循环温度范围对Ti-6-22-22合金热机械疲劳行为的影响

采用拉压对称的机械应变控制,研究了Ti-6-22-22合金在200～400℃和200～520℃两个温度范围的热机械疲劳(TMF)行为.结果表明,在200～400℃内,同相和反相热机械疲劳寿命均高于400℃等温疲劳寿命;在200～520℃范围,反相热机械疲劳寿命明显低于520℃等温疲劳寿命.在两个温度范围内,热机械疲劳的循环应力都与相应等温疲劳的循环应力响应有关.纵向剖面金相观察表明,520℃时等温疲劳表面的裂纹更长.循环温度范围扩大导致环境破坏作用增强是热机械疲劳具有明显破坏作用的原因.     

保持时间对定向合金DZ125热/机械疲劳断裂行为的影响

对DZ125定向凝固铸造镍基高温合金进行了应变比为-1.0的同相位三角波和同相位梯形波,550℃()1000℃热/机械疲劳实验研究.实验结果表明:在相同应变幅下,同相位三角波载荷情况下的热/机械疲劳寿命比同相位梯形波载荷情况下的热/机械疲劳寿命长.研究了在两种载荷情况下材料的热/机械疲劳循环应力响应行为.试样断口的微观分析表明:在热/机械疲劳过程中,同时存在疲劳、蠕变和氧化损伤;在同相位三角波载荷下,穿晶 沿晶断裂为疲劳断裂的主要特征;在同相位梯形波载荷下,裂纹主要为沿晶萌生与扩展.这是导致在同相位梯形波载荷下疲劳寿命缩短的主要原因.     

热作模具钢在高温热机械应力循环下的疲劳断裂行为

研究了热作模具钢在应力控制下的等温疲劳和同相热机械疲劳寿命，发现在相同的应力幅下，同相热机械疲劳寿命低于上限温度的等温疲劳寿命。通过研究疲劳过程中的循环应变响应和疲劳断口特征时发现，等温疲劳条件下，滞后环朝压缩方向发展，疲劳裂纹主要为穿晶萌生与扩展；在热机械疲劳条件下，滞后环朝拉伸方向发展，疲劳裂纹主要沿晶萌生与扩展。这是导致同相热机械疲劳寿命低于等温疲劳的主要原因。     

GH34钢的热—机械疲劳性能和等温低周疲劳性能

本文研究了珠光体耐热钢GH34的热—机械疲劳性能。热—机械疲劳试验在最大应变与最高温度同相位和逆相位两种情况下进行。控制波形为三角波,频率为0.008Hz,温度范围为200(?)550℃。GH34在淬火+高温回火状态下,经受热—机械循环,表现出循环软化的特性。热—机械疲劳时的循环应变硬化指数,大于上限温度的等温循环应变硬化指数。同相位和逆相位热—机械疲劳抗力相差不大,但都稍高于550℃等温循环时的疲劳抗力。用550℃等温低周疲劳寿命代替200(?)550℃的热—机械疲劳寿命是可行的,且结果偏于安全。     

Ni3Al合金热/机械疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

对ＩＣ１０定向凝固高温合金进行了４５０￣９９０℃热／机械疲劳裂纹扩展行为的试验研究。分别研究了相位角、保持时间、温度、频率对ＩＣ１０合金裂纹扩展行为的影响,并建立了热／机械疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型。研究发现：温度的升高和频率的降低均会加速裂纹扩展;同相位热／机械疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于反相位热／机械疲劳裂纹扩展速率,而且它们两者介于最大温度和最小温度的等温度裂纹扩展速率之间;载荷保持加速裂纹扩展。     

