缔合高分子型原油管输减阻剂的研究进展

缔合高分子型原油管输减阻剂因其兼具较好的减阻与抗剪切性,而受到人们的广泛关注。简要概述缔合高分子型原油管输减阻剂的发展现状,总结分析比较了该种减阻剂合成方法,详细阐述该类型减阻剂的抗剪切机制,并指出当前研究的不足之处以及未来的发展趋势。     

油品减阻剂减阻机理及其效果预测研究现状

从减阻机理、减阻率预测和数值模拟3个方面介绍了目前主流的聚合物减阻机理、现场对减阻率预测存在的问题与难点和数值模拟减阻过程的短板,总结了减阻剂的研究现状与存在的问题,为实现减阻剂高效合理的利用指明了研究方向。     

表面活性剂湍流减阻研究进展

表面活性剂较高分子聚合物在流体管道输运中具有可逆机械降解特性的优点,更适用于存在高剪切的场合以及封闭的循环回路进行减阻,但存在对其复杂流变特性及减阻机理认识不完善的问题,使得其在减阻领域的应用受到了限制。本文回顾了作者近年来在表面活性剂溶液微观结构、复杂流变学特性、湍流结构以及其与减阻和传热性能之间的内在联系方面的研究进展;介绍了表面活性剂减阻和壁面微沟槽协同作用减阻的研究成果;指出通过拉伸流的方式能够在压损较小的情况下更有效地提高表面活性剂溶液的传热性能。针对表面活性剂现有研究的不足,本文提出4条建议作为表面活性剂的未来研究方向,分别为开发环境友好型高效表面活性减阻剂、强化换热装置的优化设计及优化布置、表面活性剂与其他减阻方式耦合特性的深入研究以及表面活性剂在尺度放大、防腐和减阻持久性方面的实际工业应用研究。     

聚合物减阻剂减阻及破坏规律研究

本文借助自主搭建的摩阻测试系统,研究了聚合物减阻剂浓度和剪切速率对减阻效率的影响规律及剪切破坏规律。结果表明,减阻率随剪切速率变化可分为三个阶段,总体趋势为先增大后减小;在较低的剪切速率下,减阻率随浓度的增加而减小,在较高的剪切速率下,减阻率随浓度的增加而增加;聚合物减阻剂的瞬时剪切破坏程度较严重。研究结果可为减阻剂的机理研究和现场施工提供参考。     

离子型聚丙烯酰胺减阻性能研究

聚丙烯酰胺类减阻剂具有成本较低,减阻效果好,溶解速度快,能够适用于现场施工混配要求的特点,因此成为目前压裂液减阻剂的研究和应用的热点和重点。本文从抗温抗盐性测试了离子型聚丙烯酰胺减阻性能。结果表明:温度对阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺溶液减阻性能影响很大,60℃条件下减阻率下降至53%;阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺溶液抗盐能力较差,加入钠盐后,减阻率下降至70%;随着钙盐的加量增加,减阻率下降至53%。     

减阻型纳米流体在圆管内的流动和换热特性

实验测定了在Reynolds数4000～16000范围内,质量分数0～0.5%的石墨、多壁碳纳米管、Al₂O₃、Cu、Al、Fe₂O₃、Zn纳米粒子加入到100～400 mg·kg^-1浓度的十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)减阻剂中所制备的减阻型纳米流体的摩擦阻力系数和对流传热系数。结果表明:在CTAC中加入水杨酸钠(NaSal)与去离子水所配制的减阻剂具有一定的稳定性和很强的减阻特性,当减阻剂浓度为200 mg·kg^-1时其减阻特性最优。石墨纳米粒子在增强对流换热和减少流动阻力方面具有较佳的综合性能,当石墨纳米颗粒质量分数为0.4%时,其综合性能因子K是去离子水的5倍。最后给出了减阻型石墨纳米流体在圆管内的流动阻力和换热关联式,其计算值和实验值吻合良好。     

含液天然气管输减阻剂的研究进展

介绍了含液天然气管道的阻力成因,从减阻技术对管壁粗糙度、持液率、水合物的控制三方面阐述了其减阻降耗机理,对国内外目前已开发的天然气管输减阻剂的结构类型分析总结,得出Gemini型表面活性剂和高聚物减阻剂之间的有效复配是未来主要的研究方向。     

减阻剂发展现状及在庆咸管道的应用

介绍了FLO-MX减阻剂的使用特点和减阻机理,对FLO-MX减阻剂添加量与减租率、增输率的关系及其理论计算公式的选用、FLO-MX减阻剂的分散性和安全性进行了分析。现场应用结果表明,添加FLO-MX减阻剂不仅具有较好的减阻效果和增输能力,而且还能增加管道运行的安全性,提高管道输送的经济效益。从技术性、安全性及经济性等方面进行了分析论证,结果表明,庆咸管道达到700方的输量是完全可以达到的。     

溶剂对聚合物减阻剂流变行为和减阻性能的影响

采用博力飞旋转粘度计测定了减阻剂在不同溶剂中溶液的流变性能,通过减阻剂室内模拟环道评价装置测定了不同溶剂合成的聚合物的减阻率。结果表明,减阻剂属于典型的剪切增稠型非牛顿流体;减阻剂在不同溶剂中溶液的粘度随着温度升高而降低;当环己烷与减阻剂的溶度参数相等时,减阻剂在环己烷中的溶解性能最好。并探讨了剪切增稠流体的减阻机理,分析了不同溶剂合成的减阻剂对减阻性能的影响。     

天然气管道减阻剂国内外技术现状

天然气管输减阻剂减阻是一项新型的管道减阻技术,也是一种重要的管道增输方式。综述了天然气减阻剂发展的国内外技术现状,包括减阻机理,国内外的发展,减阻剂的种类及其性能,产业化产品的现场实验评价等,同时还指出了天然气减阻剂的适用范围和进行深入研究减阻剂的一些建议。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。