基于复合热源的铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接的有限元模拟

针对15mm厚Al-Mg-Zn铝合金试板多层多道激光-MIG复合焊接过程,综合考虑了脉冲MIG焊接过程大量焊丝的填充带入熔池的熔滴热量和激光焊接过程中的小孔能量沉积效应,建立了复合热源模型。使用ABAQUS有限元软件对上述焊接过程进行了温度场模拟,同时采用非线性弹性边界条件来模拟真实的工装约束作用;通过与实验结果进行对比,模拟的焊缝形貌与试验吻合得较好。     

镀铬薄钢板激光焊接实验研究

介绍了目前国内金属包装三片罐的焊接工艺,以及激光焊接技术应用于金属材料加工的优势。通过对镀铬薄壁金属包装材料的激光切割实验、激光焊接实验、拉伸实验,确定了特定厚度镀铬板的激光焊接工艺参数,提出了镀铬薄板激光焊接的发展方向。     

可调压力激光焊接工艺地面模拟装置的研制

目的 针对普通激光焊接实验装置无法用于非常压极端环境下激光焊接工艺的难点,研发设计一种可用于模拟环境压力变化的激光焊接地面模拟装置,使得在地面上模拟深海高压环境激光焊接和太空负压环境激光空间制造过程成为可能。方法 针对非常压极端环境下激光焊接实验成本高以及危险性大等问题,并综合考虑高压力、低真空,以及水下高盐度、低温度和微生物等环境特点,对模拟装置的压力调节集成系统、激光入射孔以及可移动运动平台3个主要方面进行设计。自主设计研发一套具备从负压到高压压力范围可调的激光焊接地面模拟装置,并对模拟装置进行实验和性能验证。结果 研制装置压力测试的结果表明,该装置能够开展5.2 Pa(真空环境)至13.13 MPa(深海环境)压力范围条件下的激光焊接实验,为深海高压激光焊接过程以及空间负压激光制造过程提供实验基础。基于该模拟装置进行了不同压力环境下的激光焊接实验,结果表明,大气环境中随着压力的增大,焊缝熔深逐渐增大,而熔宽呈减小趋势;水下环境中随着焊接速度的增大,焊缝熔深和熔宽均逐渐减小。结论 实验结果与现有研究结果相近,可调压力激光焊接地面模拟装置的可行性和有效性得到了验证。该装置能够为未来深海高压和外太空负压激光焊接实验进一步研究提供设备支撑,具有良好的应用前景。     

以低成本进行锰钢的混合激光焊接

英国TWI公司报道，激光-电弧混合焊接技术可综合激光焊接的深穿透力和电弧焊在单一焊接区的优势。实验采用小功率C02激光器和Nd：YAG激光器对DH36、D36和S275级的钢材进行了焊接。     

异种钢激光-电弧焊复合焊接数值模拟

目的研究异种钢激光-GMAW复合焊接温度场以及应力场变化。方法运用ANSYS有限元分析软件,以5 mm厚D500钢和A514钢为研究对象,采用均匀分布的柱体热源与椭球热源组合的方法,建立了激光-GMAW焊接热源模型,对异种钢激光电弧复合焊接过程进行了模拟计算,并与实验所得的焊缝形状以及焊后残余应力进行了对比。结果结果表明,异种钢激光电弧复合焊接过程焊接变形以及残余应力实验结果与数值计算结果吻合较好。结论验证了锥体加柱体热源与椭球热源的组合热源模型在异种钢激光-GMAW复合焊接温度场及应力场模拟中的适用性,从而为不同焊接工艺条件下异种钢激光-GMAW复合焊接的焊缝形状和尺寸预测,提供了一种有效的途径。     

