Numerical calculation of the current through a vibrating capacitor

Contents The measurement of the contact potential difference with the so-called Kelvin probe or vibrating capacitor technique is one of the most sensitive measuring procedures in surface physics. This article describes the influence of the shape of the Kelvin probe on the measured current. Two models are investigated: The most simple one, a parallel plate-capacitor and a more realistic one, a sphereplate capacitor.

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Numerische Berechnung des Stromes durch einen schwingenden Kondensator

Übersicht Die Messung der Kontaktpotential-Differenz mit Hilfe der Kelvin-Sonde oder der Methode des schwingenden Kondensators ist eine der empfindlichsten Meßmethoden in der Oberflächenphysik. In diesem Artikel wird der Einfluß der Form der Kelvin-Sonde auf den gemessenen Strom dargestellt. Zwei Modelle werden untersucht: Ein sehr einfaches, der parallele Platenkondensator, und ein etwas praxisnäheres, die Kapazität zwischen einer Kugel und einer Platte.

     

偏置电容法测量电容电流

电力系统中心点绝缘系统在确定是否要配置消弧线圈时,需要估算或测量系统的单相接地电流。用戴维南定理推导了偏置电容法测量电容电流的计算式,并分析了其产生误差的原因。     

Stray capacitance eliminating transformations for switched capacitor circuits

Transformations are given that eliminate the influence of part or all of the stray capacitances to ground in a switched capacitor circuit, while leaving the transfer functions and, conditionally, their sensitivities to nominal capacitor ratios invariant. the transformations increase the number of operational amplifiers to the minimum that is required, as we prove, for stray capacitance insensitive circuits. the number of capacitors usually also increases, giving rise to constraint equations.     

基于序网等值电路的双馈风电机组接入系统短路电流计算方法

为了方便和准确地计算双馈风电机组(DFIG)接入系统的短路电流分布,提出了投撬棒后DFIG的工频和转频序网等值电路,并给出了利用该等值电路计算系统短路电流的方法。通过求解投撬棒后DFIG磁链的状态微分方程,得到其工频分量和转频分量的解析表达式。在此基础上,将DFIG的电压空间矢量方程按转频和工频分量进行分解,并根据空间矢量与相量间的关系,分别形成了转频和工频序网等值电路。其中,转频正序、负序等值电路分别为带内阻抗的电势和无源阻抗,而工频正序、负序等值电路均为无源阻抗。利用该等值电路只需已知DFIG的电机参数和故障初值条件而无需仿真即可求得DFIG接入系统各处的短路电流。以某DFIG接入系统为例,通过PSCAD仿真验证了该等值电路和短路计算方法在不同故障条件下的有效性。     

基于CVT电容电流的谐波电压测量方法

准确有效地进行谐波电压测量是掌握电网谐波状况、开展谐波治理、提升电能质量水平的重要前提和依据。为解决目前大量在运CVT无法准确测量谐波的问题,提出基于CVT电容电流的谐波电压测量方法。该方法测量流过高压电容和中压电容支路的电流并进行谐波分析,根据电容参数即可方便准确地计算得到高压侧谐波电压。该方法只需对CVT二次回路进行简单改造,在不影响设备运行安全的前提下,实现谐波电压测量。首先给出该方法的基本原理,然后结合仿真计算分析电流测量精度和电容值变化对谐波测量误差的影响,对实际CVT完成了物理试验验证。试验表明：该方法的2~50次谐波电压测量误差均小于2%,满足谐波国家标准的相关要求。     

Hybrid switch with controlled switching for circuits with capacitor banks

An original scheme for constructing a hybrid switch (HSW) for switching capacitor banks is proposed and proven. The experimental studies of the transient processes during current commutation in the hybrid switch are conducted. The dependences of the transition time of the current between a vacuum arcquenching chamber (VDK) and a diode unit on the switching current are determined. A mathematical model of the current transition between the vacuum arc-quenching chamber and diode units under different switching modes is developed.     

