BTL/柴油混合燃料对柴油机瞬态工况微粒粒度分布的影响

试验研究了不同添加比例的生物柴油(BTL)混合燃料对高压共轨柴油机瞬变工况下微粒排放的影响,分析了不同瞬变率工况下微粒粒度分布特征,揭示了燃料理化特性对柴油机瞬态工况微粒排放粒度分布的影响规律。研究结果表明:瞬态工况下石化柴油、生物柴油燃料微粒粒数排放均呈双峰结构,核态微粒峰值在10nm附近,积聚态微粒峰值在60nm附近;石化柴油燃料微粒排放以大粒径积聚态微粒为主,占微粒总数的55%以上;BTL燃料微粒排放以小粒径核态微粒为主,占微粒总数的96%以上。随着工况瞬变率的减小,BTL燃料、石化柴油微粒平均数量排放均逐渐减少,BTL燃料下降更明显;石化柴油核态微粒排放受瞬变率的影响较为显著,BTL燃料受瞬变率的影响不明显。对于不同添加比例的生物柴油混合燃料,在小瞬变率工况,微粒排放数量随添加比例的增加缓慢上升;在中等瞬变率工况,添加比小于30%时微粒排放数量基本不增加,但核态微粒所占比例略有上升;在高瞬变率工况,添加比例大于10%时微粒排放数量大幅度上升。     

不同大气压力下掺烧10%体积含量生物柴油对共轨柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

对高压共轨柴油机在不同大气压力下掺烧10%体积含量生物柴油(B10)和石化柴油的燃烧和排放特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:外特性工况下,与原机相比,3 200r/min和1 200r/min时B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率略低,峰值放热率略高;2 200r/min时B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率和放热率均略高;HC和CO排放均降低;大气压力81kPa时B10的NOx排放降低1.2%～10.0%,碳烟减少4.8%～20.4%,大气压力100kPa时NOx排放增加1.0%～4.3%,碳烟减少6.2%～16.8%。等功率工况下,与原机相比,B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率和放热率略高,碳烟和NOx排放有不同程度的降低。外特性工况下,与大气压力81kPa时相比,100kPa下原机和B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率和放热率均略高;NOx排放增加12.0%～369.2%,碳烟减少23.2%～34.6%。等功率工况下,与大气压力81kPa时相比,100kPa下原机和B10的最高燃烧压力、峰值压升率和放热率均略高,NOx排放增加14.5%～330.7%,低转速的增加幅度较大,碳烟减少4.6%～74.4%,HC和CO排放均增加。关键词:内燃机;高压共轨柴油机;生物柴油;燃烧;不同大气压力;排放     

生物柴油/甲醇混合燃料对柴油机性能与排放的影响研究

在一台4缸直喷式柴油机上研究了超低硫柴油、生物柴油及后者与甲醇的混合燃料对发动机性能、气体及微粒排放的影响。生物柴油由餐饮废油制取,除单独使用外和甲醇按体积比90：10和80：20混合后使用。在最大扭矩转速1800 r.m in-1时,在5个不同负荷下,比较了不同燃料热效率及CO、HC、NOx以及微粒质量浓度,微粒的总数量及平均几何粒径。结果表明,和超低硫柴油相比,生物柴油及其和甲醇的混合燃料的热效率增加,NOx和微粒质量、数量浓度的排放降低,但HC、CO和NO2排放升高;同时,随着甲醇混合比例的增加,HC、CO和NO2的排放成比例增加,微粒的质量浓度及数量浓度进一步降低,热效率及NOx几乎保持不变。     

共轨柴油机燃用不同配比生物柴油的性能与排放特性

对某共轨柴油机燃用石化柴油、生物柴油及其混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了研究.在未对原机做任何改动的情况下,分别燃用了0%、5%、10%、20%和100%的5种不同体积配比的餐饮废油制生物柴油与石化柴油的混合燃料,分析比较了不同生物柴油配比对发动机功率、燃油消耗率,以及CO、HC、NO_x和烟度排放的影响.研究表明:共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油与石化柴油混合燃料后,功率略有下降,燃油消耗率有所上升;烟度、CO和HC排放减少,且随着生物柴油掺混比例的升高而降低;NO_x排放上升,且随着生物柴油掺混比例的升高而增加.     

柴油机燃用不同比例棉籽生物柴油的试验

对电控共轨柴油机采用不同混合比例棉籽生物柴油时的经济性、动力性和排放特性进行了研究.采用纯柴油低比例混合棉籽生物柴油时,发动机的动力性略有降低,燃油消耗率略有升高,外特性上最大偏差均小于3%,这主要由于生物柴油热值较低造成.与纯柴油相比,发动机排放的各污染物变化趋势一致,排放量有所差异.在欧洲瞬态循环(ETC)和欧洲稳...     

