恒热流时污垢对管内对流换热过程热力学性能影响的分析

基于热力学第一、二定律,在恒热流工况下分析了污垢对管内对流换热过程热力学性能的影响,提出了一项在恒热流工况下反映污垢对管内流换热过程热力学性能影响的指标-无因次熵产相对增加数;讨论了管内流体雷诺数（无污垢时）和无因次热流密度等参数对无因次熵产相对增加数的影响。研究结果表明,该指标不仅能反映污垢对管内传热过程的影响,而且能反映污垢对管内流动过程的影响,而由污垢层导热所引起的熵产在管内传热过程总的熵产中占有重要的地位,同时,还把结果与恒壁温时的有关结果进行了比较。     

热流对考虑自然对流吸热管内熔盐对流传热影响

以熔盐为传热工质,对考虑自然对流条件下吸热管内熔盐的流动与传热进行了数值研究。结果表明:均匀热流下自然对流促进管内下侧和熔盐向管中心流动,弱化管内上侧熔盐向管中心流动;吸热管内下侧Nu数大于上侧Nu数,管内最大Nu数出现在底部,最小Nu数出现在顶部,吸热管内下侧Nu数与上侧Nu数的差值随着Re数增大而减小,但其平均Nu数变化较小,且其平均Nu数与不考虑自然对流影响的管内平均Nu数基本相等。非均匀热流下吸热管加热的上下位置对吸热管内单侧Nu数影响较大,但对平均Nu数无影响。同一Re数,吸热管上侧Nu数随着热流增高而最小。     

热质渗透壁面饱和多孔介质通道流动与热质传递的数值模拟

利用数值模拟方法研究了多孔介质中存在温度梯度、浓度梯度并具有热质渗透壁面时的受迫对流对传热传质的影响。采用有限容积法在同位网格上离散控制多孔介质内流体流动与热质传递方程守恒方程(即N-S)，对流项采用二阶精度的QUICK格式，扩散项采用中心差分格式。利用SIMPLE算法求解压力和速度耦合问题。利用所发展的程序研究了在不同孔隙率，不同的温度、浓度边界条件下，流场、温度场和浓度场以及Nu和Sh的变化规律。     

高壁温条件下散热片传热准数关系式的建立

根据高壁自然对流条件下水平基面上散热片的传热性能，采用因次分析的方法对换热现象进行分析，找出了影响传热系数的各种因素，并将实验结果综合成适用于实验条件准数形式的经验公式。     

竖直圆环形通道内充分发展自然对流的分析解

对于均匀加热的竖直圆环形通道内的充分发展自然对流换热问题，发现了前人分析解不完善的地方，通过运用能量守衡原理得到了封闭形式的分析解并给出了其计算实例。在一个壁面恒热流、另一个壁面绝热的两类热边界条件下，分析解所计算得到的充分发展段的发热壁面温度与实验结果都符合得较好。最后，筒述了此分析解存在的误差以及可能产生此误差的原因。     

一种熔融铝液辐射余热回收用集热器的性能仿真研究

以回收熔融铝液辐射热量的集热器为研究对象,建立了集热器热力学过程理论模型,并采用Workbench和Fluent软件对集热器辐射传热过程和对流传热过程进行仿真分析。结果表明：当辐射距离为400~900 mm时,壁面平均温度在190~350 ℃之间;出口压力和壁面温度增加导致对流传热系数减小,而流量增加则使对流传热系数增加;流量和出口压力增加导致出口温度降低;系统流量增加造成压缩空气压降增大,出口压力增大导致压降减小,而壁面温度对压降没有影响。     

螺旋管内水和蒸汽局部传热特性研究

以高温气冷堆蒸发器为背景,采用FLUENT软件模拟了单相水和蒸汽在不同尺寸螺旋管内部的流动和传热过程,研究了壁面局部传热特性。计算结果表明,远离螺旋中心线一侧局部传热较强而靠近螺旋中心线一侧传热较弱,壁面Nu周向分布非常不均匀。管径与螺旋直径之比是主要影响因素,当其值增大时截面温度极值点向螺旋中心线外侧移动,加剧了温度分布和Nu分布的不均匀性。在层流向湍流过渡区内,Re的增大使截面各点温度梯度均有所增加,同时也增大了Nu周向分布的不均匀程度,但在旺盛湍流区内Re对Nu分布无明显影响。壁面热边界条件形式对局部Nu周向分布没有显著影响。给出了局部Nu的估算式。     

