Co掺杂对Na3V2(PO4)2F3材料结构和电化学性能的影响

首次采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Co掺杂Na_3V_(2-x)Co_x(PO_4)_2F_3(x=0.00,0.05,0.1,0.2)钠离子电池正极材料。使用XRD、FE-SEM、恒流充放电和交流阻抗测试分析了Co掺杂对Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2F_3材料的结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,Co~(2+)取代V~(3+)可在Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2F_3晶格内产生V~(3+/4+)混合电价从而提高Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2F_3材料的电子电导率,具有更大离子半径的Co~(2+)替换V~(3+)可增大Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2F_3晶胞体积,扩宽钠离子传输通道,从而提高其离子电导率。此外,Co掺杂可有效减小Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2F_3电极的电荷转移阻抗。电化学测试结果表明,x=0.1时的Na_3V_(1.9)Co_(0.1)(PO_4)_2F_3电极展现出了最优异的电化学性能,0.1C时的首次放电比容量为111.3mAh·g~(-1),5C时首周可逆容量为91.9mAh·g~(-1),循环80次的容量保持率为70%。     

Li_4Ti_(4.95)Nb_(0.05)O_(12)负极材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

采用二步固相法制备了Li_4Ti_(4.95)Nb_(0.05)O_(12)负极材料,扫描电镜、激光粒度分布仪、充放电测试和循环伏安等测试结果表明:合成的样品粒径分布均匀,Nb掺杂改性的Li_4Ti_5O_(12)具有优良的电化学性能,0.1 C、0.5 C、1 C和10 C首次放电比容量分别为174.1 m Ah/g、159.7 m Ah/g、147 m Ah/g和123.3 m Ah/g。10 C下,循环20次后容量保持为118.1 m Ah/g。     

CeO_2与碳共包覆Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3正极材料低温电化学性能

采用控制pH值为4的溶胶-凝胶法制备Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C正极材料,采用聚乙烯醇辅助的悬浮包覆法对其进行不同含量的CeO_2包覆,研究了C和CeO_2共包覆制备工艺在常温、0℃和-20℃对Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3电化学性能的影响。结果表明,CeO_2包覆是提高Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C低温电化学性能的一种有效方法,在3.0~4.8 V电压窗口下CeO_2包覆量为2%(质量分数)时,材料具有最好的电化学性能,适量的CeO_2包覆可以提高材料的锂离子扩散系数并降低材料的电荷转移电阻。     

双碳源制备高性能Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C正极材料

以聚丙烯酸和葡萄糖为双碳源,通过碳热还原法制备颗粒分散性良好的Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C复合材料。借助聚丙烯酸长链分子对原料前驱体的良好分散性和葡萄糖热解碳的高导电性,获得的Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C作为钠离子电池正极材料,表现出高的倍率放电容量和长循环寿命。在5C倍率下循环1000次后放电容量剩余101 m Ah·g~(-1),容量保持率为92.6%。本文的双碳源策略为制备高性能电极材料提供了一个可行的途径。     

离子掺杂对Nasicon型化合物电化学性能的影响

Nasicon化合物的优点是变换其中的过渡金属不会改变其结构,由此衍生的化合物既可作为电池的电极材料,也可是固体电解质。综述了阴阳离子掺杂对材料电化学性能的影响,发现阳离子掺杂对改善Nasicon固体电解质的离子导电性能比较有效,其中LiGe_2(PO_4)_3基化合物的离子电导率最高(如:Al~(3+)浓度为0.5时产物的σ_(298)=5.1×10~(–3) S/cm,电化学势能窗为6 V);阴离子掺杂虽也能显著改善其离子电导率,但绝对值不如前者高,约为10~(–4) S/cm。阳离子掺杂能显著改善Li3V2(PO_4)_3正极材料的电化学性能,其中Nb~(3+)的掺杂效果最好,0.5 C倍率下的放电性能高达162.4 mA·h/g;而阴离子掺杂则能显著提高Li_3Fe_2(PO_4)_3的放电性能,VO_4~(3–)掺杂浓度为0.45时,所得化合物在2C倍率下的放电容量高达96.6 mA·h/g,并且循环60次的容量保持率为96%。     

