基于D-S证据理论的飞行员辅助系统自动化级别动态调整方法

在飞机驾驶舱等复杂人机系统中,动态变化的人与辅助系统协作关系可以使人机工作得更加协调,并提高系统整体的功能效果。为了实现需要融合多种决策信息的动态调整策略,提出基于D-S证据理论的飞行员辅助系统自动化级别动态调整的方法,首先运用模糊隶属度函数确定证据的基本信任分配,再采用基于证据间相似系数的冲突证据合成规则融合各个证据,最后通过一个实例表明该方法有效且可靠。     

驾驶舱飞行员认知行为一体化仿真建模

针对国内航空领域飞行员认知行为一体化建模研究较少,运用ACT-R认知架构对民机飞行员驾驶技能获得、提取和运用的内在机制进行建模。对飞行员驾驶飞机的认知过程进行划分;以驾驶舱中出现频率最高的典型飞行任务--飞行员告警信息感知、处理与决策为对象进行实验设计和一体化仿真;对实验操作和模拟仿真进行对比,表明ACT-R认知体系能够指导推进驾驶舱人机工效一体化中飞行员仿真理论与模型研究的发展,为驾驶舱优化设计与评估提供深层次的支撑。     

基于故障树分析方法的民机飞机驾驶舱门控制逻辑改进设计

驾驶舱门是保护飞行机组人员安全,保障飞行安全的重要阻隔屏障。自德国蓄意坠机事件发生后,如何兼顾保障安全和防止飞行员蓄意控制飞机,成为民用飞机驾驶舱门设计关注的焦点。针对蓄意坠机中飞机驾驶舱遭遇非法控制的顶事件,构建了故障树模型。开展了故障树的定量和定性分析,查找出飞机遭遇非法控制的薄弱环节,并提出了针对性的建议措施。针对飞行员离开驾驶舱后存在无法进入被锁驾驶舱的重大驾驶舱门控制逻辑缺陷,重新分配了驾驶舱门控制权限,提出了改进的驾驶舱门控制流程和逻辑。改进后的故障树可靠性分析结果表明,飞行员失常事件的关键重要度由0.99大幅降至4.02*10-4,对飞机遭遇非法控制顶事件的影响非常小;顶事件发生率下降为5.02*10-11,飞行安全性得到了有效提升。     

飞机驾驶舱噪声环境下的飞行员语音端点检测

为在飞行驾驶舱噪声环境下准确判定飞行员语音端点,提出一种鲁棒语音端点检测方法。使用最优改进对数谱幅度估计语音增强算法进行初步语音降噪,通过Teager能量算子进一步滤除残余噪声,并将降噪后语音短时能量与子带谱熵的比值作为双门限判决参数,检测飞行员语音起止点。实验结果表明,与基于能量参数或频谱熵参数的语音端点检测方法相比,该方法能有效提高检测正确率。     

基于新能源消纳的负荷动态调整模型构建及仿真

为了提高艺术设计新能源用电设备的负荷动态调整能力,提出基于新能源消纳的负荷动态调整模型构建方法.构建电机组负荷动态增益参数分析模型,对新能源用电设备动态特征进行分析,结合电气量标准差融合分析方法实现对负荷动态调整的参数识别和动态反馈调节,采用潮流收敛性控制方法,实现对新能源消纳的相电压及频率信息分析,通过系统频率分析及...     

智能化战术飞行轨迹规划方法研究

对态势评估与规划系统进行集成,提出了智能化战术飞行轨迹规划系统方案.基于贝叶斯网络和模糊推理技术,实现了战场威胁级别及其相对重要性程度的综合评估.利用模型预测控制的滚动优化和在线校正原理,实现了飞机在线飞行路径规划.建立了路径规划代价函数中加权因子的智能化分配方法,进而实现了威胁评估与路径规划之间的集成,使得路径规划系统能够自适应战场态势的动态变化.最后通过仿真验证了所提出方法的有效性.     

