加氢裂化尾油酮苯脱蜡研究

通过对中国石化上海高桥分公司炼油事业部140万t/a加氢裂化装置的加氢裂化尾油进行酮苯脱蜡试验,考察了加氢裂化尾油通过酮苯脱蜡工艺生产石蜡及高品质基础油的可行性;同时对加氢裂化尾油掺合减压二线馏分油对试验结果的影响进行了考察。试验结果表明:经适当的工艺调整,加氢裂化尾油可以通过酮苯脱蜡得到质量较好的脱蜡油和含油蜡,脱蜡油可作为润滑油基础油的优良调合组分;加氢裂化尾油脱蜡过滤速度较慢,可采用脱蜡助剂并可适当提高过滤温度来提高过滤速度;减二线馏分油中掺合一定比例的加氢裂化尾油,可提高脱蜡油的收率和粘度指数、旋转氧弹等,改善含油蜡的质量。     

糠醛抽出油综合利用

介绍了对正序抽出油进行溶剂脱蜡作道路沥青调合组分生产道路沥青实验过程。实验结果表明：抽出油脱蜡后所得脱油蜡是一种多产柴油的催化裂化原料,脱蜡油作为道路沥青调合组分可生产出100号甲道路沥青。该方法可大大提高抽出油的附加价值,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益,对正序抽出油的合理利用有着十分重要的意义。     

Determination of wax content in crude oil

Wax deposition is one of the chronic problems in the petroleum industry. The various crude oils present in the world contain wax contents of up to 32.5%. Paraffin waxes consist of straight chain saturated hydrocarbons with carbons atoms ranging from C18 to C36. Paraffin wax consists mostly with normal paraffin content (80–90%), while, the rest consists of branched paraffins (iso-paraffins) and cycloparaffins. The sources of higher molecular weight waxes in oils have not yet been proven and are under exploration. Waxes may precipitate as the temperature decreases and a solid phase may arise due to their low solubility. For instance, paraffinic waxes can precipitate out when temperature decreases during oil production, transportation through pipelines, and oil storage. The process of solvent dewaxing is used to remove wax from either distillate or residual feedstocks at any stage in the refining process. The solvents used, methyl-ethyl ketone and toluene, can then be separated from dewaxed oil filtrate stream by membrane process and recycled back to be used again in solvent dewaxing process.     

Distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Alkanes in the Products of Electric Dewaxing of Diesel Fuel

The distribution of n-alkanes in summer diesel fuel and products of its electric and urea dewaxing, dewaxed diesel (DWD) and slack wax, has been studied. Quantitative changes in the groups of low- C_7–14, middle- C_15–18, and high-melting C₁₉₊n-alkanes in the diesel, DWD, and slack wax have been shown. By the combination of the DWD yield, selectivity of removal of high-melting n-alkanes from the initial diesel fuel, and cold flow properties of DWD, electric dewaxing is a promising process.     

辽河低凝原油润滑油糠醛精制油蜡含量分布研究

采用自行开发的润滑油蜡含量测定方法，考察了辽河低凝原油各润滑油馏分糠醛精制油在不同温度下的蜡含量分布情况。试验结果表明：辽河低凝原油润滑油糠醛精制油蜡含量很低，脱除少许环烷蜡即可生产出合格的LVI基础油，润滑油溶剂脱蜡有一最佳油剂比，随着脱蜡温度的下降，润滑油脱蜡量增加，脱蜡油凝点明显降低。     

加氢处理重质馏分油溶剂脱蜡脱油工艺优化研究

以加氢处理重质馏分油为原料,通过不同溶剂组成、预稀释和冷点稀释工艺试验,找出最佳溶剂组成和稀释工艺,在此基础上进行溶剂脱蜡脱油工艺流程优化。综合考虑脱蜡温差、过滤速度、脱蜡油和脱油蜡的收率,提出了两段脱蜡两段脱油工艺是优选方案。     