饱和多孔介质自然对流数学模型与实验研究

以饱和多孔介质内流体流动、流体和固体传热为研究对象,考虑流体密度随温度变化和局部热平衡,引入Brinkman-Forchheimer的扩展Darcy模型进行修正,建立固体随机堆积饱和多孔介质自然对流数值模型,采用有限体积法计算。利用自主研制的两侧恒温差立方体多孔介质实验台,对所建数值模型进行实验验证。综合数值计算和实验结果表明:多孔介质方腔内最大流速随温差和瑞利数Ra增大而增大,且最大流速出现在高温壁面和低温壁面附近;随着Ra增大,温度等值线由近似平行于高低温壁面变为近似垂直于高低温壁面;高温壁面上Nu从上至下呈线性增加趋势;高温壁面Nu随Ra增大而增大,当Ra<102时,Nu维持在12以内;当102106,Nu增加速率很小。     

管内疏水壁面纳米流体的传热与减阻特性研究

纳米流体强化对流传热的同时,往往不可避免地增加流动阻力,这将增大泵功,造成能量的浪费。疏水壁面具有减阻的特性,将纳米流体与疏水壁面相结合,试图达到既强化传热,又减小流动阻力的目的。多数的疏水壁面制备工艺,仅可处理小尺寸的平直壁面,,而无法在面积和曲率较大如管路内壁面做疏水处理。利用简单的置换反应方法,辅以低表面能苯甲酸修饰剂,制备得到了疏水的铜管内壁面。纳米流体在疏水壁面的对流传热和流动阻力实验结果表明,体积浓度2.000%的SiO2/DI-water纳米流体,可将对流传热系数提高18.10%,同时使达西摩擦系数降低4.9%。纳米流体和疏水壁面的搭配组合,是推动纳米流体在传热领域中广泛应用的有效方案。     

非均匀热流下水平管内混合对流大涡模拟研究

针对以槽式太阳能集热器为背景的高密度、高度非均匀热流下水平管内的混合对流换热问题,采用大涡模拟方法,研究了热流密度非均匀性对水平管内混合对流瞬态涡结构、脉动强度、湍流热通量及局部平均壁温的影响;揭示了非均匀热流下自然对流对管内湍流特性的影响规律;提出了适用于不同热边界条件下管内混合对流换热的强化措施。结果表明:均匀热流时,自然对流会抑制管顶部的湍流脉动,使流动层流化,造成传热能力局部恶化;非均匀热流时,随着自然对流的增强,近壁面速度脉动强度先减小后增大,二次流逐渐增强,换热能力逐渐提高,故管内换热能力受湍流脉动与二次流协同影响;在自然对流影响下,均匀加热时管顶部可采用针对层流的强化换热措施,非均匀加热时需着重提高管底部高热流区域的湍流脉动与涡强度。     

Comparison between single-phase and two-phases CFD modeling of laminar forced convection flow of nanofluids in a circular tube under constant heat flux

In this article, forced convection heat transfer with laminar and developed flow for water-Al₂O₃ nanofluid inside a circular tube under constant heat flux from the wall was numerically investigated using computational fluid dynamics method. Both single and two-phase models are accomplished for either constant or temperature dependent properties. For this study nanofluids with size particles equal to 100 nm and particle concentrations of 1 and 4 wt% were used. It is observed that the nanoparticles when dispersed in base fluid such as water enhance the convective heat transfer coefficient. The Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids were obtained for different nanoparticle concentrations and various Reynolds numbers. Heat transfer was enhanced by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles in nanofluid and Reynolds number. Also, a correlation based on the dimensionless numbers was obtained for the prediction the Nusselt number. The modeling results showed that the predicted values were in very good agreement with reference experimental data.     