生物柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

列举了生物柴油的基本物化特性。介绍了生物柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响。相比普通柴油,燃用生物柴油可以减少CO、CO_2、SO_2、HC、微粒以及碳烟的排放且不会影响柴油机工作性能。采用EGR、乳化油、多次喷射及微粒捕捉器等措施可以进一步降低使用生物柴油的微粒和NOx排放。生物柴油作为一种可再生的替代能源,以其良好的环境效应受到越来越多的关注。     

高原地区柴油机燃用生物柴油混合燃料排放特性研究

在高原环境（81kPa）下,对4100QBZL型柴油机燃用不同配比生物柴油混合燃料后的排放特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：与燃用柴油相比,各工况下,HC、CO和碳烟的排放均有不同程度的降低（分别平均下降4．5％～38．4％、15．4％～43．9％和12．5％～65．5％）,高负荷低转速工况下效果尤为明显;NOx的排放也得到明显改善,只有纯生物柴油的NO。排放较柴油上升了0％～2．1％,其他指标均下降（平均下降4．4％～4．9％）。综合考虑,燃用掺混比为30％以内的生物柴油混合燃料,能同时有效地降低HC、CO、NOx和碳烟的排放。     

直喷柴油机燃用生物柴油/柴油混合燃料适应性研究

在AVL标准试验台架上研究了掺混不同比例生物柴油混合燃料对DW10TD四缸电控柴油机动力性、经济性及排放性的影响.研究结果表明,发动机在不作任何改动的前提下,可实现稳定运转;发动机燃用B10的动力与原柴油机相当,燃用B20,B30时动力与燃用B0时相比下降幅度在3%以内.随着柴油中生物柴油添加比例的增大,发动机有效燃油消耗率增大,但发动机燃烧有效热效率有所改善.发动机燃用掺混生物柴油混合燃料对发动机碳烟排放有显著的改善作用;CO和NOx排放在中小负荷与原柴油机相当,大负荷时CO排放随着混合燃料中生物柴油添加比例的增高而减少,而NOx排放则随着生物柴油添加比例的增大而升高;THC排放在中小负荷随着生物柴油添加比例升高而下降.大负荷下燃用各种燃料THC排放基本相当.     

柴油机燃烧乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的排放特性研究

在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上分别燃用柴油、乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料,对不同掺烧比的乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的排放特性进行了对比研究.试验结果表明,随着乙醇掺混比例的增大,燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的排放情况是:烟度排放大幅度降低,中高负荷下CO排放大幅度减少,HC排放量明显增加,Nox排放变化不大.     

柴油机燃用生物柴油混合燃料排放性能试验研究

通过对柴油机燃用掺入不同比例生物柴油的混合燃料排放性能的试验研究,结果表明：在柴油中掺入不同比例生物柴油的混合燃料,柴油机的CO,Hc和烟度均有较大的降低,NOx的排放略有升高,耗油率基本不变（在最大负荷时,10％,20％,30％的混合燃料和柴油机比较,HC的排放分别减少了20％,33．3％和83．3％;碳烟的排放分别减少了16．2％,51．8％和63．6％）。     

Exhaust emission study on neat biodiesel and alcohol blends fueled diesel engine

In this study, neat biodiesel with octanol additive was employed in a diesel engine and its effects on engine emission were studied. The five fuels evaluated were neat palm kernal oil biodiesel, octanol blended with biodiesel by 10%, 20%, and 30% volume, and diesel. All the emissions are reduced by the addition of octanol in biodiesel in all loads owing to the higher oxygen concentration of air/fuel mixtures and improved atomization. Hence, it is concluded that the neat biodiesel and octanol blends can be employed as an alternative fuel for existing unmodified diesel engines owing to its lesser emission characteristics.     

The effect of biodiesel and bioethanol blended diesel fuel on nanoparticles and exhaust emissions from CRDI diesel engine

Biofuel (biodiesel, bioethanol) is considered one of the most promising alternative fuels to petrol fuels. The objective of the work is to study the characteristics of the particle size distribution, the reaction characteristics of nanoparticles on the catalyst, and the exhaust emission characteristics when a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine is run on biofuel-blended diesel fuels. In this study, the engine performance, emission characteristics, and particle size distribution of a CRDI diesel engine that was equipped with a warm-up catalytic converters (WCC) or a catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) were examined in an ECE (Economic Commission Europe) R49 test and a European stationary cycle (ESC) test. The engine performance under a biofuel-blended diesel fuel was similar to that under D100 fuel, and the high fuel consumption was due to the lowered calorific value that ensued from mixing with biofuels. The use of a biodiesel–diesel blend fuel reduced the total hydrocarbon (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions but increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions due to the increased oxygen content in the fuel. The smoke emission was reduced by 50% with the use of the bioethanol–diesel blend. Emission conversion efficiencies in the WCC and CPF under biofuel-blended diesel fuels were similar to those under D100 fuel. The use of biofuel-blended diesel fuel reduced the total number of particles emitted from the engine; however, the use of biodiesel–diesel blends resulted in more emissions of particles that were smaller than 50 nm, when compared with the use of D100. The use of a mixed fuel of biodiesel and bioethanol (BD15E5) was much more effective for the reduction of the particle number and particle mass, when compared to the use of BD20 fuel.     