LOW TEMPERATURE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME WAXY CRUDE OILS IN RELATION TO THEIR COMPOSITION : PART II EFFECT OF WAX COMPOSITION AND CONCENTRATION ON THE DEW AXED CRUDE OILS WITH / WITHOUT ADDITIVES

ABSTRACT

In this part of the work the effect of wax concentrations on the rheologica! properties of the dewaxed Duliajan (Assam) and Lingaia crude oils have been studied. The dewaxing of the crude oil was done by removing n-paraffins from the crude oil by urea adduction. The urea adducted n-paraffins concentrate-the wax- was characterized by its carbon number distribution. The urea non adducted oil portion - the denormalized crude oil (DNO)- was characterized for its pour point. The wax in different concentration was then added in the DNO and the change in the rheological properties like pour point, yield stress and plastic viscosity were studied using a Haake Rota Viscometer. The effect of carbon number distribution, i.e. the composition of the wax, on these rheological properties was also investigated. Four different commercial pour point depressanl additives have been used to study their effects on the pour point, yield stress and plastic viscosity of the reconstituted (wax mixed DNO) crude oils.

From this study it has been found that wax concentration and its composition are primarily responsible for the variation in the pour point of the DNO, and the DNO composition has a small effect. However, as seen in the Part I of this paper, the response of the pour point depressant additive in effecting the change in the pour point is primarily governed by the composition of the DNO. The additives have shown better response in the DNO having more aromatic concentrate, as has been found in the case of Duliajan (Assam) DNO.     

LOW TEMPERATURE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME WAXY CRUDE OILS IN RELATION TO THEIR COMPOSITION : PART II EFFECT OF WAX COMPOSITION AND CONCENTRATION ON THE DEW AXED CRUDE OILS WITH / WITHOUT ADDITIVES

In this part of the work the effect of wax concentrations on the rheologica! properties of the dewaxed Duliajan (Assam) and Lingaia crude oils have been studied. The dewaxing of the crude oil was done by removing n-paraffins from the crude oil by urea adduction. The urea adducted n-paraffins concentrate-the wax- was characterized by its carbon number distribution. The urea non adducted oil portion - the denormalized crude oil (DNO)- was characterized for its pour point. The wax in different concentration was then added in the DNO and the change in the rheological properties like pour point, yield stress and plastic viscosity were studied using a Haake Rota Viscometer. The effect of carbon number distribution, i.e. the composition of the wax, on these rheological properties was also investigated. Four different commercial pour point depressanl additives have been used to study their effects on the pour point, yield stress and plastic viscosity of the reconstituted (wax mixed DNO) crude oils.

From this study it has been found that wax concentration and its composition are primarily responsible for the variation in the pour point of the DNO, and the DNO composition has a small effect. However, as seen in the Part I of this paper, the response of the pour point depressant additive in effecting the change in the pour point is primarily governed by the composition of the DNO. The additives have shown better response in the DNO having more aromatic concentrate, as has been found in the case of Duliajan (Assam) DNO.     

脱蜡助剂对蜡结晶作用机理初步研究

 为研究脱蜡助剂的作用机理,选取6种脱蜡助剂和荆门轻脱加氢处理糠精油(简称荆门油)和茂名轻脱糠精油(简称茂名油)2种原料油,两两匹配进行脱蜡试验,筛选出对这2种原料油助滤效果最好的脱蜡助剂A剂和C3剂。采用偏光显微镜、XRD及DSC对其作用机理进行了初步研究。结果表明,荆门轻脱加氢处理蜡(简称荆门蜡)与A剂的作用机理可能是共晶-吸附作用;A剂吸附在蜡晶侧面,其聚乙烯链段进入蜡晶晶格与蜡共晶,而醋酸乙烯酯链段则阻止蜡分子在侧面结晶,抑制其沿x轴和y轴方向的生长,促进沿z轴方向的生长,改变蜡的生长习性,增大蜡晶粒度,提高滤速。茂名轻脱蜡(简称茂名蜡)与C3剂的作用机理可能是共晶机理;其烷基侧链与蜡发生共晶作用,通过"搭桥效应"将蜡晶连接成为大的蜡晶聚集体,提高滤速。     