Numerical analysis of unsteady heat conduction in regular solid bodies comprising natural convection to nearby fluids

The present paper addresses unsteady, unidirectional heat conduction in regular solid bodies (vertical plate, horizontal cylinder, and sphere) that exchange heat by natural convection with a neighboring fluid. From thermal physics, natural convection constitutes a worst-case scenario for forced convection cooling. Under the premises of natural convection heat transfer, the unsteady, 1-dimensional heat conduction equation consists in a linear parabolic partial differential equation with a dominant natural convection boundary condition represented by the mean convective coefficient that depends upon temperature. As expected, the nonlinear unsteady, unidirectional heat conduction problem is complex and does not admit an exact, analytical solution. Instead, the nonlinear unsteady, unidirectional heat conduction problem forcibly necessitates approximate numerical treatment with the finite difference method. The computed dimensionless center, surface, and mean temperatures varying with dimensionless time are obtained numerically and are graphed for 3 solids: iron, aluminum, copper exposed to 3 fluids: air, water, oil; the 6 media are used in numerous engineering applications.     

Heat and fluid flow characteristics of gases in micropipes

In this study, laminar forced convective heat transfer of a Newtonian fluid in a micropipe is analyzed by taking the viscous dissipation effect, the velocity slip and the temperature jump at the wall into account. Hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow case is examined. Two different thermal boundary conditions are considered: the constant heat flux (CHF) and the constant wall temperature (CWT). Either wall heating (the fluid is heated) case or wall cooling (the fluid is cooled) case is examined. The Nusselt numbers are analytically determined as a function of the Brinkman number and the Knudsen number. Different definitions of the Brinkman number based on the definition of the dimensionless temperature are discussed. It is disclosed that for the cases studied here, singularities for the Brinkman number-dependence of the Nusselt number are observed and they are discussed in view of the energy balance.     

Heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid (Carbopol aqueous solution) in transitional pipe flow

An experimental study of the forced convection heat transfer for non-Newtonian fluid flow in a pipe is presented. We focus particularly on the transitional regime. A wall boundary heating condition of heat flux is imposed. The non-Newtonian fluid used is Carbopol (polyacrylic acid) aqueous solutions. Detailed rheology as well as the variation of the rheological parameters with temperature are reported. Newtonian and shear thinning fluids are also tested for comparative purposes. The characterization of the flow and the thermal convection is made via the pressure drop and the wall temperature measurements over a range of Reynolds number from laminar to turbulent regime. Our measurements show that the non-Newtonian character stabilizes the flow, i.e., the critical Reynolds number to transitional flow increases with shear thinning and yield stress. The heat transfer coefficients are given and compared with heat transfer laws for different regime flows. Details when the heat transfer coefficient loses rapidly its local dependence on the Reynolds number are analyzed.     

Viscous dissipation effects on the asymptotic behaviour of laminar forced convection for Bingham plastics in circular ducts

The present study concentrates on the effects of viscous dissipation and the yield shear stress on the asymptotic behaviour of the laminar forced convection in a circular duct for a Bingham fluid. It is supposed that the physical properties are constant and the axial conduction is negligible. The asymptotic temperature profile and the asymptotic Nusselt number are determined for various axial distributions of wall heat flux which yield a thermally developed region. It is shown that if the asymptotic value of wall heat flux distribution is vanishes, the asymptotic value of the Nusselt number is zero. The case of the asymptotic wall heat flux distribution non-vanishing giving a value of the Nusselt number dependent on the Brinkman number and on the dimensionless radius of the plug flow region was also analysed. For an infinite asymptotic value of wall heat flux distributions, the asymptotic value of the Nusselt number depends on the dimensionless radius of the plug flow region and on the dimensionless parameter which depends on the asymptotic behaviour of the wall heat flux. The condition of uniform wall temperature and convection with an external isothermal fluid were also considered. The comparison with other existing solutions in the literature in the Newtonian case is analysed.     

