3,4,5-三甲基叔丁基苯的合成与分析

介绍了以连三甲苯和氯代叔丁烷为起始原料 ,在自制的非均相催化剂W 1 0 0作用下一步合成3,4 ,5 -三甲基叔丁基苯的简便方法。经探索性试验、正交试验和单因素试验确定了最佳反应条件 :连三甲苯与氯代叔丁烷物质的量比为n连三甲苯∶n氯代叔丁烷 =1∶1 ,催化剂W 1 0 0的用量占连三甲苯的质量分数为 2 % ,反应温度 5℃ ,反应时间 7～ 8h ,在此条件下 ,3,4 ,5 -三甲基叔丁基苯的收率达到 79%以上     

3,3-二甲基-1-丁烯合成条件的优化

探讨了合成3,3-二甲基-1-丁烯（新己烯）的最佳工艺条件。以叔丁醇和盐酸为原料,浓硫酸为催化剂合成氯代叔丁烷,探讨了反应温度和反应时间对收率的影响;采用加压方法,无水AlCl3为催化剂,以氯代叔丁烷和乙烯为原料合成氯代新己烷（2,2-二甲基丁烷）;确定了合适的加成反应条件,以N-甲基吡咯烷酮为溶剂,采用反应精馏的方法,氯代新己烷脱氯化氢制备新己烯。实验确定的最佳工艺条件：合成氯代叔丁烷的最佳反应温度为20℃,最佳反应时间为60 min;合成氯代新己烷的最佳反应压力为0.75 MPa,最佳反应温度为45℃;脱氯化氢制备新己烯的最佳溶剂为N-甲基吡咯烷酮。     

新己烯合成方法的改进

以叔丁醇为原料,首先与盐酸反应生成氯代叔丁烷,然后与乙烯反应得到氯代新己烷,最后经消除生成新己烯.本试验中氯代叔丁烷的合成由回流反应改为常温反应,收率达到90％以上.氯代叔丁烷与乙烯的加成反应中用自制的硅铝复合催化剂替代无水三氯化铝,催化剂用量减少50％,收率达到88％以上.新己烯合成中用氢氧化钠替代氢氧化钾,收率达到85％以上.改进后的工艺条件较温和,原料易得,具有一定的工业化应用价值.     

活性氧化铁催化合成叔丁基苯

以活性氧化铁为催化剂合成了叔丁基苯。最佳反应条件：反应时间，１ｈ；苯／氯代叔丁烷，４：１（ｍｏｌ：ｍｏｌ）；反应温度，５０℃；催化剂活性氧化铁用量，１．２ｇ；产率达８２．３％。     

新己烯合成方法的改进

以叔丁醇为原料,首先与盐酸反应生成氯代叔丁烷,然后与乙烯反应得到氯代新己烷,最后经消除生成新己烯。本试验中氯代叔丁烷的合成由回流反应改为常温反应,收率达到90%以上。氯代叔丁烷与乙烯的加成反应中用自制的硅铝复合催化剂替代无水三氯化铝,催化剂用量减少50%,收率达到88%以上。新己烯合成中用氢氧化钠替代氢氧化钾,收率达到85%以上。改进后的工艺条件较温和,原料易得,具有一定的工业化应用价值。     

盐酸三乙胺-三氯化铝离子液体催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷烷基化反应

用盐酸三乙胺和无水三氯化铝合成了不同配比的Et3NHCl-AlCl3离子液体,研究了反应时间、反应温度、离子液体的用量、甲苯与氯代叔丁烷摩尔比对烷基化反应的影响。结果表明,Et3NHCl-AlCl3酸性离子液体具有较高的催化活性,良好的低温反应活性和对位选择性。得到了该反应优化反应条件:离子液体中AlCl3与Et3NHCl的摩尔比1.6,反应温度20℃,离子液体的用量为甲苯质量的10%,甲苯与氯代叔丁烷摩尔比2,反应10 min。该条件下,氯代叔丁烷的转化率为98%,对叔丁基甲苯的选择性为82.5%。离子液体重复使用5次,其催化活性不变,离子液体再生后可循环使用。     

氯醇法生产氯代叔丁烷

以叔丁醇和工业废盐酸为原料,合成氯代叔丁烷。对反应温度、原料配比及催化剂用量进行了优化,最佳工艺条件为：反应温度为25℃,原料醇酸比为1.3∶1,催化剂质量分数为3%。产品收率可达到86%。     

氯铝酸盐离子液体催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷烷基化反应合成对叔丁基甲苯

合成[Me3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3、[PyH]Cl-2.0AlCl3、[Bmim]Cl-2.0AlCl3以及[Et3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3氯铝酸盐离子液体,对[Et3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3和[PyH]Cl-2.0AlCl3两种离子液体进行系列改性,并考察氯铝酸盐离子液体催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷的烷基化反应,反应合成对叔丁基甲苯的催化性能。结果表明,未经改性的氯铝酸离子液体催化烷基化反应,对位产物选择性均较低,经FeCl3、CuCl以及CH3NO2改性的[Et3NH]Cl-2.0AlCl3离子液体对叔丁基甲苯选择性显著提高,而[PyH]Cl-2.0AlCl3离子液体经CuCl改性后的对叔丁基甲苯选择性则提高到85%以上。采用乙腈、吡啶为探针的红外光谱对离子液体酸性表征的结果表明,改性后离子液体的L酸和B酸均有所降低,其中B酸是影响对叔丁基甲苯选择性的主要因素,并对离子液体酸性催化甲苯与氯代叔丁烷烷基化反应合成对叔丁基甲苯的作用机制进行分析。     

2-羟基-4-甲氧基-5-磺酸基二苯甲酮的合成

采用间苯二甲醚为原料,经酰化、脱甲基、磺化一系列的反应合成2-羟基-4-甲氧基-5-磺酸基二苯甲酮,并对其物料配比、催化剂用量、反应温度以及反应时间等因素作了探索.结果表明酰化反应较佳条件为:以二氯甲烷为溶剂,n(间苯二甲醚)∶n(苯甲酰氯)∶n(无水AlCl3)=1∶1.05∶1.05,反应温度0～5℃,反应时间3 ...     

离子液体催化合成对叔丁基甲苯

以甲苯和氯代叔丁烷为原料,以三氯化铝离子液体为催化剂,考察合成对叔丁基甲苯的影响因素。结果表明,该烷基化反应最佳工艺条件为:反应温度0℃,离子液体用量为甲苯质量的1%,甲苯与氯代叔丁烷物质的量比2∶1,此条件下,氯代叔丁烷转化率100%,目标产物对叔丁基甲苯选择性较高。向三氯化铝离子液体中加入氯化亚铜改性助剂,当三氯化铝离子液体和氯化亚铜物质的量比为1∶2时,在优化条件下对叔丁基甲苯选择性由50.22%提高到85.38%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。