Crude oil from the Chirag field

The crude oil from a promising new offshore field in Azerbaidzhan — Chirag — is light, low-sulfur, low-resin, and waxy. Its naphtha cuts are characterized by low octane numbers. They can be used as components of automotive gasolines. Brand KO-20 lamp kerosene can be obtained from light kerosene cuts. Catalytic dewaxing must be conducted on the 150–280°C cut to manufacture jet fuel. The diesel cuts are favorable feedstock for manufacturing summer diesel fuel. The potential content of base oils with a viscosity index of 75–89 is 24.64 wt. % in crude oil.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 35–38, November–December, 2004.     

采用灵活多段等温脱油新工艺生产微晶蜡

以石蜡基南阳原油的轻脱沥青油为原料，经酮苯脱蜡生产微晶蜡产品。该装置在工艺设计上采用了灵活的多段等温脱油工艺，适合多种产品的加工要求；设计中特别关注了节能降耗，实施了采用中压过热蒸汽加热，充分优化换热流程，滤液循环和多点稀释等多项措施。该装置投产后，生产出了合格品级及一级品级的微晶蜡，装置处理量、产品收率、能耗和物耗等均达到或优于设计要求。     

Improvement of Egyptian vacuum distillates by urea dewaxing

The dewaxing of paraffinic lube stocks is an essential step in the production of lubricants to improve the operability of machines especially in winter. The present work deals with study of the urea dewaxing process of two types of Egyptian vacuum distillates. The effect of different compositions of methanol to water saturated with urea and yield of the oil, percent of wax, pour point, refractive index, viscosity, viscosity index and specific gravity of the oil produced from the two types of distillates (I and II) were evaluated. The operating conditions of the urea adduct formation with n-paraffins using methanol to water mixture achieved the best pour point at −3.88 °C from an initial temperature of 4.4 °C for distillate I at (25/75) methanol to water. At the same ratio of methanol to water the best specific gravity of oil produced changed from 0.865 to 0.867, with viscosity index of 80. Percent yield of 50% for oil and percent wax of 50% were obtained. Results for distillate II, of higher specific gravity, are comparatively higher than those for distillate I. Experiments were carried out at room temperature.     

提高基础油和脱油蜡收率及质量的研究

传统工艺与加氢处理相结合可有效提高基础油的品质,生产高档重质基础油。临商原油的轻脱油采用传统工艺与加氢处理相结合的工艺技术,可以生产优质HVIⅡ150BS基础油。脱蜡助剂可有效提高溶剂脱蜡装置的处理量,提高脱蜡油收率,降低蜡膏含油量,提高蜡产品质量,减小溶剂比,降低能耗。     

加氢改质重质料溶剂脱蜡工艺条件优化

通过对中国石化荆门分公司酮苯脱蜡脱油装置加工加氢改质重质料（HVI500N）工艺条件的分析,提出了控制溶剂中丁酮含量为50%～58%、控制溶剂水含量为0～0.5%、加强过滤操作、投用脱油滤液作脱蜡二次稀释溶剂工艺等优化措施。采取优化措施后,加氢改质重质料油蜡收率提高约7个百分点,经济效益显著。     

脱蜡助剂在溶剂脱蜡中的应用研究

通过在溶剂脱蜡过程中加入脱蜡助剂进行脱蜡试验，考察了不同脱蜡助剂在同一原料中、不同脱蜡助剂在不同原料中、同一脱蜡助剂在不同原料中以及脱蜡助剂加剂量等方面对脱蜡效果的影响。试验结果表明：(1)应用合适的助滤剂可有效提高过滤速度，增加脱蜡油收率，降低蜡的含油量，提高蜡的质量，对脱蜡油质量不会产生影响。(2)相对于同一原料，不是所有助滤剂都能适用，有的甚至会出现反作用；同一助滤剂在不同原料中的效果也不同，不同助滤剂在不同原料中的最佳加人浓度也不同。     

