Robust Controller Design of a Dual-Stage Disk Drive Servo System With an Instrumented Suspension

This paper proposes a robust track-following controller design method for a dual-stage servo system in magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs). The method formulates the problem of minimizing track misregistration (TMR) in the presence of plant uncertainty and variation as a multiobjective optimization problem. Tracking error minimization is naturally formulated as an$H_2$norm minimization problem, while the robust stability issue is addressed by some$H_infty$norm bounds. This mixed$H_2/H_infty$control problem can then be formulated as a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and be efficiently solved through convex optimization algorithms. To enhance the system's tracking performance and stability robustness, the method explicitly takes attenuation of airflow-excited suspension vibration into consideration by an inner loop fast rate damping and compensation controller that utilizes the output of a strain gauge sensor on the suspension surface. Analysis and simulation show that a system designed by this method can achieve good tracking performance while still keeping stability robustness to plant variation and high-frequency spillover.     

A comparison of multirate robust track-following control synthesis techniques for dual-stage and multisensing servo systems in hard disk drives

This paper presents the system modeling, design, and analysis of multirate robust track-following controllers for a dual-stage servo system with a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microactuator (MA) and an instrumented suspension. A generalized model is constructed which includes a nominal plant, disturbances, uncertainties, and multirate sensing and control. Two major categories of controller design methodologies are considered. The first includes synthesis methodologies that are based on single-input single-output (SISO) design techniques, and includes the sensitivity decoupling (SD) and the PQ methods. In this case, a high sampling-rate inner loop damping control is first implemented using the auxiliary sensor signals. Subsequently, a low-rate outer loop controller is designed for the damped plant using either the SD or PQ design methods. The second category of design methodologies includes those based on multirate, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) design techniques, including mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin//, mixed H/sub 2///spl mu/, and robust H/sub 2/ synthesis. In this case, a set of controllers, which is periodically time-varying due to multirateness, is designed by explicitly considering plant uncertainty and hence robust stability. Comparisons are made between all the design techniques in terms of nominal H/sub 2/ performance, robust stability, and robust performance between these controllers, when the feedback controller is closed around the full order, perturbed plant. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are discussed, as well as guidelines for their practical implementation.     

Robust motion control design for dual-axis motion platform using evolutionary algorithm

This paper presents a new approach to deal with the dual-axis control design problem for a mechatronic platform. The cross-coupling effect leading to contour errors is effectively resolved by incorporating a neural net-based decoupling compensator. Conditions for robust stability are derived to ensure the closed-loop system stability with the decoupling compensator. An evolutionary algorithm possessing the universal solution seeking capability is proposed for finding the optimal connecting weights of the neural compensator and PID control gains for the X and Y axis control loops. Numerical studies and a real-world experiment for a watch cambered surface polishing platform have verified performance and applicability of our proposed design.     

Novel method for minimizing track seeking residual vibrations ofhard disk drives

Track access time is an important parameter for high-performance hard disk drives (HDDs). Presently, the resonances of the head actuator caused by the pivot-bearing stiffness are an even more urgent problem, since these resonances have become the main design factor that limits further reduction of track access time and improvement of the servo control bandwidth in HDDs. Our objective in this paper is to investigate, from a mechanics and dynamics viewpoint, the influence of the driving force waveforms on residual vibrations and to identify the characteristics of the waveform, which will lead to zero or very low residual vibrations. Using a simplified model of a head actuator assembly and finite-element simulation, we show that the residual vibration of the head actuator assembly depends strongly on the waveform and the time duration of the driving impulse force. If suitable waveform and time duration of the seeking impulse force are appropriately chosen, very low track seeking residual vibrations and quick track access can be achieved     

基于单边饱和拉索的结构振动最优控制

拉索作动器已被引入结构振动控制中,但作动器具有单边饱和的非线性特点,因此,拉索控制难以直接采用要求控制无约束的LQG对结构振动进行控制律设计。针对拉索的单边饱和特点,提出了一种用分段性能指标代替原有的二次型性能指标的最优控制方法。将拉索的单边饱和特性考虑在内并以合适的抑制速度对结构振动进行控制。并证明了直接用LQG方法对结构振动进行控制律设计,通过拉索控制器取单边和饱和之后作用于结构也是一种最优控制。同时证明了加观测器的最优控制系统对结构振动控制是稳定的。对一悬臂梁振动进行数值仿真控制,结果验证了该最优控制率的可行性。     

Application of the nonlinear, double-dynamic Taguchi method to the precision positioning device using combined piezo-VCM actuator