基于自适应神经网络模糊推理的负荷预测

针对中长期负荷预测,本文将模糊理论与神经网络相结合,提出了基于高木-关野自适应神经网络模糊推理系统的中长期负荷预测模型.该模型采取神经网络技术对模糊信息进行处理.使得模糊推理系统的模糊规则和模糊隶属度函数能通过学习功能自动生成,从而有效地解决了模糊理论中必须根据专家经验人为制定规则和隶属度函数的瓶颈及采用神经网络所获得的输入/输出关系不易被人接受的问题;并以湖南省安乡县经济发展指标和全社会用电量为基础数据,通过高木--关野自适应神经网络模糊推理系统对安乡县预测年份全社会用电量水平的进行预测分析.算例表明,该推理系统计算快捷.准确性高,在电网规划中长期负荷预测中有较强的实用价值.     

柔化系数在线调整改进广义预测控制在质子交换膜燃料电池供气系统中的应用

针对质子交换膜燃料电池中质子交换膜两侧的压力差易受负载电流变化的影响及压力差在常规控制中输出响应幅值过大等不足,本文提出了基于模糊推理的柔化系数在线调整改进广义预测控制算法来实现对压力差的控制。在预测控制的基础上,通过加入模糊推理对柔化系数进行实时调整和更新,来实现对供气系统中氢气分压和氧气分压输出响应速率的调节,以达到改善压力差动态响应过程的目的:。借助MATLAB进行仿真实验,验证了提出的控制算法在对压力差的控制具有调节时间短和输出响应幅值小等优点,其控制效果优于二固定柔化系数广义预测控制算法和PID控制算法。     

基于动态预测和任务流整形的网格调度算法

针对网格环境下计算节点的自治性、异构性、分布性等特征,提出一种基于任务响应时间的动态修正预测和任务流整形的网格调度算法,该调度方法依据历史数据和最近访问过计算节点的任务请求提交时间、任务完成时间、网络通信延迟等信息,预测计算节点的将来任务响应时间,将任务提交给预测的轻负载或性能较优的计算节点完成。通过使用动态修正算法和任务流整形算法降低预测误差,提高资源利用率。实验结果表明,该方法在任务响应时间、任务的吞吐率等方面优于随机调度等传统算法,具有较好的综合性能。     

民机驾驶舱布局流程设计及应用

为减少民机驾驶舱设计迭代次数,提高设计质量和效率,提出了一种民机驾驶舱布局的设计流程。结合适航要求和人机工效分析方法,对飞行员眼位、人体尺寸、内部视界和外部视界、飞行员坐姿、座椅和脚蹬调节行程、中控台尺寸及其它关键部件位置进行了分析和研究。最后,应用提出的民机驾驶舱布局流程进行了公务机驾驶舱布局设计。结果表明,设计的民机驾驶舱布局流程能够快速实现预期设计目标,提高了设计效率,对民机驾驶舱设计具有指导意义。     

Effects of modes of cockpit automation on pilot performance and workload in a next generation flight concept of operation

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of various forms of advanced cockpit automation for flight planning on pilot performance and workload under a futuristic concept of operation. A lab experiment was conducted in which airline pilots flew simulated tailored arrivals to an airport using three modes of automation (MOAs), including a control‐display unit (CDU) to the aircraft flight management system, an enhanced CDU (CDU+), and a continuous descent approach (CDA) tool. The arrival scenario required replanning to avoid convective activity and was constrained by a minimum fuel requirement at the initial approach fix. The CDU and CDU+ modes allowed for point‐by‐point path planning or selection among multiple standard arrivals, respectively. The CDA mode completely automated the route replanning for pilots. It was expected that the higher‐level automation would significantly reduce pilot workload and improve overall flight performance. In general, results indicated that the MOAs influenced pilot performance and workload responses according to hypotheses. This study provides new knowledge about the relationship of cockpit automation and interface features with pilot performance and workload in a novel next generation–style flight concept of operation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Perceived vs. measured effects of advanced cockpit systems on pilot workload and error: Are pilots' beliefs misaligned with reality?

