A survey of land mine detection technology

This paper describes the state of the art in land mine detection technology and algorithms. Landmine detection is a growing concern due to the danger of buried landmines to people's lives, economic growth and development. Most of the injured people have no connection with the reason why the mines were placed. There are 50–100 million landmines in more than 80 countries around the world. Deactivation is estimated at 100 000 mines per year, against the nearly 2 million mines laid annually. In this paper we describe and analyse sensor technology available including state‐of‐the‐art technology such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic induction (EMI) and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) among others. Robotics, data processing and algorithms are mentioned, considering support vectors, sensor fusion, neural networks, etc. Finally, we establish conclusions highlighting the need to improve not only the way images are acquired, but the way this information is processed and compared.     

Covariance-guided landmine detection and discrimination using ground-penetrating radar data

Ground penetrating Radar (GPR) can detect and deliver the response signal from any buried kind of object like plastic or metallic landmines, stones, and wood sticks. It delivers three kinds of data: Ascan, Bscan, and Cscan. However, it cannot discriminate between landmines and inoffensive objects or ‘clutter.’ One-class classification is an alternative to detect landmines, especially, as landmines features data are unbalanced. In this article, we investigate the effectiveness of the Covariance-guided One-Class Support Vector Machine (COSVM) to detect, discriminate, and locate landmines efficiently. In fact, compared to existing one-class classifiers, the COSVM has the advantage of emphasizing low variance directions. Moreover, we will compare the one-class classification to multiclass classification to tease out the advantage of the former over the latter as data are unbalanced. Our method consists of extracting Ascan GPR data. Extracted features are used as an input for COSVM to discriminate between landmines and clutter. We provide an extensive evaluation of our detection method compared to other methods based on relevant state of the art one-class and multiclass classifiers, on the well-known MACADAM database. Our experimental results show clearly the superiority of using COSVM in landmine detection and localization.     

基于神经网络的多过失误差侦破方法的研究

基于神经网络的过失误差侦破方法具有简单、计算量小和适于在线应用的优点，并且相对于传统方法具有处理非线性问题能力较强的特点。但是在侦破多过失误差时，现有的直接侦破法和序列侦破法的侦破率较低。针对这一情况，本文提出了将神经网络和测量数据检验法相结合的侦破多过失误差的新方法，该方法首先利用神经网络较强的鲁棒性和容错能力对数据进行处理，然后再进行过失误差侦破。实例研究表明，这种方法能够有效地提高多过失误差共存时的侦破能力。     

A Back-propagation Neural Network Landmine Detector Using the Delta-technique and S-statistic

Landmines are a major problem facing the world today; there are millions of these deadly weapons still buried in various countries around the world. Humanitarian organizations dedicate an immeasurable amount of time, effort, and money to find and remove as many of these mines as possible. Unfortunately, landmines can be made out of common materials which make the correct detection of them very difficult. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of combining certain statistical techniques with a neural network to improve detection. The detection method must not only detect the majority of landmines in the ground, it must also filter out as many of the false alarms as possible. This is the true challenge to developing landmine detection algorithms. Our approach combines a Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) with statistical techniques and compares the performance of mine detection against the performance of the energy detector and the δ-technique. Our results show that the combination of the δ-technique and the S-statistics with a neural network improves the performance.     

Exploiting Unlabeled Data for Neural Grammatical Error Detection

Identifying and correcting grammatical errors in the text written by non-native writers have received increasing attention in recent years. Although a number of annotated corpora have been established to facilitate data-driven grammatical error detection and correction approaches, they are still limited in terms of quantity and coverage because human annotation is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive. In this work, we propose to utilize unlabeled data to train neural network based grammatical error detection models. The basic idea is to cast error detection as a binary classification problem and derive positive and negative training examples from unlabeled data. We introduce an attention-based neural network to capture long-distance dependencies that influence the word being detected. Experiments show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms SVM and convolutional networks with fixed-size context window.     

The impact of false alarm mitigation on surface landmine detection in MWIR imagery

Surface landmine and minefield detection from airborne imagery is a difficult problem. As part of the minefield detection process, anomaly detection is performed to identify potential landmines in individual airborne images. Post-processing is performed on the initial landmines identified to reduce the number of false alarms, referred to as false alarm mitigation. In this research, a circular harmonics transform image processing approach (the CHT method) and a constant false alarm rate technique (the RX approach) are investigated for surface landmine detection and false alarm mitigation in medium wave infrared (MWIR) image data. The false alarm mitigation approach integrates the CHT and RX methods to identify candidate landmine locations with one technique at a given false alarm rate and applies the other technique to confirm landmine locations and eliminate potential false alarms. Individual detector and false alarm mitigation experimental results are presented for 31 daytime and 43 nighttime MWIR images containing 76 and 142 landmines, respectively. At a 0.9 desired probability of landmine detection, experimental results show that false alarm mitigation reduces the false alarm rate by as much as 84.3% and 13.7% for daytime and nighttime images, respectively, maintaining the probability of detection at 0.85 and 0.90, respectively.     

