,由于实际加工结果与理论尺寸的不一致,导致了加工误差的存在,从而降低了零件的精度,进而直接影响其使用性能。针对航空发动机薄壁叶片在加工时产生的以弹性变形为主的综合误差,研究了航空发动机薄壁叶片加工误差补偿迭代学习建模方法。基于弹性变形理论、泰勒展开建立误差补偿模型,根据前次加工后的数据通过学习迭代算法,计算出下一次切削误差补偿量并重构叶片模型,生成新的数控加工程序,最终使加工误差满足公差要求。通过迭代学习算法对补偿模型的计算,可以有效减少补偿次数,提高补偿加工效率。     

薄壁叶片加工变形模型预测与误差补偿

针对薄壁叶片在加工过程中易产生弹性变形的特点,根据材料力学理论和有限元理论,采用ABAQUS软件模拟了叶片加工过程中的变形量。通过设计正交实验,探讨了切削参数、刀具倾角以及薄壁叶片汽道弧面上加工位置对叶片变形的影响规律;采用线性回归的分析方法,建立了薄壁叶片汽道弧面加工过程中变形量与各个因素之间的预测模型。然后根据镜像误差补偿原理,对叶片进行误差补偿,建立新的叶片模型。研究表明:薄壁叶片变形量随着主轴转速、Y距离的增加而减小,随着进给速度、切削深度、加工倾角和X距离的增加而增加;以新建的叶片模型获取的加工代码,在相同的加工条件下,能够提高叶片的加工精度。     

汽轮机叶片汽道加工中受力及变形分析

汽轮机叶片汽道加工变形是影响加工质量的关键。为了提高汽轮机叶片在加工过程中的质量,减小其在加工过程中的形位误差,在各切削力模型的基础上研究了球头铣刀在出汽边铣削中的几何加工特征,构建铣削力模型,分析了叶片汽道加工过程中的受力和变形。结合汽轮机中压缸第二级动叶片结构参数,采用材料力学理论分析法,构建了汽轮机动叶片汽道加工中的力学模型,并对叶片汽道加工中弯曲与扭转变形进行分析,得出影响叶片加工质量的因素,为后续的叶片夹具设计提供理论依据。     

基于牛顿插值的批量轴类零件加工误差补偿

为提高批量轴类零件加工精度及加工效率,通过分析批量轴类零件加工数据,得到加工误差分布规律;运用牛顿插值理论建立批量轴类零件加工误差数学模型:应用用户宏程序按工件序号及切削位置进行误差实时补偿.该误差补偿方法综合考虑切削力引起的误差、热误差、刀具磨损误差、机床几何误差、编程误差、检测调整误差等误差因素,全面分析各误差因素与误差分布规律的关系,避免了误差因素分析不全的影响.得出切削力是影响单件工件加工误差分布的主要因素,刀具磨损是影响批量轴类零件加工误差分布的主要因素,热误差是导致误差分布规律畸变的主要因素.实践表明,应用该误差补偿方法可使批量轴类零件最大加工误差由60μm降低到4μm,补偿了93.3%;减少在机检测调整时间,加工效率提高13%,有效提高批量轴类零件加工精度和加工效率.     

燃气轮机透平叶片截面形状重构技术研究

基于逆向工程,采用NURBS(非均匀有理B样条)理论对透平叶片截面数据点阵进行整体插值,实现对透平叶片截面形状的重构;然后采用NURBS小波分解的光顺算法,对重构的自由曲线进行整体光顺。实践表明,经过重构和小波光顺后,有效地构造出透平叶片截面线,并去除了曲线上的坏点,改善了截面线的品质,达到了预定目的。     

一种复杂曲面类增材制造零件分层截面生成算法

针对传统增材制造分层方法对复杂曲面类零件STL模型分层易造成部分层面轮廓线失真的问题,提出一种基于NURBS曲线的复杂曲面类零件分层截面轮廓生成算法。针对STL模型数据量大和分层速度慢的特点,采用了分组排序的求交算法进行分层,生成截面轮廓点云数据。以切平面与STL模型三角面片的交点作为NURBS曲线的型值点,设定型值点的权值,利用矩阵形式和切失边界条件确定了NURBS曲线的权因子,求解NURBS曲线的控制顶点,采用矩阵形式建立了各切片层的截面轮廓所对应的NURBS曲线方程,绘制了基于NURBS曲线的各层层面轮廓。采用基于NURBS曲线的复杂曲面类零件分层截面生成算法对燃气轮机中压缸动叶片和Ganesha模型进行了分层试验仿真和误差分析。进行了燃气轮机中压缸动叶片的打印试验,通过测量表明:采用本算法打印叶片的轮廓度偏差值符合要求,相比传统算法打印的叶片精度更高,从而验证了所提出的基于NURBS曲线的复杂曲面类零件分层截面生成算法的可行性和准确性。     

立铣加工动态切削力预测新方法及应用

通过切削力物理建模、仿真和应用研究来准确地预测切削力,是进行工艺优化的必要前提.动态切削力的预测对于研究切削机理和加工质量的控制都很重要.提出了一种新的螺旋立铣刀加工中动态切削力建模方法,通过微元法建立的切削力数学模型和斜角等厚度切削有限元模型两者结合,对高速铣削淬硬模具钢SKD11的动态切削力进行预测,并且对误差来源进行了分析.本建模方法通过建立单刃切削力数学模型,然后结合有限元分析得到单刃切削力曲线,经离散数据叠加后得到加工过程的动态铣削力曲线.此方法可避免传统建模中需要大量试验求取多个系数且预测精度差的特点.最后通过分析影响结果的主要因素及参数调节方法,保证了预测精度.     

立式捏合机搅拌桨曲面的NURBS表示与误差分析

依据搅拌桨水平截面轮廓线的理论坐标点,反求生成了NURBS曲线;按照搅拌桨的螺旋升角,生成了一组不同高度截面轮廓线的NURBS曲线;利用蒙皮方法,生成了搅拌桨的NURBS曲面。提出了一种新的控制顶点投影法求解点到NURBS曲面最小距离的算法,用于计算搅拌桨的NURBS曲面的重构误差。结果表明,立式捏合机搅拌桨的NURBS曲面重构精度高,研究结果可为搅拌桨曲面优化设计提供借鉴。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.     

Fractional order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking

This paper investigates a fractional terminal sliding mode control for flexible spacecraft attitude tracking in the presence of inertia uncertainties and extern...     

奥氏体不锈钢表面双辉等离子渗锆的动力学

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术在0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢表面制备了一层均匀、致密、呈良好冶金结合的渗锆合金层,并对1 060℃下的渗锆动力学进行了研究。结果表明:随着距锆合金层表面距离的增加,锆元素的含量呈梯度递减,扩散系数逐渐减小,而扩散激活能逐步增大;在1 060℃采用双辉等离子技术渗锆时,渗锆合金层表层的空位密度为2.945×(1012~1013)cm-2,与相同温度下采用常规渗金属工艺相比,提高了1~2个数量级。     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.