Four types of advanced cockpit systems were tested in an in-flight experiment for their effect on pilot workload and error. Twelve experienced pilots flew conventional cockpit and advanced cockpit versions of the same make and model airplane. In both airplanes, the experimenter dictated selected combinations of cockpit systems for each pilot to use while soliciting subjective workload measures and recording any errors that pilots made. The results indicate that the use of a GPS navigation computer helped reduce workload and errors during some phases of flight but raised them in others. Autopilots helped reduce some aspects of workload in the advanced cockpit airplane but did not appear to reduce workload in the conventional cockpit. Electronic flight and navigation instruments appeared to have no effect on workload or error. Despite this modest showing for advanced cockpit systems, pilots stated an overwhelming preference for using them during all phases of flight.     

The influence of training level on manual flight in connection to performance,scan pattern,and task load

This work focuses on the analysis of pilots’ performance during manual flight operations in different stages of training and their influence on gaze strategy. The secure and safe operation of air traffic is highly dependent on the individual performances of the pilots. Before becoming a pilot, he/she has to acquire a broad set of skills by training to pass all the necessary qualification and licensing standards. A basic skill for every pilot is manual control operations, which is a closed-loop control process with several cross-coupled variables. Even with increased automation in the cockpit, the manual control operations are essential for every pilot as a last resort in the event of automation failure. A key element in the analysis of manual flight operations is the development over time in relation to performance and visual perception. An experiment with 28 participants (including 11 certified pilots) was conducted in a Boeing 737 simulator. For defined flight phases, the dynamic time warping method was applied to evaluate the performance for selected criteria, and eye-tracking methodology was utilized to analyze the gaze-pattern development. The manipulation of workload and individual experience influences the performance and the gaze pattern at the same time. Findings suggest that the increase of workload has an increased influence on pilots depending on the flight phase. Gaze patterns from experienced pilots provide insights into the training requirements of both novices and experts. The connection between workload, performance and gaze pattern is complex and needs to be analyzed under as many differing conditions. The results imply the necessity to evaluate manual flight operations with respect to more flight phases and a detailed selection of performance indications.

     

A method for measuring pilot workload based on task analysis

This paper presents a method for measuring pilot workload based on task analysis in order that the cockpit can be designed more reasonably. In addition, a prototype system is developed to use this method for the assessment of pilot workload. The method breaks the pilot's mission into several phases, segments, functions and tasks. And break pilot workload into 6 components using Wickens' "multi-resource theory", which are vision(V), vision goggles(G), auditory sensation(A), cognitive activity(C), psychomotor activity(P) and kinesthesis(K). All missions consist of those tasks and each task have 6 workload components. The workload components for each task have been acquired by a study on many pilots, so workload can be assessed. A mission analysis database is built, and the prototype system can simulate pilot's flight process and evaluate workload.     

Air-to-ground training missions: a psychophysiological workload analysis

Psychophysiological measures are used to assess the workload of F4 Phantom aircraft pilots and weapon systems officers (WSOs) during air-to-ground training missions and during the performance of two levels of difficulty of a laboratory tracking task. The bombing range portion of the missions was associated with the highest pilot workload, while the WSO flying the aircraft was the highest workload segment for the WSOs. The pilots' data were found to have a wider range of values for the physiological measures than were found in the WSO data. The different levels of tracking task difficulty produced significant physiological effects but the range of values found for most of the flight segments were much greater. These data demonstrate that extrapolating laboratory data to the flight environment is risky at best. The various physiological measures were differentially sensitive to the different demands of the various flight segments.     

