Ni0.4Co0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4/BaTiO3纳米纤维双层吸波涂层的微波吸收特性研究

采用静电纺丝法制备了平均直径分别为180 nm和220 nm的BaTiO₃(BTO)和Ni_0.4Co_0.2Zn_0.4Fe₂O₄(NCZFO)纳米纤维, 使用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和矢量网络分析仪(VNA)对纤维的物相结构、表面形貌和微波电磁参数进行了表征, 并根据传输线理论分析评估了以BTO和NCZFO纳米纤维为吸收剂的硅橡胶基单层和双层结构吸波涂层在2~18 GHz范围内的微波吸收性能。结果显示, 由于BTO纳米纤维的介电损耗与NCZFO纳米纤维的磁损耗的有机结合和阻抗匹配特性的改善, 以NCZFO纳米纤维/硅橡胶复合体(S1)为匹配层、BTO纳米纤维/硅橡胶复合体(S2)为吸收层的双层吸波涂层比相应单层吸波涂层表现出更为优异的吸收性能。通过调节匹配层与吸收层的厚度, 在4.9~18 GHz范围内反射损耗可达–20 dB以下; 当吸收层和匹配层的厚度分别为2.3 mm和0.5 mm时, 最小反射损耗位于9.5 GHz达–87.8 dB, 低于–20 dB的吸收带宽为5 GHz。优化设计的NCZFO/BTO纳米纤维双层吸波涂层有望发展成为一种新型的宽频带强吸收吸波材料。     

Double-layer microwave absorber based on nanocrystalline Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4/α-Fe microfibers

The microwave absorption properties of the nanocrystalline NiZn ferrite (Zn_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄) and iron (α-Fe) microfibers with single-layer and double-layer structures were investigated in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz. The double-layer absorbers have much better microwave absorption properties than the single-layer absorbers, and the microwave absorption properties of the double-layer structure are influenced by the coupling interactions between the absorbing layer and matching layer. With the absorbing layer thickness 0.7 mm of α-Fe microfibers–wax composite and the matching layer thickness 1.5 mm of Zn_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄ microfibers–wax composite, the minimum reflection loss (RL) reaches about −71 dB at 16.2 GHz and the absorption band width is about 9.2 GHz ranging from 8.8 to 18 GHz with the RL value exceeding −10 dB. While, when the absorbing layer is the Zn_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄ microfibers–wax composite with thickness 1.8 mm and the matching layer is the α-Fe microfibers–wax composite with thickness 0.2 mm, the RL value achieves the minimum about −73 dB at 13.8 GHz and the absorption band width is about 10.2 GHz ranging from 7.8 to 18 GHz with the RL value exceeding −10 dB, which covers the whole X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) and K_u-band (12.4–18 GHz).     

Microwave absorption response of nickel/graphene nanocomposites prepared by electrodeposition

In this study, nanostructures of nickel have been successfully deposited on graphene nanosheet by direct electrochemical deposition. The morphology, nickel content, and magnetic properties of the graphene as well as composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopic, elemental analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer, respectively. Their relative complex permeability and permittivity were also measured, and reflection loss values were calculated at given thickness layer according to transmit line theory in the range 2–18 GHz. The results reveal that with the increasing of the thickness of the samples, the matching frequency tends to shift to the lower frequency region, and theoretical reflection loss becomes less at the matching frequency. When the absorbing thickness is 1 mm, the maximum absorption value of graphene is ?6.5 dB at about 7 GHz. After decorating graphene sheet with magnetic nickel nanoparticles, the composites were shown to efficiently promote microwave absorbability. When the thickness is 1.5 mm, the absorption value of the composites exceeds ?10 dB in the 5 GHz absorbing bandwidth and the maximum absorption value is ?16.0 dB at 9.15 GHz.     