尿素脱蜡制备低熔点相变蜡的工艺研究

通以减一线馏分油（简称减一线油）为原料进行尿素脱蜡工艺研究,得到尿素络合制备低熔点相变蜡的适宜工艺条件为：络合温度为25 ℃、尿素溶液加入量（w）为91%、尿素溶液组成为m（尿素）：m（异丙醇）：m（水）＝45∶35∶20、反应时间为60 min、洗油量（w）为76%。在此条件下得到的粗蜡收率为28.2%,熔点为29.6 ℃,正构烷烃质量分数为94.9%,脱蜡油凝点小于－60 ℃。对该粗蜡进行发汗后处理可以得到相变蜡,其熔点为31 ℃,焓值为201.9 kJ/kg     

浅析膜分离技术在溶剂脱蜡过程中的应用

介绍了膜分离技术在脱蜡溶剂的脱水及利用膜技术扩能方面的应用，指出膜分离技术用于脱蜡溶剂脱水时，可使溶剂中水分的质量百分数降到0．1％以下，用于装置扩能时可提高总能源效率，提高润滑油和石蜡产量，减少公用工程消耗，为溶剂脱蜡过程降低能耗，扩能改造提供了新的思路。     

高倾点富芳烃原料生产环保橡胶填充油的技术开发

根据高倾点富芳烃含量溶剂精制抽出油的组成特点和性质,以及其中高凝点组分的分子结构特点,开发出具有自主知识产权的添加脱蜡助剂抽出油溶剂脱蜡技术,该技术可以有效提高抽出油溶剂脱蜡的过滤速度和滤布蜡饼厚度,使得溶剂脱蜡装置可以连续加工抽出油。抽出油脱除高凝点组分后的脱蜡油经环保芳烃油溶剂抽提制备出环保型芳烃橡胶填充油,填充油中多环芳烃含量、苯并(a)芘含量和苯并(a)芘等八种稠环芳烃总含量均满足欧盟2005/69/EC指令中环保指标要求,该填充油的橡胶充油过程良好,没有游离的油珠,充油胶性能均满足SBR1723橡胶优级品的质量要求。     

Experience in Manufacture of Hard Waxes. Combined Dewaxing and Deoiling Unit

Most of the country's oil units are primarily oriented toward production of lube oils. The by–products formed are used as components of furnace residual fuel oil. Even the slack wax obtained in dewaxing of selectively refined raffinates goes into furnace residual fuel oil. The slack wax contains from 80 to 90% hard waxes which, like dewaxed oil, are a valuable petroleum product.     

溶剂脱蜡过程中脱蜡助剂对蜡结晶的影响

采用质谱法（MS）、偏光显微镜、差示扫描量热法（DSC）和X射线衍射法（XRD）等分析手段,考察了传统工艺生产的减四线糠精油（N4）和加氢500N含蜡油（J500）在溶剂脱蜡过程中,脱蜡助剂A和助剂B对含蜡油的脱蜡过滤速度、脱蜡油收率、蜡晶颗粒度、析蜡点和蜡晶结晶度的影响。结果表明,N4和J500中添加助剂A和助剂B后,脱蜡过滤速度、脱蜡油收率和析蜡点均提高,N4蜡晶的宏观颗粒度和微观结晶度增大,J500蜡晶的宏观颗粒度和微观结晶度变化不大,但颗粒聚集度增大。在过滤速度和脱蜡油收率方面,以链烷烃为主要蜡组分的N4对非极性助剂A的感受性好于极性助剂B,以链烷烃和环烷烃为主要蜡组分的J500对极性助剂B的感受性好于非极性助剂A。