改进燃油喷射系统,降低柴油机有害排放

燃油喷射系统的各结构参数对柴油机的排放有重要的影响。通过对喷射系统的几个主要参数如喷油规律、喷孔直径、喷油压力等的分析来阐明其对排放的影响。     

Numerical simulation of biodiesel fuel combustion and emission characteristics in a direct injection diesel engine

The effect of the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel fuels on the combustion process and pollutants formation in Direct Injection (DI) engine are investigated numerically by using multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. In the current study, methyl butanoate (MB) and n-heptane are used as the surrogates for the biodiesel fuel and the conventional diesel fuel. Detailed kinetic chemical mechanisms for MB and n-heptane are implemented to simulate the combustion process. It is shown that the differences in the chemical properties between the biodiesel fuel and the diesel fuel affect the whole combustion process more significantly than the differences in the physical properties. While the variations of both the chemical and the physical properties between the biodiesel and diesel fuel influence the soot formation at the equivalent level, the variations in the chemical properties play a crucial role in the NO_x emissions formation.     

Effect of ethanol–diesel blend fuels on emission and particle size distribution in a common-rail direct injection diesel engine with warm-up catalytic converter

In this study, the exhaust gas from a common-rail direct injection diesel engine was investigated both upstream and downstream warm-up catalytic converters (WCC). Three different types of ultra-low sulfur fuels (ethanol–diesel blend, ethanol–diesel blend with cetane improver and pure diesel) were tested in this study. The objective of the work was to study the engine performance and the formation of THC (total hydro carbon), CO (carbon monoxide), NO_x (nitrogen oxides), smoke and PM (particulate matters) when using these fuels. THC and CO emissions of the ethanol–diesel blend fuels were slightly increased, and about 50–80% mean conversion efficiencies of THC and CO on catalysts were achieved in the ECE R49 13-mode cycle. Smoke was decreased by more than 42% in the entire ECE 13-mode cycles. From the measurement of scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) for the particle size range of 10–385 nm, the total number and total mass of the PM of the ethanol–diesel blend fuels were decreased by about 11.7–15% and 19.2–26.9%, respectively.     

Impact of waste cooking oil in biodiesel blends on particle size distributions from a city-car engine

Using biodiesel as a blending component in diesel engine has demonstrated to reduce hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions. Literature showed that biodiesel type, engine architecture and test conditions deeply affect performance and emission characteristics. Among suitable biodiesel fuels, waste cooking oil (WCO) is considered very attractive due to the reduced environmental impact without sacrificing engine performance.This paper aims at investigating how mixing ratio of biodiesel from WCO and mineral diesel affects the particle size distributions of a current state of art small displacement diesel engine.Experimental tests have been performed on an up-to date light common rail diesel engine. Its complete operative field has been investigated. The results obtained show that the use of biodiesel blends from WCO reduces the total number of particles emitted from the engine with respect to the diesel fuel; the reduction is more evident as the percentage of biodiesel in the blend increases. The number of particles in WCO biodiesel soot with diameter smaller than 10 nm is reduced as compared to diesel fuel; the same trend is observed for diameters larger than 200 nm; comparable particle numbers were obtained in the ultrafine range (Dp < 100 nm).     

8240ZJC型柴油机排放的研究

根据8240ZJC型柴油机的排放试验,分析了中冷水温、喷油提前角以及燃料喷射质量的变化对柴油机排放性能的影响,为改善柴油机的排放提供了途径。     

供油提前角对柴油/水煤浆混合燃料燃烧排放性能的影响

通过柴油机台架试验,分析了供油提前角变化对柴油/水煤浆混合燃料燃烧排放的影响.试验结果表明:当供油提前角调定为18 ℃A时,柴油/水煤浆混合燃料的有效燃油消耗率降低,热效率升高,燃烧持续期最短,增加或减少供油提前角都将延长燃烧持续期;供油提前角变化对柴油/水煤浆混合燃料的排放有较大影响,逐步增大供油提前角(由17到18 ℃A,再到19 ℃A),混合燃烧的烟度排放降低,Nox的排放先降低再升高,CO的排放先升高再降低,HC排放升高.     

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel on combustion and emissions of direct injection diesel engine

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel on the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different fuel delivery advance angles were investigated. The experimental results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits shorter ignition delay, lower peak values of premixed burning rate, lower combustion pressure and pressure rise rate, and higher peak value of diffusion burning rate than conventional diesel fuel when the engine remains unmodified. In addition, the unmodified engine with F-T diesel fuel has lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher effective thermal efficiency, and presents lower HC, CO, NO _x and smoke emissions than conventional diesel fuel. When fuel delivery advance angle is retarded by 3 crank angle degrees, the combustion duration is obviously shortened; the peak values of premixed burning rate, the combustion pressure and pressure rise rate are further reduced; and the peak value of diffusion burning rate is further increased for F-T diesel fuel operation. Moreover, the retardation of fuel delivery advance angle results in a further significant reduction in NO _x emissions with no penalty on specific fuel consumption and with much less penalty on HC, CO and smoke emissions. __________ Translated from Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering, 2007, 28(2): 19–23 [译自: 内燃机工程]