单壁碳纳米管-CoFe2O4双层复合材料的微波吸收特性

通过直流电弧放电法制备了高结晶性单壁碳纳米管（SWCNTs）,采用溶胶凝胶自燃法制备CoFe₂O₄,并将两种材料复合制成SWCNTs-CoFe₂O₄双层吸波材料。使用Raman光谱、XRD、SEM、TEM和矢量网络分析仪对SWCNTs和CoFe₂O₄的形貌、结构和电磁性能进行了表征,并利用传输线理论分析了SWCNTs-CoFe₂O₄双层吸波材料在2~18 GHz频带内的微波吸收性能。结果表明,相对于单一材料,SWCNTs-CoFe₂O₄双层复合材料的吸波性能得到了极大提高。当CoFe₂O₄作为匹配层、SWCNTs作为吸收层时,通过调节匹配层和吸收层的厚度,SWCNTs-CoFe₂O₄双层复合材料的最强反射损耗可以达到-61.13 dB,低于-10 dB的吸收带宽达到7 GHz （8~15 GHz）。因此,SWCNTs-CoFe₂O₄双层复合材料是一种新型的有应用前景的高吸收宽频带吸波材料。     

Double-layer type microwave absorber made of magnetic-dielectric composite material

Changing the combination of 2^nd layer in a double-layer type microwave absorber, the matching frequency (8.10–10.88 GHz), maximum reflection loss and matching thickness at the matching frequency could be systematically controlled and compared with those of single-layer type microwave absorber. Received: 2 December 2001 / Accepted: 20 January 2002     

双层结构型吸波复合材料的制备与吸波性能研究

依据传输线理论和阻抗匹配原则,设计并制备了一种以磁性金属微粉为面层、多壁碳纳米管为底层、玻璃纤维布为环氧树脂基体增强体的低频段双层结构型吸波复合材料。采用透射电镜和扫描电镜对多壁碳纳米管和磁性金属微粉的微观形貌进行了表征,采用HP8722ES矢量网络分析仪测量了材料在2～18GHz频率范围内的复介电常数和复磁导率,采用弓形法测试了复合材料在2～8GHz扫频范围内的反射率特性。研究表明,该双层结构型吸波复合材料在低频S波段具有良好的吸波效果,当其匹配厚度为dm=4.0mm时,最大吸收峰在3.08GHz时达到-17dB,反射率小于-10dB的频宽为1.82GHz。     

Facile synthesis and novel microwave electromagnetic properties of flower-like Ni structures by a solvothermal method

Flower-like Ni structures composed of leaf-like flakes were synthesized through a facile solvothermal approach independent of surfactants or magnetic force. The evolution of the morphology was closely related to the variation of NaOH and volume ratios of ethylene glycol to water. The microwave absorbing properties of the flower-like Ni wax-composite were evaluated based on the complex permittivity (ε_r = ε′ ? jε″) and permeability (µ_r = µ′ ? jµ″). The Ni wax-composite exhibited excellent microwave absorption performances with a minimum reflection loss of ?46.1 dB at 13.3 GHz, corresponding to a matching thickness of 2.0 mm. In particular, the absorption bandwidth of RL below ?10 dB was 3.6 GHz (11.7–15.3 GHz). The attenuation of microwave could be attributed to the dielectric loss and unique flower-like structure.     

Effect of elevated annealing temperature on the morphology, microstructure, conductivity and microwave absorption properties of phthalocyanine polymer

An aromatic, diether-linked phthalocyanine resin (Pc) was prepared from 4,4′-bis (3,4-dicyanophenoxy) biphenyl (BPh) and investigated for morphology, microstructure, dielectric, conductivity and microwave absorption properties at different annealing temperatures from 300 to 800 °C. The results showed that the annealing temperature could significantly change the morphology and microstructure of the Pc polymer, leading to the generation of carbon-Pc polymer composites, and enhance the microwave absorbing and electrical properties of the Pc polymer. The dramatic electrical and dielectric transition happened when the annealing condition was 550 °C 24 h. The conductivity of the samples exhibited a transition of electrical behavior from an insulator to semiconductor of approximately 10⁺² S/cm. Pc polymer exhibited excellent microwave absorption properties in the frequency range of 0.5–18.0 GHz after sintering process. The microwave absorption of the annealing Pc polymer can be mainly attributed to the dielectric loss rather than magnetic loss. The sample annealed at 500 °C 24 h had two strong microwave absorbing peaks and achieved a maximum absorbing value of ?44 dB around 10.7 and 17.5 GHz when the thickness was 3.0 mm. The novel carbon-Pc polymer composites were believed to have potential applications in the microwave absorbing area.     