In this research, the nonlinear, double-dynamic Taguchi method was used as design and analysis methods for a high-precision positioning device using the combined piezo-voice-coil motor (VCM) actuator. An experimental investigation into the effects of two input signals and three control factors were carried out to determine the optimum parametric configuration of the positioning device. The double-dynamic Taguchi method, which permits optimization of several control factors concurrently, is particularly suitable for optimizing the performance of a positioning device with multiple actuators. In this study, matrix experiments were conducted with L9(3(4)) orthogonal arrays (OAs). The two most critical processes for the optimization of positioning device are the identification of the nonlinear ideal function and the combination of the double-dynamic signal factors for the ideal function's response. The driving voltage of the VCM and the waveform amplitude of the PZT actuator are combined into a single quality characteristic to evaluate the positioning response. The application of the double-dynamic Taguchi method, with dynamic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and L9(3(4)) OAs, reduced the number of necessary experiments. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to set the optimum parameters based on the high-precision positioning process.     

一种基于压电堆执行器的柔性结构滞后补偿PID控制

采用压电叠堆执行器和PID控制相结合方法解决柔性结构振动问题。提出相位补偿和分频控制相结合的方法分别解决柔性结构中存在的相位滞后和多频激励问题。首先通过有限元分析方法对柔性梁结构进行理论模态分析,并搭建实验系统进行验证,确定系统的主导模态。然后对系统延时进行理论分析,通过实验辨识出激励频率与滞后补偿的函数关系。最后设计基于滞后补偿的分频PID控制器,通过实验验证多频振动激励条件下所设计控制器的振动控制效果。结果表明所设计的滞后补偿PID控制器对相位滞后有较好补偿效果,最大振动衰减可达45%。     

Dynamic Modeling and Control of a Piezo-Electric Dual-Stage Tape Servo Actuator

We present a data-based approach for modeling and controller design of a dual-stage tape servo actuator. Our method uses step response measurements and a generalized realization algorithm to identify a multivariable discrete-time model of the actuator. The data acquisition and modeling can be implemented in the servo firmware of a tape drive. We have designed a dual-stage controller, based on the model, using loop shaping techniques adopted for multivariable control problems. We applied the procedure to the prototype of a dual-stage actuator tape head to reduce the effect of lateral tape motion. The prototype consists of a conventional voice coil motor for coarse positioning and a micro-actuator for fine positioning. The micro-actuator, which is mounted on the voice coil motor, uses a piezo crystal to follow high-frequency lateral tape motion (up to the kilohertz regime), while the voice coil motor follows only low-frequency lateral tape motion. Compared to a single-stage design, the dual-stage servo design provides a 25% bandwidth improvement and a voice coil motor control signal that is much smaller in magnitude.      

子空间预测控制算法在主动噪声振动中的应用

为解决主动噪声和振动控制中的执行器饱和约束条件问题,本文在子空间系统辨识的基础上,研究了一种新颖的子空间预测控制方法。该控制方法联合了系统辨识和控制器设计,直接由输入-输出数据得到将来时刻的输出预测值,自动校正系统中的参数,克服了传统的模型预测控制中繁琐的系统辨识环节。同时子空间预测控制允许执行器机构出现饱和现象,在考虑由饱和现象导致的约束条件时,利用线性矩阵不等式将约束优化问题转化为无约束优化问题。采用椭球优化算法迭代地产生一系列体积逐渐减小的椭球序列,该序列最终能收敛到一个最优解。在椭球算法的基础上推导了该算法达到收敛时所需要迭代次数的一个上界。这在智能优化算法中是很难求得到的。最后以直升机悬停状态时发生的颤振为例,利用本文中的子空间预测控制和椭球优化算法设计闭环系统的反馈控制器,验证闭环系统的输出响应能较好地跟踪期望值,从而得出本文方法的有效性。     

Repetitive controller design for minimum track misregistration in hard disk drives

Repetitive control is a widely used technique for the compensation of repeatable error in systems that contain rotating mechanisms or repeat a trajectory. Generally, it includes delay chains and a low-pass filter in the positive feedback loop, which generate a periodic signal. The controller has typically been implemented in a plug-in fashion and designed heuristically with the simplest form of the filter. However, this design approach is somewhat ambiguous in the selection of controller parameters because of its influence over nonharmonic frequencies. Also, it leaves the possibility for further improvement. This paper presents an improved design method for the repetitive controller that provides minimum track misregistration (TMR) in a hard disk drive (HDD). For TMR prediction, the method identifies disturbances acting on an HDD and estimates servo performance, using the identification result. We have confirmed the identification and estimation procedure through experiments. In our method, first the basic tracking controller is designed and later the repetitive controller is designed in conjunction with a Q filter. A cost function based on Parseval's theorem, reflecting the servo performance as TMR, is defined. Then the servo performance is estimated from the identified disturbance, and the plant and designed controller's frequency response are modified as necessary by changing the parameters of the controller, whose optimization is carried out with a commercial nonlinear optimization tool. The design strategy facilitates the controller design by providing an accurate estimation for the attainable servo performance and design criteria under the optimization framework.     

