研磨体大小对水泥熟料粉磨动力学的影响

论文就球磨机中研磨体大小对水泥熟料的破碎速率、初始破碎分布函数和粒度分布规律进行研究,实验所用研磨体的尺寸为φ20 mm, φ30 mm和φ40 mm,物料为-1.70+1.18 mm粒级的水泥熟料.研究结果表明:不同大小的研磨体对水泥熟料的粉磨遵循一级粉磨动力学方程,破碎速率随研磨体尺寸增大;初步研究认为研磨体大小对初始破碎分布参数有一定的影响;粉磨较短时间如16 min以前,大尺寸研磨体(φ40 mm 和φ30 mm)粉碎得到的细粉量多于小尺寸研磨体(φ20 mm), 延长粉磨时间到32 min以后,三种研磨体粉碎得到的水泥熟料的粒度分布相当.     

二硼化钛在氟化钾溶液中的放电行为

研究了二硼化钛电极在20%(质量分数)KF溶液中的放电性能及其影响因素。试验发现,当放电速率为100 mA/g时,二硼化钛电极总的放电容量可达2000 mA.h/g。二硼化钛电极在20%(质量分数)KF溶液中的放电曲线上出现了4个放电平台,结合循环伏安曲线、ICP及XRD等分析手段对相应的电化学过程进行了分析,提出了二硼化钛发生电化学氧化反应的可能机理。     

非线性分布参数系统状态估计的最佳测量位置

研究了分布参数系统状态估计中特有的最佳测量位置问题．建立了基于后集中方法的分布参数系统的非线性状态估计器,包括状态估计偏微分方程和微分灵敏度矩阵偏微分方程,并用适当的数值计算方法实现状态估计器的求解;以一个最小化的空间域上积分函数表达最佳测量位置的目标函数,并相应地用非线性约束优化方法求解系统具有一个或多个测量时的最佳测量位置．还以壁冷式单管固定床反应器为例,讨论了各种因素对最佳测量位置的影响及其灵敏度,并得出了一些有普遍意义的结论．     

褐煤氧化氨解反应工艺条件研究

以褐煤为原料,在较温和的反应温度(≤110℃)和氧压(≤0.5 MPa)条件下,考察了反应温度、氨水质量分数、氧压、含固体积分数及搅拌速率对褐煤氧化氨解反应产物中总氮及氨态氮质量分数的影响。结果表明,外部传递过程对氧化氨解过程影响显著,反应过程应保持足够高的搅拌强度;在一定反应时间内,反应温度和氨水质量分数的升高有利于总氮质量分数的提高,但对氨态氮质量分数影响不大;氧压升高,总氮质量分数和氨态氮质量分数均有所升高,但影响都不明显;含固体积分数对总氮质量分数和氨态氮质量分数基本无影响。实验得到了褐煤氧化氨解反应较合适的工艺条件。     

鼓泡塔中气泡群运动的实验与模拟

采用高速摄像法测量了均匀鼓泡流状态下,水以及体积分数分别为20%和40%的甘油-水体系中气泡群的浮升运动,考察了气含率、雷诺数和分布器孔径对气泡尺寸、形状、浮升速率和曳力系数的影响。构建了立方体单元胞模型,并根据雷诺数的不同选取层流和湍流模型,模拟得到气泡的浮升速率和曳力系数与实验值吻合较好。结果表明:随着气含率及液体黏度的提高,气泡群浮升阻力增大,浮升速率减少;随着雷诺数和气泡直径的增加,曳力系数减小,气泡浮升速率增大。单元胞模型能较好地反映气泡群浮升过程中各因素的影响,是处理气泡群运动的有效工具。     

过氧化氢氧化二甲基亚砜合成二甲基砜的连续流工艺

以二甲基亚砜为原料,过氧化氢为氧化剂,研究了在脉冲混合结构微通道反应器中氧化合成二甲基砜的连续流工艺。考察了反应物料配比、过氧化氢质量分数、反应停留时间、反应温度等对反应的影响。结果表明,当n(二甲基亚砜)∶n(过氧化氢)=1∶1. 5、过氧化氢质量分数为50%、反应温度为130℃、反应停留时间为10 min时,二甲基亚砜完全氧化成二甲基砜。此工艺充分利用微通道反应器优良的传质传热特点,大大缩短了反应时间,提高了反应速率,扩大了工艺条件选择区间,实现了对氧化反应过程的有效控制,增加了安全系数。     