Hate to interrupt you,but… analyzing turn-arounds from a cockpit perspective

This study aimed to analyze aircraft ground operation processes from a human factors perspective with special emphases on the occurrence and influence of interruptions on pilots’ workload. Interruptions have been shown to increase workload and error probability as well as to contribute to fatal accidents in various fields. Countermeasures have been initiated especially in high-risk environments such as those involving medical issues. In aviation, more explicitly during turn-around processes, interruptions might occur frequently and impair flight safety. One hundred and sixty fully certified pilots working for a European airline were observed during their turn-around while performing real operations. Pilots’ interruptions were documented and classified in order to predict subjectively perceived workload by use of multiple linear regression analysis. External factors such as weather conditions, technical problems, and time pressure were considered as covariates. On average, a pilot experienced about eight interruptions during a turn-around. Overall workload estimates showed a level comparable to that of manual flying in a simulator. Interruptions from colleagues or from outside the cockpit were found to predict pilots’ workload; however, further external factors such as poor weather conditions impacted workload even more strongly. We suggest two approaches based on our results to handling the high rate of interruptions. We first recommend procedural changes to diminish the interruption rate; second, we recommend comprehensive, line-oriented flight training for airline and ground staff to raise awareness about the negative influence of interruptions.     

Supporting mixed-initiative emergency flight planning by portraying procedure context information

Determining a suitable airport and planning a trajectory in detail all the way down to landing is a difficult task to do well, especially in emergencies. While a variety of planning aids have been proposed to aid in this task, their evaluation with pilots has led to the question: How do we support a human in a task that is too hard for them to perform well in the time provided, but is too open-ended for automation to perform perfectly in every situation? This paper specifically focuses on whether procedure context information can help pilots evaluate an emergency descent trajectory provided by automation, building on prior studies finding that such information can encourage a more interpretative strategy for evaluating and appropriately following (or not exactly following) procedures. Here, pilots were asked to quickly evaluate emergency flight plans presented both spatially and as a procedure (list of discrete actions). The procedures were presented in a variety of formats, where some explicitly presented the rationale for critical actions and/or emphasized which actions need to be done in a particular sequence. The results indicate that including rationale with a suggested plan can improve some aspects of a human’s reasoning about an automatically generated plan. This finding has implications for both the design of plans and procedures, and the design of mixed-initiative planning aids: capturing the underlying rationale for key actions when generating a plan or procedure can then be beneficial when it can be portrayed to the human planner.     

Pilot maneuver choice and workload in free flight

Two experiments examined pilots' maneuver choice and visual workload in a free-flight simulation. In Experiment 1, 12 pilots flew a high-fidelity flight simulator with a cockpit display of traffic information and maneuvered to avoid traffic in a simulated free-flight environment. Pilots' choices reflected a preference to make vertical rather than lateral avoidance maneuvers and to climb rather than descend. Pilots avoided both complex maneuvers and airspeed maneuvers. The data were modeled in terms of how pilots traded off factors related to safety, efficiency, mental effort, and prior habits. In Experiment 2, 10 pilots flew the same maneuvers as the pilots in Experiment 1 but followed ATC instructions rather than using the CDTI. The CDTI in Experiment 1 occupied 25% of the pilots' visual attention. A comparison of scanning with Experiment 2 suggested that the CDTI pulled visual attention away from the outside world, but this attention diversion did not leave pilots vulnerable to missing traffic not annunciated on the CDTI. Actual or potential applications of the results include understanding the safety implications of presenting traffic displays in the cockpit, and the impact of pilot maneuver preferences on airspace procedures.     

Mission control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles: a workload analysis

With unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 36 licensed pilots flew both single-UAV and dual-UAV simulated military missions. Pilots were required to navigate each UAV through a series of mission legs in one of the following three conditions: a baseline condition, an auditory autoalert condition, and an autopilot condition. Pilots were responsible for (a) mission completion, (b) target search, and (c) systems monitoring. Results revealed that both the autoalert and the autopilot automation improved overall performance by reducing task interference and alleviating workload. The autoalert system benefited performance both in the automated task and mission completion task, whereas the autopilot system benefited performance in the automated task, the mission completion task, and the target search task. Practical implications for the study include the suggestion that reliable automation can help alleviate task interference and reduce workload, thereby allowing pilots to better handle concurrent tasks during single- and multiple-UAV flight control.