热-机械载荷下H13钢力学响应行为实验和数值分析

采用MTS热-机械疲劳测试系统,同时建立电-磁-热-力多物理场耦合数值模型,研究了H13钢在200～600℃范围,对称拉、压机械应变(0. 7%和0. 9%)控制下同相位(In-phase,IP)和反相位(Out-of-phase,OP)应力-应变响应行为。另外,基于实验和模拟数据,结合寿命预测模型对H13钢进行了寿命预测。结果表明H13钢在准稳定热-机械循环阶段,随着循环次数的增加,最大拉、压应力不断降低;热-机械循环高温半周相较于低温半周会产生更大的非弹性应变;以同相位机械应变为0. 7%模拟数据为例,在最大拉、压机械应变下,应力最值分别为598 MPa和-1 148 MPa; H13钢在机械应变为0. 7%时,同相位和反相位的实测疲劳寿命(周)分别为287和266,机械应变为0. 9%时疲劳寿命分别为207和189;依据实验和模拟数据,结合Ostergren模型得出了预测寿命,并与实测寿命进行比较分析。     

基于迟滞耗散能的纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料疲劳寿命预测方法

纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料(CMCs)在疲劳载荷作用下,纤维相对基体在界面脱粘区往复滑移导致其出现疲劳迟滞现象,迟滞回线包围的面积,即迟滞耗散能,可用于监测纤维增强CMCs疲劳损伤演化过程。提出了一种基于迟滞耗散能的纤维增强CMCs疲劳寿命预测方法及考虑纤维失效的迟滞回线模型,建立了迟滞耗散能、基于迟滞耗散能的损伤参数、应力-应变迟滞回线与疲劳损伤机制(多基体开裂、纤维/基体界面脱粘、界面磨损与纤维失效)之间的关系。分析了疲劳峰值应力、疲劳应力比与纤维体积分数对纤维增强CMCs疲劳寿命S-N曲线、迟滞耗散能和基于迟滞耗散能的损伤参数随循环次数变化的影响。疲劳寿命随疲劳峰值应力增加而减小,随纤维体积含量增加而增加;迟滞耗散能随疲劳峰值应力增加而增加,随应力比和纤维体积分数增加而减小;基于迟滞耗散能的损伤参数随纤维体积分数增加而减小。      

镍基高温合金GH4169的热机械疲劳行为

在不同温度区间、不同条件下进行GH4169合金的热机械疲劳实验测试其热机械疲劳数据,研究了这种合金的热机械疲劳行为。结果表明：GH4169合金在热机械条件下的迟滞回线具有明显的拉压不对称性;同相位时材料承受压应力,反相位时承受拉应力。拉应力,是影响疲劳寿命的主要因素。应变幅较高时GH4169合金出现平均应力松弛,在高温半周为先循环软化后循环稳定,在低温半周始终趋于循环稳定。     

材料取向对定向合金DZ125热/机械疲劳行为与寿命的影响

对DZ125定向凝固铸造镍基高温合金进行了纵向、横向和45°取向,应变比Rε=-1.0的同相位和反相位550～1000℃热/机械疲劳试验研究.试验结果表明:纵向取向试样的抗热/机械疲劳性能比横向取向以及45°方向取向试样要好得多,而45°方向取向试样的抗热/机械疲劳性能最差.研究了材料取向对热/机械疲劳行为的影响.试样断口的微观分析表明:在热/机械疲劳过程中,同时存在疲劳、蠕变和氧化损伤.     

高温合金材料时间相关热机械疲劳寿命预测技术

本文在变温非线性运动强化规律所描述的高温合金材料热机械疲劳应力－应变循环特性的基础上,重点讨论了应变控制的时间相关热机械疲劳寿命预测技术。对于温度循环的影响,采用由应变能密度表示的损伤参数,并且引入了温度损伤系数。对于循环时间的影响,引入了蠕变─疲劳相互作用的损伤机制,采用韧性耗散损伤模型。在确定模型的一些参数时,采用等温力学试验和疲劳试验的数据,把等温疲劳研究成果推广到变温疲劳分析领域。     

Real gas choked flow conditions at low reduced-temperatures

Real gas choked mass flux is calculated for a frictionless stream expanding isentropically until it reaches the speed of sound and without phase changes. The other parameters associated with the choked state are the pressure, density, temperature ratios, and the speed of sound. Departure of the choked mass flux from the ideal gas model is discussed first in absolute terms and then in relative terms, using the Principle of Corresponding States, for gases with boiling points in the low temperature range. Reduced-stagnation pressures are examined up to values of 30 for hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, methane, krypton, xenon, and R-14 and up to 100 for ⁴He. The corresponding reduced-stagnation temperatures go down to 1.4 and in some cases down to 1.2 for nitrogen and argon. Also discussed are the limiting values of stagnation parameters for which no phase change occurs in the choked state. Compared to the ideal gas, the mass flux may almost double and the critical pressure ratio may decrease by an order of magnitude. The relevance of results is discussed qualitatively and quantitatively for Joule-Thomson cryocooling.     

