蒙脱土负载噻唑催化合成1,3-二羟基丙酮

将不同种类的噻唑盐化合物负载于钠基蒙脱土(Na~+-MMT)上,制备出一系列蒙脱土负载噻唑催化剂,将其用于选择性催化甲醛聚糖反应合成1,3-二羟基丙酮(DHA)。通过FTIR、XRD、SEM对制备的催化剂结构和形态进行了表征。测试了催化剂选择性催化甲醛聚糖反应的活性,考察了反应时间、温度、催化剂种类、催化剂用量等对DHA收率的影响,结果表明:在不含水的正丁醇甲醛反应液(甲醛量30 mmol),蒙脱土负载噻唑催化剂1.2 mmol[溴己基苯并噻唑盐与Na~+-MMT离子交换容量(CEC)物质的量比为0.8∶1.0],温度120℃,反应时间30 min条件下,DHA收率达62.3%。N2和空气氛围对蒙脱土负载噻唑催化剂催化甲醛聚糖生成DHA的活性影响不大,催化剂循环使用3次,仍具有催化活性。     

固载化卡宾催化剂合成1,3-二羟基丙酮

通过一种由二氧化硅或聚苯乙烯树脂固载化的卡宾催化剂催化甲醛缩合制备1,3-二羟基丙酮(DHA),在合成过程中不使用含有卤素的溴化3-乙基苯并噻唑盐和有毒有害的三乙胺,同时催化剂能够分离回收重复使用。在N2保护下,考察了反应温度、反应时间和不同溶剂对产物1,3-二羟基丙酮收率的影响。采用HLPC分析方法对DHA定量分析,在反应温度140℃,反应时间3 h和以二氧六环为溶剂的体系中,甲醛转化率可达100%,1,3-二羟基丙酮选择性为92.37%,并通过~1HNMR,~(13)CNMR及IR光谱分析确证了化合物的结构。     

苯并噻唑盐催化多聚甲醛合成1,3-二羟基丙酮

在氮气保护下,以多聚甲醛为原料,正丁醇作溶剂,三乙胺作助催化剂,在溴化-3-乙基苯并噻唑盐催化作用下合成了1,3-二羟基丙酮。考察了反应温度、反应时间、三乙胺用量对产物1,3-二羟基丙酮(DHA)收率的影响,得出的优选工艺参数为:60 mmol多聚甲醛,3 mmol催化剂和25 mL三乙胺,同时加入10 mL正丁醇,反应温度130℃,反应时间40 min。DHA收率为37%,选择性在95%～98%。产物经过先酯化再水解分离的提纯工艺,质量分数从90%提高到99.8%,分离提纯后得率为72%。产物熔点为73℃;通过IR、1HNMR及紫外可见光谱分析确证了化合物的结构。     

羟基丙酮的合成研究

以乙醛和甲醛(以多聚甲醛形式存在)为原料,利用极性转换的原理,合成制备了羟基丙酮。考察了原料配比、催化剂品种及用量、溶剂种类、反应时间等因素对反应的影响。结果表明:在原料摩尔比n(乙醛):n(甲醛)=1:1.2,3-乙基-4-甲基-5-羟乙基噻唑盐为催化剂,n(催化剂):n(乙醛)=1:10,二恶烷为催化剂,碱为1,8-二氮杂环[5,4,0]十一碳-7-烯,pH8-9,反应温度60℃,反应时间5h反应条件下,原料乙醛转化率达90.5%,产品选择性达87.6%,合成收率为76.6%。     

蒙脱土负载三氯化铁氧化苯偶姻制备苯偶酰

以酸处理蒙脱土K10为载体,采用浸渍法制备出环境友好的蒙脱土负载FeCl3催化氧化剂,利用红外光谱对其进行了表征。研究了FeCl3的负载量和活化温度对氧化反应的影响。并分别以蒙脱土K10,SiO2,Al2O3为载体制成三氯化铁负载试剂氧化剂,比较了不同载体对催化氧化反应活性的影响。结果表明,蒙脱土K10为本反应的良好载体。以蒙脱土K10负载三氯化铁为催化剂,氧化苯偶姻制备苯偶酰,具有操作简便、反应产物易于分离、氧化剂选择性高等优点。当氧化剂与苯偶姻摩尔配比为1∶1时,在回流温度下氧化反应4 h,苯偶酰的产率为91.8%,其结构经熔点测定和红外光谱表征。     