Microwave absorption properties of FSS-impacted composites as a broadband microwave absorber

The development of a cost-effective microwave absorber with wide bandwidth corresponding to reflection loss (RL)?≤??10 dB is still a very challenging task. A sugarcane bagasse-based agricultural waste composite has been analyzed for its elemental contents. The combination of elements is suitable for its possible usage as a cost-effective microwave absorbing material. Therefore, this composite has been subjected to morphological and electromagnetic studies to analyze its microwave absorbing behavior. The frequency dependent complex dielectric permittivity and complex magnetic permeability values were obtained using a transmission/reflection waveguide approach in the X-band. Furthermore, the effect of the Minkowski loop frequency selective surface (FSS) was studied over the absorption capability of the composite. It was found that the application of FSS leads to a reduction in thickness up to 2.9 mm and an enhancement in absorption bandwidth up to 3.6 GHz. The FSS patterned composite shows a remarkable performance with peak RL of ?28.4 dB at 10.7 GHz and absorption bandwidth of 3.6 GHz.     

Critical analysis of frequency selective surfaces embedded composite microwave absorber for frequency range 2–8 GHz

Radar wave absorbers are important for the reduction of radar cross section of the target for stealth applications. Earlier the radars were available in the frequency range 8–12 GHz (X-band) and 12–18 GHz (Ku-Band). Due to recent advancement in radar technology, radars are now available from 2 to 18 GHz frequency range. So there is an urgent need to develop such a material that can work as radar wave absorber in the lower frequency band of the microwave spectrum i.e., 2–8 GHz. For this purpose the selection of material is an important criterion as the radar wave absorption depends primarily upon the material characteristics i.e., complex permittivity and complex permeability. For lower frequency radar wave absorption, the material must also possess the conducting property along with dielectric and magnetic properties. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop a radar wave absorbing nano-composite material by selecting constituent materials with such inherent properties that can work for the absorption of radar wave in the lower frequency range. It is observed that the developed composite give good absorption in the lower frequency range but with narrow radar wave absorption bandwidth (4–7 GHz). So we have explored the possibility of the efficient use of an advanced electromagnetic technique like frequency selective surface to enhance the radar wave absorption bandwidth in the lower frequency region of the microwave frequency spectrum and precaution has been taken such that complexity due to FSS can be avoided. It has been observed that the synthesised single layer absorber with single square loop, cross dipole and Jerusalem cross FSSs provides radar wave absorption bandwidth in the frequency range 2–8 GHz.     

The microwave absorbing properties of CoFe<Subscript>2</Subscript> attached single walled carbon nanotube/BaFe<Subscript>12</Subscript>O<Subscript>19</Subscript> nanocomposites