Robust nonlinear control of robotic manipulators

Abstract

A robust nonlinear control strategy is proposed to deal with the control problem of robotic manipulators with second order nonlinear actuator dynamics. The control scheme is composed of two stages: the nominal dynamics stage and the perturbed dynamics stage. The control at the nominal dynamics stage and the perturbed dynamics stage. The control at the nominal dynamics stage is aimed at exact linearization and input/output decoupling of the nonlinear actuator‐manipulator system in the task space by nonlinear feedback and nonlinear state space diffeomorphic transformations. The resulting closed‐loop nominal system is capable of precise trajectory following in a desired second‐order linear behavior. To compensate uncertainties in a practical situation, an optimal error correcting compensator is designed to achieve some robustness at the perturbed dynamics stage. Simulation study of a cylindrical robot is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

跟踪系统中多闭环控制模式的分析和实现

实现高精度跟踪,尤其在外界干扰力矩下,必须增加系统刚度来提高系统的扰动抑制能力.提出将加速度反馈引入常规的跟踪系统控制方式中,实现了由电流环、加速度环、速度环、位置环构成的四闭环控制模式.高增益的加速度反馈为系统提供一个响应更快、带宽更宽的内环,克服了单纯速度反馈带宽窄的特性.首先从理论上分析和证明了该方法的意义,多闭环控制模式可以提高系统的刚度,从而增强系统的抗扰动能力;同时,在加速度反馈的基础上研制前馈控制器,能够进一步提高大速度目标的跟踪性能.在某一实际的系统中对多闭环控制模式进行了实验验证,结果表明:同以往的控制方法相比扰动抑制带宽由15 Hz 提高到30 Hz ;并且在10 Hz 以下频率获得了-30 dB 抑制能力.     

受饱和约束的车辆转向非线性鲁棒模糊分布控制

针对极限状态下车辆转向非线性和执行器饱和问题,研究主动前轮转向(active front steering, AFS)和直接横摆力矩控制(direct yaw-moment control, DYC)对横摆-侧倾稳定的集成控制。采用Takagi-Sugeon(T-S)方法建立车辆3自由度横摆侧倾模型,结合模糊观测器实时获取模型动态参数。为准确反映车辆转向稳态过程,在T-S框架下建立改进横摆理想参考模型。考虑到极限转向对前轮侧偏特性的影响,构建T-S框架下主动前轮输入的动态饱和阈值。引入松弛因子提高AFS和DYC的执行器利用率,将反馈输入的饱和影响作为有界扰动进行控制。基于分布补偿结构设计状态反馈模糊分布控制器(parallel distributed compensation-TS,PDC-TS),采用范数有界的侧翻稳定阈作为侧倾性能约束,将车辆横摆-侧倾稳定性的H;性能转换为线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequalities, LMIs)凸优化问题。最后联合Trucksim-MATLAB/Labview软件进行控制仿真和硬件在环验证,结果表明,PDC-TS方法对强非线性转向过程的控制更加准确,执行器能力利用更充分,并在输入饱和约束下保持控制稳定性。     

受饱和约束的车辆转向非线性鲁棒模糊分布控制

针对极限状态下车辆转向非线性和执行器饱和问题,研究主动前轮转向(active front steering, AFS)和直接横摆力矩控制(direct yaw-moment control, DYC)对横摆-侧倾稳定的集成控制。采用Takagi-Sugeon(T-S)方法建立车辆3自由度横摆侧倾模型,结合模糊观测器实时获取模型动态参数。为准确反映车辆转向稳态过程,在T-S框架下建立改进横摆理想参考模型。考虑到极限转向对前轮侧偏特性的影响,构建T-S框架下主动前轮输入的动态饱和阈值。引入松弛因子提高AFS和DYC的执行器利用率,将反馈输入的饱和影响作为有界扰动进行控制。基于分布补偿结构设计状态反馈模糊分布控制器(parallel distributed compensation-TS,PDC-TS),采用范数有界的侧翻稳定阈作为侧倾性能约束,将车辆横摆-侧倾稳定性的H;性能转换为线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequalities, LMIs)凸优化问题。最后联合Trucksim-MATLAB/Labview软件进行控制仿真和硬件在环验证,结果表明,PDC-TS方法对强非线性转向过程的控制更加准确,执行器能力利用更充分,并在输入饱和约束下保持控制稳定性。     