升压型Boost-PFC电路的频率反走临界电流控制

临界导通工作模式下的Boost PFC电路在交流输入电压过零点附近出现开关频率过高和过零点交越失真,导致电路开关损耗增加和总谐波失真增大,为此在恒定导通时间控制基础上,提出了一种电流控制频率反走的控制策略.通过在交流输入电压过零点附近将电路从临界工作模式切换到断续工作模式的方式,降低电路在交流输入电压过零点附近开关管的...     

A calculation method of chamberless thermal determination of intrinsic safety for electrical circuits

A mathematical model of electric ignition for methane-air mixture from a source of sustained power is applied to develop a reliable calculation method for determination of the intrinsic safety of electrical circuits of explosion-proof electrical equipment. A method for rapid calculating of the intrinsic safety for explosion-proof electrical equipment is developed that is suitable for evaluation of a wide class of circuits, including systems with reduced discharge time, based on regression relationships obtained by the preliminary pattern of thermal explosion field. The possibility of using the proposed method is shown by the example of determination of the intrinsic safety of electrical circuits of a dc power supply with high load capacity, which responds to the excess of the modulus for the rate of change of load current strength.     

适用于拓扑调整的短路电流快速计算方法

传统的适用于电网运行方式调整的短路电流计算方法耗时太长,无法满足电网快速分析决策的需求。在此背景下,提出了适用于电网拓扑调整的短路电流快速计算方法。该算法基于节点阻抗矩阵,采用补偿法分析发电机停运、线路开断和线路出串运行导致的阻抗矩阵变化,并在此基础上给出了适用于电网拓扑调整的短路电流快速计算流程。针对不同节点规模的实际系统的仿真算例表明,所提出的方法计算速度快,计算结果准确可靠,能够满足大电网方式调整优化对短路电流计算的要求。该方法可以为电网短路电流限制策略分析提供技术支撑。     

考虑温度因素的特高压并联电容器双桥差不平衡电流保护整定方法

特高压并联电容器规模庞大,元件数量众多,各元件工作条件和工作环境存在明显差异。环境条件可改变电容器自身参数,进而影响桥差保护的可靠性与灵敏性。在现行双桥差不平衡电流保护的基础上,对温度因素的影响进行深入讨论。通过理论分析,得到考虑温度因素的不平衡电流值计算方法,并进行简化处理,制定出切实可行的保护整定方案。根据实际工程参数,利用PSCAD搭建仿真模型并对所提方法进行论证,具有理论价值和实际工程意义。     

优化模拟电流法计算超高压输电线路三维磁场

为了获得更准确的输电线路下方磁场的三维分布,使用智能优化算法对模拟电流法中模拟电流的个数与位置参数进行寻优,解决了普通模拟电流法中模拟电流的位置和个数只能依靠经验来确定的问题,从而提高计算精度.建立基于输电线路实际物理形状的三维计算模型,通过不同方法计算上海市松江区洞泾-泗泾500 kV线路的三维磁场分布.将计算结果与...     

基于FFT的变压器励磁涌流谐波含量计算方法研究*

变压器空载合闸或外部故障切除电压恢复的过程中,会产生幅值可达额定电流十数倍的励磁涌流。该涌流只经过变压器电源侧,必然流入主变差流回路,可能导致纵联差动保护误动。以湖南电网220 kV新一代智能变电站主变压器的实际参数进行研究,在Matlab/Simulink中建立励磁涌流仿真模型,对不同合闸初相角条件下变压器各相的涌流特性进行了仿真计算。利用快速傅里叶算法(Fast Fourier Transformation,FFT)对涌流电流的谐波含量进行计算。在此基础上对励磁涌流的产生机理、间断角等内容进行了研究和分析。研究结果表明,所述方法可对实际工程保护定值的合理性进行验证。     

考虑线路电容的MMC-HVDC系统 直流接地故障电流计算方法

研究模块化多电平换流站直流侧故障的暂态特性,对直流系统保护配置的设计、系统参数的优化等有重要的工程意义。考虑直流线路对地电容的影响,提出了一种直流侧单极接地故障电流计算方法。首先对直流线路进行π型等效处理,分析了MMC-HVDC系统在三种不同接地方式下的直流侧单极接地故障电流的产生机理。对不同接地方式下的换流站进行数学建模,基于基尔霍夫定律建立系统的微分方程,通过Matlab求解系统的故障电流。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台,建立MMC-HVDC直流系统模型。仿真结果验证了故障电流算法的精确性。     