The CoFe₂ attached single-walled carbon nanotubes (CoFe₂@SWCNTs) and BaFe₁₂O₁₉ ferrite nanocomposites with different CoFe₂@SWCNTs weight ratios (1, 3, 5, 7 wt%) were synthesized by a simple combination process. Then, the electromagnetic and microwave absorption properties were systematically investigated by a vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz. High-quality CoFe₂@SWCNTs were prepared by a direct current arc discharge method in one-step. BaFe₁₂O₁₉ nanocrystals were synthesized by a nitrate citric acid sol–gel auto-ignition method. The CoFe₂@SWCNT/BaFe₁₂O₁₉ nanocomposites exhibited an efficient reflection loss (RL) and a wide absorption bandwidth. The minimum RL of ?54.13 dB was observed at 11.84 GHz for the nanocomposite (5 wt% CoFe₂@SWCNTs) with a thickness of 2.8 mm, 3.4 times greater than those without CoFe₂@SWCNTs, and a broad absorption bandwidth of 4.64 GHz (<?10 dB) was achieved. In addition, the nanocomposite (1 wt% CoFe₂@SWCNTs) shows a broader effective microwave absorption bandwidth of 7.12 GHz with a thickness of 1.9 mm. The experimental results reveal that the absorbing properties of the nanocomposites are greatly improved by controlling the CoFe₂@SWCNTs weight ratio and the matching thickness of the absorber. This CoFe₂@SWCNT/BaFe₁₂O₁₉ nanocomposite is anticipated to be applied in advanced microwave absorbers.     

Regulation of Impedance Matching and Dielectric Loss Properties of N-Doped Carbon Hollow Nanospheres Modified With Atomically Dispersed Cobalt Sites for Microwave Energy Attenuation

The rational design of lightweight, broad-band, and high-performance microwave absorbers is urgently required for addressing electromagnetic pollution issue. Metal single atoms (M–SAs) absorbers receive considerable interest in the field of microwave absorption due to the unique electronic structures of M–SAs. However, the simultaneous engineering of the morphology and electronic structure of M–SAs based absorbers remains challenging. Herein, a template-assisted method is utilized to fabricate isolated Co–SAs on N-doped hollow carbon spheres (NHCS@Co–SAs) for high-performance microwave absorption. The combination of atomically dispersed Co sites and hollow supports endows NHCS@Co–SAs with excellent microwave absorption properties. Typically, at an ultralow filler content of 8 wt%, the minimum reflection loss and effective absorption bandwidth of the NHCS@Co–SAs are up to −44.96 dB and 5.25 GHz, respectively, while the absorbing thickness is only 2 mm. Theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that the impedance matching characteristic and dielectric loss of the NHCSs can be tuned via the introduction of M–SAs, which are responsible for the excellent microwave absorption properties of NHCS@Co–SAs. This work provides an atomic-level insight into the relationship between the electronic states of absorbers and their microwave absorption properties for developing advanced microwave absorbers.     

Novel optimization method of single square FSS impinged and cascaded radar absorbing composites

It is well known that radar absorbing potentiality of existing magneto-dielectric composites can be significantly enhanced by the application of frequency selective surface (FSS) and cascaded electromagnetic (EM) structures. But the optimization of such complex EM structures and validation of the adopted optimization strategy is still a very challenging task for the researchers. Therefore, in this study, an effective effort has been made for the optimization and the corresponding validation for Single Square FSS (SS-FSS) impinged and cascaded radar wave absorbers using advanced computational EM software’s like FEldberechnung fur Korper mit beliebiger Oberflache – a German acronym (FEKO) and high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). In addition, a critical analysis of dielectric constant (ε′) has been carried out to select the best combination of composites for the development of efficient radar wave absorbers. A comparison between optimized and simulated results have been carried out to examine the effect of advanced EM approaches over reflection loss (RL) characteristics of composite radar absorbing materials (CRAMs). A rapid change in radar absorption properties of composites has been observed after the application of SSFSS and cascading. A SS-FSS impinged composite has been found to provide a wide absorption bandwidth of 3.6 GHz at X-band. A cascaded absorber having layer thickness 1.8 mm provides a peak RL of ?42.6 dB at 10.6 GHz with an absorption bandwidth of 2.5 GHz. The strong agreement between mathematical model, HFSS and FEKO results clearly reflects the efficiency of adopted approach for distinct practical EM applications.     