La(OTf)_3催化合成2,2-二甲基-1,3-二噁烷-4,6-二酮

研究了在三氟甲基磺酸镧(La(OTf)3)的催化条件下,以丙二酸和丙酮为原料,乙酸酐为缩合剂合成了2,2-二甲基-1,3-二噁烷-4,6-二酮。考察了酸酮摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响。确定了其最佳反应条件为:取0.1 mol丙二酸,n(丙二酸)∶n(丙酮)=1.0∶1.1(mol/mol),催化剂用量为0.2 g/0.1 mol丙二酸,反应温度30℃,反应时间为3.0 h,在上述反应条件下,产品收率可达77.1%。     

蒙脱土负载型固体酸催化剂的烷基化性能与结构研究

以酸化后蒙脱土为载体，采用浸渍蒸发法制备了环境友好的蒙脱土负载znCl2型固体酸催化剂。研究了蒙脱土酸化处理、ZnCl2负载量及活化温度对催化剂烷基化活性的影响，并初步考察了催化剂的稳定性，比较了几种不同酸催化剂的烷基化活性。利用XRD、BET、TG—DTA、吡啶吸附FTIR对催化剂的结构进行了表征和测定；结果表明，蒙脱土酸化处理后形成的孔道有利于负载ZnCl2，ZnCl2与蒙脱土的羟基之间存在着化学键合，经活化后转化成Zn(0H)C1。蒙脱土负载ZnCl2后明显地提高蒙脱土表面的总酸量，催化剂活性与其表面总酸量之间有关，催化剂表面L酸与B酸的共存有利于其烷基化活性的提高。实验条件下，蒙脱土负载ZnCl2型催化剂在苯与氯节的烷基化反应中表现出较高的催化活性，二苯甲烷的收率最高可达83．6％。与其它Lewis酸试剂及酸化蒙脱土相比，蒙脱土负载型催化剂催化活性大有提高。     

甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯改性蒙脱土制备方法及结构表征的研究

研究了甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)分子结构中的异氰酸酯基团(─NCO)与蒙脱土(MMT)表面羟基的修饰反应,以反应程度P(TDI)为指标,考察了反应时间、反应温度、TDI的用量以及蒙脱土活化条件对改性反应程度的影响。结果表明,TDI改性蒙脱土的最佳条件为:反应时间80 min,反应温度80℃,MMT与TDI质量比为1∶0.3,蒙脱土活化条件为250℃、反应2 h,反应程度可达到34.28%。IR,XRD测试改性物TDI/MMT,结果表明,TDI与蒙脱土片层表面的羟基发生反应,引入了─NCO基团,改性后的蒙脱土的层间距较原土有所增大,从而实现了蒙脱土的有机化改性。     

Zn(Al)O复合氧化物负载Au催化剂催化氧化甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮

以尿素为沉淀剂,采用均匀沉积沉淀法制备了Zn(Al)O复合氧化物负载Au催化剂,并用于无碱条件下催化氧化甘油制备1,3-二羟基丙酮（DHA）反应,值得注意的是随着载体中Zn/Al摩尔比的不同,负载Au催化剂的催化活性和产物DHA的选择性呈现明显差距。结合X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、透射电镜（TEM）、CO吸附傅里叶变换红外光谱（CO吸附FTIR）等表征手段,发现载体Zn(Al)O复合氧化物中Zn/Al摩尔比会影响表面氧物种的含量并进一步会影响催化剂的催化活性和选择性。当Zn/Al摩尔比为7∶1、反应温度为80℃、氧气压力为10bar、反应2h时获得最佳的甘油转化率（58.5%）和DHA的选择性（95.3%）。同时,还考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应压力及载体的焙烧温度对催化性能的影响,并发现反应条件对催化剂的催化活性和选择性均有不同程度的影响。此外,以Au/Zn(Al)O-7∶1催化剂为基准考察了催化剂的稳定性,并通过表征手段分析了催化剂失活的主要原因。     

超声辅助蒙脱土负载路易斯酸催化合成喹喔啉衍生物

在超声辅助下,以蒙脱土负载氯化锌催化1,2-二羰基化合物与邻苯二胺反应合成喹喔啉类化合物。得出最佳条件为:苯偶酰与邻苯二胺的摩尔比为1.0∶1.0,蒙脱土负载氯化锌作催化剂、用量为苯偶酰的10%,乙醇作溶剂,超声时间5 min,反应温度30℃,产率可达80.3%~96.5%。所得化合物经过熔点、红外及核磁氢谱确认。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.