As-cast microstructures and behavior at high temperature of chromium-rich cobalt-based alloys containing hafnium carbides

Hafnium is often used to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of superalloys but not to form carbides for strengthen them against creep. In this work hafnium was added in cobalt-based alloys for verifying that HfC can be obtained in cobalt-based alloys and for characterizing their behavior at a very temperature. Three Co–25Cr–0.25 and 0.50C alloys containing 3.7 and 7.4 Hf to promote HfC carbides, and four Co–25Cr– 0 to 1C alloys for comparison (all contents in wt.%), were cast and exposed at 1200 °C for 50 h in synthetic air. The HfC carbides formed instead chromium carbides during solidification, in eutectic with matrix and as dispersed compact particles. During the stage at 1200 °C the HfC carbides did not significantly evolve, even near the oxidation front despite oxidation early become very fast and generalized. At the same time the chromium carbides present in the Co–Cr–C alloys totally disappeared in the same conditions. Such HfC-alloys potentially bring efficient and sustainable mechanical strengthening at high temperature, but their hot oxidation resistance must be significantly improved.     

Chitosan-collagen/organomontmorillonite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

A novel composite scaffold based on chitosan-collagen/organomontmo-rillonite (CS-COL/OMMT) was prepared to improve swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio, biomineralization and mechanical properties for use in tissue engineering applications. In order to expend the basal spacing, montmorillonite (MMT) was modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and was characterized by XRD, TGA and FTIR. The results indicated that the anionic surfactants entered into interlayer of MMT and the basal spacing of MMT was expanded to 3.85 nm. The prepared composite scaffolds were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio and mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were also studied. The results demonstrated that the scaffold decreased swelling ratio, degradation ratio and improved mechanical and biomineralization properties because of OMMT.     

Capacitance based mass metering for cryogenic fluids

This paper describes a method for measuring the mass of cryogenic fluids in on-board rocket propellant tanks or ground storage tanks. Linear approximations to the Clausius-Mossotti relationship serve as the foundation for a capacitance based mass sensor, regardless of fluid density stratification or tank shape. Sensor design considerations are presented along with the experimental results for a capacitance based mass gage tested in liquid nitrogen. This test data is shown to be consistent with theory resulting in a demonstrated mass measurement accuracy of ±0.75% and a deviation from linearity of less than ±0.30% of full scale mass. Theoretical accuracies are also shown to be ±0.73% for hydrogen and ±1.39% for oxygen for a select range of pressures and temperatures.     

Equipment using a “static-analytic” method for solubility measurements in potentially hazardous binary mixtures under cryogenic temperatures

A new apparatus designed to study, at cryogenic temperatures, thermodynamic equilibria of potentially explosive binary systems such as hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures is described herein. This equipment has an equilibrium cell which was especially designed to minimize hazards while allowing accurate phase equilibrium measurements. Reliability of results, obtained with this equipment has been verified by working on the nitrogen-propane system, for which data are already available in literature, over a large range of compositions and at various temperatures. Four isothermal curves describing liquid phase compositions at 109.98, 113.77, 119.75 and 125.63 K have been determined. Our experimental data are represented within 2% in compositions and in pressures through the Peng-Robinson equation of state implying Mathias-Copeman alpha function and Huron-Vidal mixing rule. Comparisons to literature allow pointing out: good agreement is observed with Kremer and Knapp data (1983) while the three sets of Poon and Lu data (1974) presenting systematic positive deviation are consequently judged as suspicious.     