Investigation of adjacent spacing dependent microwave absorption properties of lamellar structural Ti3C2Tx MXenes

Ti₃C₂Tx MXenes and their composites play a vital role in the research on microwave absorbing materials. Herein, the different interlamellar spaces of Ti₃C₂Tx MXene materials were prepared by an etching process. The dependence of the microwave absorbing properties of the Ti₃C₂Tx MXene nanosheets on different interlamellar spaces was studied. The complex permittivity, dielectric loss, impedance matching characteristic and the minimum reflection loss (RL) value with the variation in interlamellar space were systematically investigated. Results showed that 40% ratio paraffin-bonded composites (S3) have a strong electromagnetic wave absorption performance and large effective absorbing bandwidth. The maximum RL reaches −36.3 dB at 4.67 GHz with the thickness of 4.5 mm, ascribed to its a high dielectric loss and good impedance matching characteristics. The RL value of Ti₃C₂Tx MXenes is strongly dependent on the inter-lamellar space. The enhanced microwave absorption originates from the unique 2-D structure, good impedance matching characteristics, and enhanced space-charge polarization effects. This work provides a new avenue for exploring high-performance microwave absorbers based on MXene materials.     

Ferromagnetic and microwave absorption properties of copper oxide/cobalt/carbon fiber multilayer film composites

The copper oxide/cobalt/carbon fiber multilayer film composites were synthesized by thermal oxidation route. In order to investigate the intrinsic reasons for microwave absorption properties of absorbers, the complex permittivity, complex permeability and the microwave absorption properties of composites were studied in the 1-18 GHz range. The strongest reflectivity loss (RL) of microwave absorber was further enhanced to − 42.7 dB (microwave absorption rate > 99.9%) at 10.8 GHz for a layer of 2.0 mm thickness, and the strong absorption (RL < − 10 dB) was obtained between 8.72 and 18 GHz for the thickness of 1.3-2.2 mm. The results indicated that the dielectric loss and magnetic loss led to the excellent microwave absorption property of CuO/Co/CF composites. It is believed to be ideal for making a lightweight, strong absorption and wide-frequency microwave absorbing material.     

Effect of carbonization temperature on microwave absorbing properties of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers

The pre-oxidized fibers were carbonized at the temperature ranging from 400 to 1300 °C for 1 h. The microwave absorption properties of carbon fibers (CFs) were examined in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz. It is found that the reflection loss characteristics are highly sensitive to the carbonization temperature. At a thickness of 2 mm, the CFs obtained at 710 °C exhibit the best microwave absorbing ability with a maximum reflection loss of ?22.9 dB at 15 GHz, and a bandwidth exceeding ?10 dB in the range 12.4–18 GHz. Results indicate that dielectric loss in cooperation with better matched characteristic impedance results in the excellent microwave absorption of CFs. Low temperature makes ?′ and ?″ too small to consume the energy of microwave, while over high temperature makes ?′ and ?″ too large to transmit the microwave into the CFs.     

Coaxial multi-interface hollow Ni-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-ZnO nanowires tailored by atomic layer deposition for selective-frequency absorptions

In this work atomic layer deposition (ALD) was employed to fabricate coaxial multi-interface hollow Ni-Al2O3-ZnO nanowires.The morphology,microstructure,and ZnO shell thickness dependent electromagnetic and microwave absorbing properties of these Ni-A12O3-ZnO nanowires were characterized.Excellent microwave absorbing properties with a minimum reflection loss (RL) of approximately-50 dB at 9.44 GHz were found for the Ni-Al2O3-100ZnO nanowires,which was 10 times of Ni-A12O3 nanowires.The microwave absorption frequency could be effectively varied by simply adjusting the number of ZnO deposition cycles.The absorption peaks of Ni-Al2O3-100ZnO and Ni-A12O3-150ZnO nanowires shifted of 5.5 and 6.8 GHz towards lower frequencies,respectively,occupying one third of the investigated frequency band.The enhanced microwave absorption arose from multiple loss mechanisms caused by the unique coaxial multi-interface structure,such as multi-interfacial polarization relaxation,natural and exchange resonances,as well as multiple internal reflections and scattering.These results demonstrate that the ALD method can be used to realize tailored nanoscale structures,making it a highly promising method for obtaining high-efficiency microwave absorbers,and opening a potentially novel route for frequency adjustment and microwave imaging fields.     