阿司匹林结晶过程的在线分析

晶体的颗粒尺寸分布和形状是结晶产品的两个关键质量指标,不仅影响结晶产品的性质,还影响下游的过滤、干燥及运输存储等过程。利用超声粒度分析仪、衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱仪、浊度仪与二维成像系统等分析仪器在线测量了不同搅拌速率和不同降温速率下阿司匹林乙醇溶液结晶过程中温度、浓度、颗粒尺寸分布和形状的变化情况。实验结果表明：较低的降温速率或者较大的搅拌速率条件下得到含有大量细晶的阿司匹林结晶产品;较高的降温速率下得到长宽比较大的阿司匹林结晶产品。调节降温速率和搅拌速率是一种有效控制阿司匹林结晶产品尺寸分布与形状的方法。     

阿司匹林结晶过程的在线分析

晶体的颗粒尺寸分布和形状是结晶产品的两个关键质量指标,不仅影响结晶产品的性质,还影响下游的过滤、干燥及运输存储等过程。利用超声粒度分析仪、衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱仪、浊度仪与二维成像系统等分析仪器在线测量了不同搅拌速率和不同降温速率下阿司匹林乙醇溶液结晶过程中温度、浓度、颗粒尺寸分布和形状的变化情况。实验结果表明:较低的降温速率或者较大的搅拌速率条件下得到含有大量细晶的阿司匹林结晶产品;较高的降温速率下得到长宽比较大的阿司匹林结晶产品。调节降温速率和搅拌速率是一种有效控制阿司匹林结晶产品尺寸分布与形状的方法。     

由硼砂和消石灰制备偏硼酸钙

以硼砂和消石灰为原料,经反应、过滤、洗涤及干燥制备出偏硼酸钙(CaO*B2O3*6H2O)产品.经过实验研究确定了适宜的工艺条件:硼钙配料比(氧化硼与氧化钙质量比)在2.2∶ 1左右;液固体积质量比为2.76 mL/g左右;温度为35 ℃;反应时间为8～10 h.在此工艺条件下制得的偏硼酸钙产品含氧化硼质量分数为29%～31%、氧化钙质量分数为23%～25%、氧化钠质量分数≤0.5%.产物的X射线衍射分析和热重分析表明,合成的产品为六水合偏硼酸钙纯相,扫描电镜显示产物为白色的不规则六边形条状晶体.     

宽Re范围内气泡和液滴曳力系数的关联模型

流粒(气泡或液滴)的曳力系数CD和上升/终端速度因有助于准确预测反应器内相含率分布、液相速度分布、流粒停留时间和传质速率而具有重要意义.但现有用于估算流粒CD的关联式大多分段且只在低雷诺数Re区间内有效,并难以同时准确预测不同实验体系和操作条件下的实验结果.针对这些不足,基于实验测量和理论分析,本工作提出了一个能够在整...     

Using the attainable region analysis to determine the effect of process parameters on breakage in a ball mill

Ball milling is one of the most common unit operations used for size reduction across a range of industries. However, it is also a notoriously inefficient process, often contributing substantially to operational costs. In this work, we investigate the influence of rotation rate, grinding media fill level and grinding media size on the optimal production of a product of intermediate size. We find that changing the grinding media size at otherwise identical conditions produces different breakage products as well as nonmonotonic trends with varying rotation rate and grinding media fill levels. In addition, we show how to use the attainable region analysis to explore the parameter space in a reduced time without having to perform tests at every parameter combination. Finally, we examine how the complex interplay between rotation rate, grinding media fill level and grinding media size can control the mechanism of breakage occurring inside a ball mill. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

A study on the specific rate of breakage of cement materials in a laboratory ball mill

The specific rate of breakage (S_i) in the widely accepted first-order expression of grinding rate is one of the important factors required to evaluate a grinding process, particularly for the initial grinding stage in various mill types.In this study, the effects of ball diameter and feed size on the specific rate of breakage were investigated on limestone, trass and clinker samples at batch grinding conditions based on a kinetic model. Eight different monosize fractions were prepared between 1.7 and 0.106 mm, using a √2 sieve series. The specific rates of breakage (S_i) were determined from the size distributions at different grinding times, and the specific rates of breakage were compared for three different ball diameters (41, 25.4 and 9.5 mm).The results indicated that the variation of the specific rate of breakage with feed size of cement materials could be expressed. For the specific rate of breakage of each material, empirical equations were developed to express it as a function of feed size and ball diameter.     

Batch grinding kinetics in the presence of two active zones

It is shown that the presence of two active zones in a grinding mill leads to apparent non-first-order breakage of the top feed size in batch grinding. The equations to describe the kinetics of the breakage of the top size and of the total size distribution are obtained, and an analytical solution is given. Parametric analysis shows the influences of the relative magnitudes of the two active zones, the rates of breakage and the rate of mass transfer between the two active zones on the mill product. The concepts may be applicable to any type of mill where two active zones can exist.     