Laminar Heat Transfer in a Pipe Subjected to a Circumferentially Varying External Heat Transfer Coefficient

Abstract

Numerical techniques have been used to solve the thermally developed regime for a laminar pipe flow that exchanges heat with a fluid environment in the presence of a circumferentially varying external heat transfer coefficient. By making use of the fact that the temperature distributions have similar shapes at successive streamwise locations, the three-dimensional temperature field was scaled to two dimensions. The resulting two-dimensional eigenvalue problem was solved by a rapidly converging automated scheme that successively refines an initial guess. Solutions were obtained for two circumferential distributions of the external heat transfer coefficient respectively intended to model forced and natural convection cross flows. The circumferential average heat transfer coefficient was found to be quite insensitive to the imposed circumferential variations. The local wall heat flux is nearly circumferentially uniform when the mean value of the external coefficient is high. On the other hand, at low mean values of the external coefficient, the local wall heat flux tends to follow the imposed circumferential variations.     

Heat conduction in the hollow sphere with a power-law variation of the external heat transfer coefficient

The conduction phenomenon in an insulated sphere is re-worked through a dimensionless approach, where the heat transfer coefficient dependence on the external radius and on the surface temperature, as in the case of forced and free convection, is taken into account. Assuming a power law variation of the convection coefficient [1, 2], and using the results of Sparrow [3], equations and graphs for the most important dimensionless parameters are presented. The developed equations show, for example, that as the insulation thickness increases the heat transfer rate tends to a positive value, independent of the considered case: constant convection coefficient, forced or free convection.     

Analysis of laminar heat transfer in micro-Poiseuille flow

The present study examines laminar forced convective heat transfer of a Newtonian fluid in a microchannel between two parallel plates analytically. The viscous dissipation effect, the velocity slip and the temperature jump at the wall are included in the analysis. Both hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow case is examined. Either the hot wall or the cold wall case is considered for the two different thermal boundary conditions, namely the constant heat flux (CHF) and the constant wall temperature (CWT). The interactive effects of the Brinkman number and the Knudsen number on the Nusselt numbers are analytically determined. Different definitions of the Brinkman number based on the definition of the dimensionless temperature are discussed. It is disclosed that for the cases studied here, singularities for the Brinkman number-dependence of the Nusselt number are observed and they are discussed in view of the energy balance.     

Heat transfer and entropy generation for laminar forced convection flow of graphene nanoplatelets nanofluids in a horizontal tube

The results are reported of an investigation of the heat transfer characteristics and entropy generation for a graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) nanofluid with specific surface area of 750 m²/g under laminar forced convection conditions inside a circular stainless steel tube subjected to constant wall heat flux. The analysis considers constant velocity flow and a concentration range from 0.025 wt.% to 0.1 wt.%. The impact of the dispersed nanoparticles concentration on thermal properties, convective heat transfer coefficient, thermal performance factor and entropy generation is investigated. An enhancement in thermal conductivity for GNP of between 12% and 28% is observed relative to the case without nanoparticles. The convective heat transfer coefficient for the GNP nanofluid is found to be up to 15% higher than for the base fluid. The heat transfer rate and thermal performance for 0.1 wt.% of GNP nanofluid is found to increase by a factor of up to 1.15. For constant velocity flow, frictional entropy generation increases and thermal entropy generation decreases with increasing nanoparticle concentration. But, the total entropy generation tends to decrease when nanoparticles are added at constant velocity and to decrease when velocity rises. Finally, it is demonstrated that a GNP nanofluid with a concentration between 0.075 wt.% and 0.1 wt.% is more energy efficient than for other concentrations. It appears that GNP nanofluids can function as working fluids in heat transfer applications and provide good alternatives to conventional working fluids in the thermal fluid systems.     

Analysis of Laminar Mixed Convective Heat Transfer in Horizontal Triangular Ducts

Numerical simulations for fluid flow and heat transfer in triangular ducts are carried out. Flow is considered to be laminar, hydrodynamically, and thermally developing. Heat transfer by both forced and natural convection is taken into account. Simulations are carried out for constant wall temperature cases which are at a higher temperature than the inlet temperature of the fluid. The effect of Rayleigh number on bulk mean temperature and Nusselt number is studied. Isotherm and secondary velocity profile formed because of natural convection is shown at different locations with varying Rayleigh number. The effect of the apex angle of the triangular duct on Nusselt number and bulk mean temperature is studied. Results are compared with the cases of mixed convective heat transfer in a square duct.