Gas gap thermal switches using neon or hydrogen and sorption pump

The very low pressure obtained thanks to adsorption phenomenon at low temperature can be used to build cryogenic heat switches, which offer the possibility to make or break thermal contact between two parts of a cryogenic system. The ON (conducting) and OFF (insulating) states of the switch are obtained by varying the gas pressure between two copper blocks separated by a gap of 100 μm. This pressure is controlled by acting upon the temperature of a small sorption pump (activated charcoal) connected to the gap space. For a “high” sorption pump temperature, the gas previously adsorbed in the sorption pump is released to the gap between the two blocks, allowing a good thermal conduction through the gas (ON state). On the opposite, cooling the sorption pump allows a very good vacuum between the copper blocks, which efficiently break the thermal contact (OFF state). Experimental thermal characteristics (Conductance in the ON and OFF state, ON-OFF switching temperature) of such a “Gas Gap Heat Switch” are described using hydrogen or neon as exchange gas and are compared with theoretical calculations.     

Development of No-Vent™ liquid hydrogen storage system for space applications

A number of technological advances required to store and maintain normal-boiling-point and densified cryogenic liquids, including liquid hydrogen, under zero boil-off conditions in-space, for long periods of time, have been developed. These technologies include (1) thermally optimized compact cryogen storage systems that reduce environmental heat leak to the lowest-temperature cryogen, which minimizes cryocooler size and input power, and (2) actively-cooled shields that surround the storage systems and intercept heat leak. The processes and tools used to develop these technologies are discussed. A zero boil-off liquid hydrogen storage system technology demonstrator for validating the actively-cooled shield technology is presented.     

Development of a miniature cryogenic fluid circuit and a cryogenic micropump

This article presents the development of a miniaturized cryogenic fluid circuit for distributed cooling of low-temperature tracking detectors in high-energy physics (HEP). The heart of the circuit is a prototype cryogenic micropump. This volumetric pump is compatible with cooling powers of about 10-100 W, and capable of producing pressure heads of up to around 0.3 MPa. Besides detector and electronics cooling in HEP, potential applications are found in the field of superconductor technology.     

Integrated Resonant Self-Pumped Loop and pulse tube cryocooler for cryogenic cooling distribution

Cooling distribution is a vital technology concerning cryogenic thermal management systems for many future space applications, such as in-space, zero boil-off, long-term propellant storage, cooling infrared sensors at multiple locations or at a distance from the cryocooler, and focal-plane arrays in telescopes. These applications require a cooling distribution technology that is able to efficiently and reliably deliver cooling power (generated by a cryocooler) to remote locations and uniformly distribute it over a large-surface area. On-going efforts by others under this technology development area have not shown any promising results.This paper introduces the concept of using a Resonant Self-Pumped Loop (RSPL) integrated with the proven, highly efficient pulse tube cryocooler. The RSPL and pulse tube cryocooler combination generates cooling power and provides a distributive cooling loop that can be extended long distances, has no moving parts, and is driven by a single linear compressor. The RSPL is fully coupled with the oscillating flow of the pulse tube working fluid and utilizes gas diodes to convert the oscillating flow to one-directional (DC) steady flow that circulates through the cooling loop. The proposed RSPL is extremely simple, lightweight, reliable, and flexible for packaging. There are several requirements for the RSPL to operate efficiently. These requirements will be presented in this paper. Compared to other distributive cooling technologies currently under development, the RSPL technology is unique.     

Helium liquefaction with a commercial 4 K Gifford-McMahon cryocooler

This paper describes helium liquefaction using a commercial cryocooler with 1.5 W cooling power at 4.2 K (Sumitomo model RDK415D with compressor CSW-71D, consuming 6.5 kW electrical power), equipped with heat exchangers for precooling the incoming gas. No additional cooling power of cryoliquids or additional Joule-Thomson stages were utilized. Measurements of the pressure dependence of the liquefaction rate were performed. A maximum value of 83.9 g/h was obtained for 2.25 bar stabilized input pressure. Including the time needed to cool the liquefied helium to 4.2 K at 1 bar after filling the bottle connected to the cold head, and correcting for heat screen influences, this results in a net liquefaction rate of 67.7 g/h. Maintaining a pressure close to 1 bar above the bath during liquefaction, a rate of 55.7 g/h was obtained. The simple design enables many applications of the apparatus.