Formulation of a non-linear framework for population balance modeling of batch grinding: Beyond first-order kinetics

Population balance models (PBMs) for batch grinding are based on the concepts of specific breakage rate and breakage distribution. In the traditional PBMs, the breakage rate is assumed first-order, thus neglecting the effects of the temporally evolving material properties and multi-particle interactions. As an attempt to explain some of the above effects, a time-dependent specific breakage rate was introduced in the literature. The time-variant PBMs are inadequate to explain the multi-particle interactions explicitly and thoroughly. In this paper, we formulate a non-linear population balance framework to explain the non-first-order breakage rates that originate from multi-particle interactions. Based on this framework, four size-discrete non-linear models with varying complexity have been derived. A simple non-linear model with non-uniform kinetics assumption, Model B, was used to simulate the slowing-down phenomenon commonly observed in dry grinding processes. Not only does the model explain the effects of the fines accumulation on the specific breakage rate of the coarse, but also it is capable of predicting the significant influence of the initial population density. Identification of the proposed models, i.e., the solution of the inverse problem is also discussed.     

Formulation of a physically motivated specific breakage rate parameter for ball milling via the discrete element method

A physically based specific breakage rate parameter of the population balance model for batch dry‐milling is formulated, which explicitly accounts for the impact energy distribution calculated by the discrete element method (DEM). Preliminary DEM simulations of particle impact tests were first performed, which concluded that dissipation energy should be used in contrast to collision energy to accurately define the impact energy distribution. Subsequently, DEM simulations of the motion of spheres representing silica glass beads in a ball mill were performed to determine the specific breakage rate parameter, which was in good agreement with those found experimentally. An analysis of the impact energy distribution, which was only possible within context of the physically motivated specific breakage rate parameter, emphasized the importance of accounting for a threshold impact energy. Without proper assessment of the impact energy distribution, DEM simulations may lead to an erroneous evaluation of milling experiments. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2404–2415, 2014     

Breakage properties of some materials in a laboratory ball mill

Crystalline quartz, silicon carbide, three coals of different rank and a cement clinker were studied in a small laboratory ball mill under standard conditions. The first-order specific rates of breakage and the cumulative primary daughter fragment distributions were determined. Two coals showed a slowing down of breakage rate at fine dry grinds. Anthracite showed an acceleration of grinding rate. Wet grinding was first order in all cases even to very fine grinds. Wet grinding was always faster than dry grinding for a given material but the shapes of the size distributions were the same within experimental variability.     

Parameter effects on dry fine pulverization of alumina particles in a fluidized bed opposed jet mill

The paper presents the experimental results on dry fine pulverization of alumina particles in a fluidized bed opposed jet mill. The effect of operating parameters (i.e., feed load, inlet air pressure and the distance between nozzle outlet and jet meeting point) on the grinding results was investigated in detail. The breakage behaviors of alumina particles with respect to the effects of different parameters were discussed via the selection and breakage functions calculated by the first Kapur function method. In addition, the product size distributions could be simulated by a proposed model.     

FLOC BREAKAGE ANALYSIS— A SIMULATION APPROACH

The transient floe size distribution in a lean, batch two phase dispersed system has been analyzed through Monte Carlo simulation. Two algorithms, SIMA and SIMB, have been investigated. The simulation results reveal that SIMA is suitable for portraying the breakage event which produces mainly small daughter particles while SIMB is capable of predicting the breakage event that produces a heavy-tailed daughter particle size distribution. Algorithm SIMA results in a positive correlation between parent particle size and the number of daughter particles produced upon breakage. The daughter particle size distribution is found to depend upon the size of the parent floe.     

Application of CFD and breakage modelling for predicting the size reduction of protein precipitates during transport

Particle breakage due to fluid flow through various geometries can have a major influence on the performance of particle/fluid transport and separation processes. Whey protein precipitate dispersions were used as a case study to investigate the effect of flow intensity and exposure time on the breakage of precipitates during transport. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed to evaluate the turbulent energy dissipation rate (?) and associated exposure time along various flow geometries. A breakage model, incorporating the CFD output and experimentally determined parameter values, was found to provide a satisfactory capability for predicting the breakage of the protein precipitate particles. The breakage modelling approach was then applied to particles formed under different agitation intensities during the precipitation process. The formation history of the precipitates had a significant effect on their structure and strength and hence different breakage rates were observed. The precipitate dispersions were propelled through a number of different geometries such as bends, tees and elbows. The shape of the flow geometry was found to have an important effect on particle size reduction. This predictive particle breakage modelling approach was then applied to larger-scale flow geometries with cross-sectional area of 150 times greater than the experimental.