音圈电机驱动的双层主动隔振系统设计与仿真

介绍采用音圈电机作为振动主动控制作动器的特点和工作原理,详细分析并建立音圈电机的数学模型,推导其传递函数。并针对双层隔振系统,采用理论建模的方法,建立双层隔振系统的数学模型。以位移传递率最小作为研究分析的目标,设计出一种宽频主动隔振系统,并用音圈电机作为驱动器,最后用Matlab/Simulink进行仿真,仿真结果显示该隔振系统在宽频带内具有良好的隔振性能,有效的提高隔振平台的精度。     

主动隔振作动器刚度放大与控制误差分析

研究了主动隔振系统中作动器的刚度放大与控制误差问题。主动隔振系统中作动器的刚度应与其负载刚度相匹配,如果负载较大或者作动器刚度较小,可以利用作动器与小刚度弹簧串联的方式放大输出刚度。分析了控制器的输出误差均匀分布时主动隔振系统的隔振性能,分析表明,对作动器刚度放大时,需要同时提高控制器的相对精度与作动器的行程才能保证原有的隔振效果,作动器的输出刚度与控制器相对精度、作动器的输出行程两参数具有等效性与替代性。这为设计主动隔振系统时控制器与作动器在更广阔的范围内选择提供了依据。     

数字前馈跟踪控制器的频域迭代设计方法

 数字前馈控制器用于提高伺服系统跟踪性能,在工程应用中通常包含如下设计环节：闭环对象参数辨识、闭环离散化和设计前馈控制器,上述各环节都会引入设计误差,最终导致所设计的前馈控制器跟踪性能变差.针对上述问题,利用闭环对象的实测频率特性数据,提出一种新型的频域迭代设计方法,能有效消除各环节误差.通过对设计过程的频率特性差值的变化分析,给出了迭代算法的步骤.该方法将反馈控制思想引入前馈控制器设计过程,根据频率特性差值,不断修正对象频率特性数据,通过设计过程的迭代,使跟踪误差显著减小.以某飞行转台伺服系统为例,进行数值仿真和应用研究,结果表明了该方法的有效性,能显著拓宽伺服系统的跟踪频带,减小对低频信号的跟踪误差．     

Magneto-optical disk drive technology using multiple fiber-coupled flying optical heads. Part I. System design and performance

A novel flying-optical-head data storage technology is described. It is based on a micro-optical recording head that contains a silicon micromachined torsional mirror for high-bandwidth track following. Multiple heads and disks are contained in a Winchester-style rotating disk drive. Single-mode optical fibers provide light delivery to and from the heads. Both polarization-maintaining and low-birefringence fiber systems have been implemented for magneto-optical (MO) recording. A fixed optics module containing a laser diode, MO detection optics, and a 1 x N fiber bundle switch has been developed as an integral part of this new recording architecture. A 5.25-in. (13.33-cm), half-height prototype drive design and its performance are presented.     

次级通道在线辨识的齿轮啮合振动主动控制

针对齿轮传动系统中由于啮合误差产生的周期性振动和噪声,构建在从动齿轮轴上附加压电作动器的齿轮主动结构,提出一种次级通道在线辨识的反馈FxLMS算法进行主动控制。应用C-MEX S函数在Simulink中编写了FxLMS算法模块和次级通道进行在线建模的自适应LMS算法模块,仿真算例验证了自建模块的正确性和算法的有效性。将控制算法代码下载到dSPACE中作为控制器,与内置压电作动器的齿轮主动结构组成硬件在环系统进行实验验证。结果表明,在不同啮合频率下,经过主动控制后的齿轮传动系统振动有了不同程度的减弱,在啮合频率基频处有6.9dB的衰减。     

A robust hybrid fuzzy–simulated annealing–intelligent water drops approach for tuning a distribution static compensator nonlinear controller in a distribution system

This article presents a novel hybrid optimization approach for a nonlinear controller of a distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM). The DSTATCOM is connected to a distribution system with the distributed generation units. The nonlinear control is based on partial feedback linearization. Two proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers regulate the voltage and track the output in this control system. In the conventional scheme, the trial-and-error method is used to determine the PID controller coefficients. This article uses a combination of a fuzzy system, simulated annealing (SA) and intelligent water drops (IWD) algorithms to optimize the parameters of the controllers. The obtained results reveal that the response of the optimized controlled system is effectively improved by finding a high-quality solution. The results confirm that using the tuning method based on the fuzzy-SA-IWD can significantly decrease the settling and rising times, the maximum overshoot and the steady-state error of the voltage step response of the DSTATCOM. The proposed hybrid tuning method for the partial feedback linearizing (PFL) controller achieved better regulation of the direct current voltage for the capacitor within the DSTATCOM. Furthermore, in the event of a fault the proposed controller tuned by the fuzzy-SA-IWD method showed better performance than the conventional controller or the PFL controller without optimization by the fuzzy-SA-IWD method with regard to both fault duration and clearing times.