The superior electromagnetic properties of carbonyl-iron/Fe91.2Si3.1P2.9Sb2.8 composites powder and impedance match mechanism

Carbonyl-iron and Fe_91.2Si_3.1P_2.9Sb_2.8 powder used as dual-fillers for thin microwave absorbers were firstly prepared by a simple mechanical mixture technique. The patterns and magnetic properties of carbonyl-iron and Fe_91.2Si_3.1P_2.9Sb_2.8 were characterized by scanning electron microscope and vibrating sample magnetometer The electromagnetic parameters were measured in the 2–7 GHz range by a HP8720B vector network analyzer. In comparison with carbonyl-iron and Fe_91.2Si_3.1P_2.9Sb_2.8 powder, the carbonyl-iron/Fe_91.2Si_3.1P_2.9Sb_2.8 composites powder exhibited excellent microwave absorption properties in the 2–7 GHz frequency range. The reflection loss was found to <?20 dB in the 2–7 GHz range for thickness of 2–5.3 mm, and the minimum reflection loss of ?37 dB was observed at 5.2 GHz with a matching thickness of 2.5 mm. The excellent microwave absorption properties were firstly explained by using quantitatively coefficient of electromagnetic matching. In addition, a strong natural resonance was found in the carbonyl-iron/Fe_91.2Si_3.1P_2.9Sb_2.8 composites powder as an important reason bringing about the excellent microwave absorption.     

MnO2/CB/环氧树脂双层复合材料的吸波性能研究

为改善吸波材料对入射电磁波的阻抗匹配性能,采用不同吸收剂设计并制备了具有阻抗渐变结构的双层吸波材料,匹配层中引入二氧化锰或炭黑为填料,吸收层采用炭黑为填料,通过改变吸收剂含量和类型首次设计了9种双层匹配方案.实验结果表明,当匹配层吸收剂为10%的二氧化锰,吸收层吸收剂为30%的炭黑时,双层复合材料的电磁波吸收性能为最佳,特别是当匹配层的厚度为2 mm时,其吸收性能在8~18 GHz测试频段内的16.8 GHz达到-27.48 dB,优于-10 dB的频带达8.6 GHz,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

Co含量对轻质微波吸收剂C/Co纳米纤维吸波性能的影响

采用静电纺丝法结合热处理制备了一种可应用于2~18 GHz频段的高性能轻质微波吸收剂C/Co纳米纤维, 详细研究了金属Co含量对纳米纤维的电磁特性及微波吸收性能的影响。相对于纯碳纳米纤维, C/Co纳米纤维的微波吸收性能得到显著加强, 其主要吸波机制仍是介电损耗。随着Co含量的增加, C/Co纳米纤维的电磁衰减能力逐渐下降, 而微波吸收却先增强后减弱, 含37.8wt% Co的C/Co-5纳米纤维因金属Co粒子和纳米碳纤维的良好结合与协同效应, 以及纤维中特殊的Co粒子@石墨核壳结构所带来的良好阻抗匹配与足够高的电磁衰减能力而表现出最好的吸波性能。模拟计算结果表明, 涂层厚度在1.1~5.0 mm间变化时, 填充5wt% C/Co-5纳米纤维的硅胶吸波涂层的反射损耗(RL)值超过-20 dB的频率范围在3.2~18 GHz, 最小RL值达到-78.8 dB, 其中当涂层厚度仅为1.5 mm时, RL值低于-20 dB的吸收带宽可达6.0 GHz (12~18 GHz)。C/Co纳米纤维优异的微波吸收性能表明, 这些磁性碳杂化纳米纤维有望成为一种极具应用前景的新型吸波材料。