基于电容电流反馈的新型HAPF谐振抑制方法

针对有源电力滤波器和无功补偿电容器组成的混合型有源电力滤波器(HAPF)的系统谐振问题,提出了一种基于无功补偿电容器电流反馈的新型HAPF谐振抑制方法。该方法在传统有源电力滤波器电流控制的基础上,通过增加电容电流反馈控制环节,增强系统阻尼,抑制系统谐振。基于该方法,分别就谐波检测电流包含和不包含电容器电流2种情况,详细分析了在电网谐波电压和负载谐波电流2种谐波源激励作用下,系统发生串、并联谐振时的谐振抑制特性。理论分析和实验结果表明,该方法能够有效抑制系统串、并联谐振,提高系统稳定裕度,并对负载谐波电流具有理想的补偿效果。     

含分布式电源配电网通用故障电流计算方法

针对含分布式电源的配电网故障电流计算通用性差或计算量大的问题,提出一种通用、计算量小的故障电流计算方法。将分布式电源分为机组并网与逆变器并网两类激励源,考虑低电压穿越要求,给出分布式电源的故障特性。在此基础上,根据叠加定理,将线性故障配电网分为不同激励源作用下的两部分,对两类激励源作用下的配电网分别进行故障电流分量计算,叠加求得总故障电流。计算过程中,对逆变器并网激励源产生的故障电流分量采用迭代算法进行求解。编制了所提的算法程序,计算实际配电网的短路电流。计算结果表明,所提通用故障电流计算方法正确、有效。     

Power·delay product in COSMOS logic circuits

In this simulation work, we use COSMOS logic devices—a novel single gate CMOS architecture recently announced [1]—in multi-input logic gates, assessing its performance in terms of power·delay product. We consider three different multi-input logic circuits: a two-input NOR gate, a three-input NOR gate, and a three-input composite NOR/NAND (NORAND) gate. For this power·delay analysis, the transient TCAD simulations are employed in a mixed-mode approach where circuit and device simulations are coupled together, culminating in the delay response of the circuits as well as the static/dynamic current components. The analysis shows that all circuits, except the 3-input NOR gate, has acceptable characteristics at low-power applications and static leakage limits all COSMOS circuits at high-bias conditions.     

Weighted average Q-factor calculation for single port filter-antenna measurement

Filter-antenna has many advantages like no need of match network, low insertion loss, ease of design, low cost and light weight. However, practical implementation of filter-antenna requires a precise value of \(Q\) -factor. Filter-antenna is a single device, handling radiating and filtering properties simultaneously, making it difficult to extract \(Q\) -factor for such device. Moreover, filter-antenna has single port and designer is required to calculate \(Q\) -factor from single port. As reported in literature that the available methods for calculation of \(Q\) -factor from single port seem inaccurate. This paper presents a novel \(Q\) -factor calculation method that outperforms existing methods for almost every case of filter-antenna. Experimental results verify the superior performance of proposed method relative existing methods.     

Postbreakdown current in MOS structures: extraction of parameters using the Integral difference function method

This paper deals with the extraction of parameters and simulation of the postbreakdown leakage current in pMOS devices with ultrathin oxides. The model considered is based on the generalized diode equation, i.e., a diode-like equation with series resistance. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristic can be expressed in a closed-form expression, which makes it is suitable for circuit simulation environments. Model parameters are extracted using the integral difference function (IDF) method. Because the exact expression for the I-V characteristic is used for computing the IDF, the method does not involve any kind of approximation. The effect of including a nonlinear correction term to the voltage drop across the structure is also discussed.     

A companion macromodelling approach for the transient analysis of MOS large-scale integrated circuits

Purpose of this work is to present a new macromodelling approach for the simulation at the device level of large MOS integrated circuits, requiring only marginal modifications to be implemented in the widely used circuit simulator SPICE. This method results in a substantial saving in computing time and guarantees the same accuracy of SPICE. A prototype simulator based on this method has been developed and used to analyse several significant circuits. In addition, since the method is particularly suitable to be implemented in parallel computers, some results obtained with the CRAY-YMP/432 computer are provided.