Estimation of landmine characteristics in sandy desert using neural networks

Many places in the world are heavily contaminated with landmines, which cause that many resources are not utilized. This makes landmine detection and removal challenges for research. To guarantee reliable landmine sensing system, deep analysis and many test cases are required. The proposed concept is based on application of 1 kPa external constant pressure (lower than the landmine activation pressure) to the sand surface. The resultant contact pressure distribution is dependent on the imbedded object characteristics (type and depth). Then neural networks (NN) are trained to find the inverse solution of the sand–landmine problem. In other words, when the contact pressure is known, NN can estimate the imbedded object type and depth. In this work, using finite element modeling, the existence of landmines in sand is modeled and analyzed. The resultant contact pressure distribution for five objects (1—anti-tank, 2—anti-personnel, 3—can with diameter and height of 200 mm, 4—spherical rock with 200 mm diameter, and 5—sand without any object) in sand at different depths is used in training NN. Three NN are developed to estimate the landmine characteristics. The first one is perceptron type which classifies the introduced objects in sand. The other two feed-forward NN (FFNN) are developed to estimate the depth of two landmine types. The NN detection rates of anti-tank and anti-personnel landmines are 100 and 67 % in training, and 95 and 70 % in validation, respectively. As test cases, the detection rates of the NN in case of landmine inclination angles (0°–30°) are studied. The results show same detection rates as those at no inclination. A random noise 10 % of the average signal does not affect NN detection rates, which are the same as 95 and 70 % as in validation for anti-tank and anti-personnel, respectively, while with 20 % noise detection rates are decreases to 90 and 50 % for anti-tank and anti-personnel, respectively.

     

基于卷积神经网络的雷达目标检测方法

雷达目标检测近年来一直是雷达信号处理中的重要任务,在探测监控等安全领域中有非常重要的作用;针对传统恒虚警目标检测方法存在的环境适应能力较弱、复杂地形环境下雷达虚警数量急剧上升等问题,提出一种基于卷积神经网络的雷达目标检测方法;以雷达回波信号数据处理后得到的距离-多普勒图像作为模型的训练集和测试集,设计基于FasterR-CNN结构的雷达目标检测模型,训练模型并将测试结果与传统恒虚警目标检测算法结果相比较,所设计的模型提升了雷达目标检测正确率并较大地减少了虚警数量,这表明将卷积神经网络应用于雷达回波信号的处理任务中是可行的。     

Convolutional neural network based early fire detection

The detection of manmade disasters particularly fire is valuable because it causes many damages in terms of human lives. Research on fire detection using wireless sensor network and video-based methods is a very hot research topic. However, the WSN based detection model need fire happens and a lot of smoke and fire for detection. Similarly, video-based models also have some drawbacks because conventional algorithms need feature vectors and high rule-based models for detection. In this paper, we proposed a fire detection method which is based on powerful machine learning and deep learning algorithms. We used both sensors data as well as images data for fire prevention. Our proposed model has three main deep neural networks i.e. a hybrid model which consists of Adaboost and many MLP neural networks, Adaboost-LBP model and finally convolutional neural network. We used Adaboost-MLP model to predict the fire. After the prediction, we proposed two neural networks i.e. Adaboost-LBP model and convolutional neural network for detection of fire using the videos and images taken from the cameras installed for the surveillance. Adaboost-LBP model is to generate the ROIs from the image where emergencies exist Our proposed model results are quite good, and the accuracy is almost 99%. The false alarming rate is very low and can be reduced more using further training.

     

基于神经网络的高效智能入侵检测系统

描述了一种采用人工神经网络技术的高效实时入侵检测模型，对网络数据处理、神经网络的训练及其算法、神经网络的检测及其算法进行了详细的论述，目的是用神经网络的优势来改进现存入侵检测系统中的一些不足之处，使入侵检测系统效率更高，更具智能化。     

图像理解中的卷积神经网络

近年来,卷积神经网络（Convolutional neural networks,CNN）已在图像理解领域得到了广泛的应用,引起了研究者的关注. 特别是随着大规模图像数据的产生以及计算机硬件（特别是GPU）的飞速发展,卷积神经网络以及其改进方法在图像理解中取得了突破性的成果,引发了研究的热潮. 本文综述了卷积神经网络在图像理解中的研究进展与典型应用. 首先,阐述卷积神经网络的基础理论;然后,阐述其在图像理解的具体方面,如图像分类与物体检测、人脸识别和场景的语义分割等的研究进展与应用.     