基于ANSYS 的D500 钢激光焊接温度场数值模拟

目的研究D500钢激光焊接温度场的变化。方法运用ANSYS有限元分析软件,以5 mm厚D500钢为研究对象,采用均匀分布的柱体热源与椭球热源组合的方法,建立了激光焊接热源模型。对D500钢激光焊接温度场进行了模拟计算,并与实验所得焊缝形状及尺寸进行了比较分析。结果结果表明,数值模拟所得焊缝截面尺寸与实验结果一致性达到95%以上。结论验证了柱体热源与椭球热源的组合热源模型在D500钢激光深熔焊接温度场模拟中的适用性,从而为不同焊接工艺条件下D500钢激光焊接焊缝形状和尺寸的预测,提供了一种有效的途径。     

ZK60镁合金光纤激光焊接工艺参数及接头性能研究

目的 采用光纤激光对ZK镁合金进行焊接,分析焊接工艺参数对焊接接头性能的影响规律。方法 采用正交实验方法,在焊接过程中对焊接主要的工艺参数比如:激光的功率,焊接的速度,离焦量进行三因素三水平正交实验,采用拉力实验机对焊接接头进行抗拉强度测试,得到抗拉强度最大的工艺参数组合。对焊缝微观组织及断口形貌进行分析。结果 当激光功率为1 400 W、焊接速度为40 mm/s、离焦量为3 mm时,焊缝抗拉强度达到最高的308 MPa,达到母材抗拉强度的95%。结论 在合适的工艺条件下,光纤激光焊接过程中,如果热输入较低,焊接速度过快,导致熔池冷却速度非常快,同时细化了晶粒,提高焊缝接头的综合力学性能。     

复合板基层厚度对激光焊接头腐蚀性能的影响

目的通过探索基层金属厚度对复合板激光穿透焊接的影响规律,分析其影响度与焊接速度、激光功率的差别,为双金属复合材料激光穿透焊接提供更多的技术支撑。方法以焊接速度、激光功率和基层金属厚度为变量,设计了三因素三水平的正交实验,对X65/DSS2205层状双金属复合材料进行激光穿透焊接实验,对不同焊接条件下接头的显微组织进行观察分析,采用EDS面扫方法对焊缝复层区进行成分扫描,测量接头复层侧动电位极化曲线,并比较了基层金属厚度的影响度较焊接速度与激光功率的大小。结果双金属复合板激光穿透焊接接头显微组织在厚度方向存在明显的分层;基层金属厚度为1.2 mm时,复层贵金属元素保留量最大;随着基层金属厚度的减小,接头综合耐腐蚀性能提高;基层金属厚度对接头耐腐蚀性能的影响小于焊接速度和激光功率2个变量;焊接速度为2.5 m/min,激光功率为3500 W,基层金属厚度为0.8 mm时,接头耐腐蚀性能最优。结论基层金属厚度对于复合板激光穿透焊接接头的焊缝复层元素含量、以及接头复层一侧耐腐蚀性能都有较为明显的影响,但相比于焊接速度与激光功率,其影响度相对较小,因此在进行复合板激光穿透焊接时,在选定基层金属厚度后,仍要对焊接速度和激光功率进行优化工艺设计。     

2 kW半导体激光焊接铝合金工艺研究

为实现半导体激光器对铝合金的焊接,将2 kW半导体激光器的光束进行整形,提高光束质量,光束亮度达到412.00 MW/cm~2.sterad,比整形前的光束亮度增加了7倍。然后采用整形的半导体激光器对1 mm厚度的6063铝合金进行拼接焊接实验,通过对焊接工艺参数激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量进行正交优化实验,焊缝接头最大抗拉强度为172.3 MPa,达到母材的85%,实现了半导体激光对铝合金的激光焊接目标。     

激光焊接参数对钛合金薄板组织及力学性能影响

目的 研究不同激光焊接工艺参数对1 mm厚TA18薄板焊接的影响,为有效解决焊缝缺陷、脆性相等问题提供参考.方法 采用大功率碟片激光器,在氩气环境下,对1 mm厚TA18薄板进行激光焊接实验,对不同激光焊接参数下的焊接接头进行微观组织观察及力学性能测试.结果 当激光焊接功率为1.5 kW时,焊缝呈"葫芦"状,熔宽大且不...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...