Classification of faults in gearboxes — pre-processing algorithms and neural networks

Classical signal processing techniques when combined with pattern classification analysis can provide an automated fault detection procedure for machinery diagnostics. Artificial neural networks have recently been established as a powerful method of pattern recognition. The neural networkbased fault detection approach usually requires preprocessing algorithms which enhance the fault features, reducing their number at the same time. Various timeinvariant and timevariant signal preprocessing algorithms are studied here. These include spectral analysis, time domain averaging, envelope detection, Wigner-Ville distributions and wavelet transforms. A neural network pattern classifier with preprocessing algorithms is applied to experimental data in the form of vibration records taken from a controlled tooth fault in a pair of meshing spur gears. The results show that faults can be detected and classified without errors.     

机器学习在故障检测与诊断领域应用综述

机器学习已经成为当前技术发展热点,由于机器学习具有快速处理大量数据、分析提取有效信息等优点,因此在故障检测与诊断技术中受到了越来越多的关注;文章系统介绍了机器学习和故障检测与诊断的概念、分类,深入了解了基于PCA和随机森林的故障检测方法和国内研究现状,以及基于决策树、支持向量机以及神经网络的故障诊断方法和国内外研究现状,其中重点介绍了卷积神经网络和递归神经网络的应用,并对机器学习算法在故障检测与诊断应用前景进行了展望,大数据时代下,机器学习在故障检测和诊断领域有着绝对优势。     

一种基于神经网络的黑客入侵检测新方法

给出了一个基于神经网络的网络入侵检测系统模型．该模型可对网络中的IP数据包进行分析处理以及特征提取，并采用智能神经网络进行学习或判别，以达到对未知数据包进行检测的目的．首先建立功能专一、结构简单、易于构造的神经网络来完成单一的黑客入侵检测任务，然后利用智能神经网络组成原理将这些能够检测多种多样的黑客入侵的小网合并，组合成功能完善、结构复杂的大网来完成整个检测任务．实验证明这是一种行之有效的网络入侵检测的解决方法．     

传感器故障检测、分离与恢复的神经网络方法

传感器是测控系统不可缺少的部件,传感器数据的高可靠性是系统正常工作的重要保证,本文基于递归神经网络具有优良的动态系统建模能力和时间数据序列预报区能力,融合时空信息,构造出具有传感器故障检测,分离和故障恢复能力的智能传感器系统,理论 仿真结果表明,所研究系统的优良性能。     

地雷对地表声阻抗率的影响研究

设计一种基于地震检波器的实验系统,分析地雷对地表声阻抗率的影响。用音响发射扫频的正弦声波穿透到地下土壤,用声级计和地震检波器分别测得地表声压级和振动速度。测试数据显示,没有地雷的地表声阻抗率与有地雷的比值在72,140Hz处出现2个极大值,用相长干涉原理和地雷与其上方土壤的谐振作用解释了这一现象。结果表明:地雷能在较宽频带内减小地面声阻抗率,所设计的实验系统可用于声波探雷的进一步研究。     

基于模糊积分的多神经网络融合模型的研究

为了进一步提高网络入侵检测系统的检测性能,将模糊积分理论和神经网络技术应用到网络入侵检测中,提出了基于模糊积分的多神经网络融合模型MNNF。它的基本思想是按照TCP/IP属性集的类别不同将TCP/IP数据集分成三个不同属性集的子数据集,在不同属性集上训练形成不同的子神经网络,然后用模糊积分将多个子神经网络对TCP/IP数据的检测结果进行非线性融合形成最优判断。实验结果表明,MNNF模型应用在网络入侵检测中可以得到比单个神经网络更好的入侵检测性能。     

基于概率神经网络的入侵检测技术

提出一种基于概率神经网络的高效入侵检测技术。对网络数据处理、概率神经网络的训练与检测及其算法进行分析。在网络训练中,提出一种基于实验数据选择概率神经网络关键参数的方法,分析该方法的可行性。实验表明通过此方法能使入侵检测系统具有更高的检测精度和效率。     

New faster normalized neural networks for sub-matrix detection using cross correlation in the frequency domain and matrix decomposition

Neural networks have shown good results for detecting a certain pattern in a given image. In this paper, faster neural networks for pattern detection are presented. Such processors are designed based on cross correlation in the frequency domain between the input matrix and the input weights of neural networks. This approach is developed to reduce the computation steps required by these faster neural networks for the detection process. The principle of divide and conquer strategy is applied through matrix decomposition. Each matrix is divided into smaller in size submatrices and then each one is tested separately by using a single faster neural processor. Furthermore, faster pattern detection is obtained by using parallel processing techniques to test the resulting submatrices at the same time using the same number of faster neural networks. In contrast to faster neural networks, the speed up ratio is increased with the size of the input matrix when using faster neural networks and matrix decomposition. Moreover, the problem of local submatrix normalization in the frequency domain is solved. The effect of matrix normalization on the speed up ratio of pattern detection is discussed. Simulation results show that local submatrix normalization through weight normalization is faster than submatrix normalization in the spatial domain. The overall speed up ratio of the detection process is increased as the normalization of weights is done off line.