以油酸钠为钠源和碳源制备Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C及其电化学性能

以油酸钠兼做钠源与碳源,分别采用球磨法、溶胶-凝胶法、水热法和水热辅助的溶胶-凝胶法制备前驱体,再经高温固相反应制备Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C/C复合正极材料。研究表明,前驱体制备方法对材料结晶性、形貌、颗粒尺寸和电化学性能具有显著影响。以球磨法制备前驱体得到的Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C/C具有最好的电化学活性,在10 C倍率下放电比容量达到-99 mA h·g1,循环200次容量保持率达到88%。     

不同Ti~(4+)含量掺杂Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]O_2的制备和电化学性能

采用钛酸四丁酯[Ti(OC_4H_9)_4]水解和900℃高温烧结工艺制得不同Ti~(4+)含量掺杂下的Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]_(1-x)Ti_xO_2正极材料。采用XRD、SEM等表征方法对Ti~(4+)掺杂前后的Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]O_2颗粒的微观结构、表面形貌进行分析研究,发现掺杂前后材料的结构并未明显变化。电化学测试结果表明,虽然Ti~(4+)表现为非电化学活性,使得掺杂有Ti~(4+)的正极材料其首次充放电比容量有所降低,但是在高倍率性能及循环性能测试中,Ti~(4+)掺杂改性效果表现明显。其中当Ti~(4+)掺杂量为x=0.02时,其倍率性能及循环性能最佳。在5C高倍率下放电,Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]_(0.98)Ti_(0.02)O_2样品的放电比容量要比未掺杂样品高出约20 m A·h/g。而且经过100次循环后,Li[Li_(0.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)]_(0.98)Ti_(0.02)O_2样品的放电比容量仍有187.9 m A·h/g,容量保持率高达96.8%。而未掺杂样品的100次循环后容量保持率仅有91.2%。     

MnO_2改性Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C正极材料的电化学性能

通过改良的溶胶–凝胶法(pH=4)制备Li_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C正极材料,然后通过聚乙烯醇(PVA)辅助的悬浮液包覆法利用不同含量的无定形MnO_2对其进行包覆改性,MnO_2的包覆量分别为0%、2%、3%和4%(质量分数)。扫描电子显微镜显示添加适量MnO_2,样品的晶粒尺寸变小且形成片层状形貌。电化学测试表明,包覆MnO_2后的电极材料性能明显好于未包覆样品,且倍率越高,改善性能越明显,当引入3%的MnO_2,正极材料具有最佳的电化学性能。该样品在0.5C倍率下室温首次放电比容量为144.4 mA·h/g,在0.1~5.0 C倍率下进行60个循环后的放电比容量为94.7 mA·h/g(容量保留率56.7%),电荷转移电阻仅为18.9?。     

B掺杂制备Li_(1+2x)Mn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)P_(1-x)B_xO_4锂电池正极材料

采用水热法制备富锂相正极材料Li_(1+2x)Mn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)P_(1-x)B_xO_4(x≤0.10),通过X射线衍射、激光粒度仪、扫描电子显微镜对所得样品进行表征。将所得正极材料组装成电池,采用恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗测试其电化学性能。结果表明:B原子进入晶格,取代P原子位置,形成固溶体。当B的取代量x=0.02时,富锂相正极材料Li_(1.04)Mn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)P_(0.98)B_(0.02)O_4的电化学性能最好,0.1C时放电比容量为157.9 mA·h/g、5C时为102.7 mA·h/g,分别优于未经B掺杂的LiMn_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)PO_4的149.7和85.3 mA·h/g。     

Na_3CrV(PO_4)_3@C钠离子电池正极材料的制备及其性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了NASICON结构Na_3CrV(PO_4)_3@C钠离子电池正极材料,所包覆的碳源为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP-K30)和柠檬酸。通过XRD、Raman、XPS、TGA、SEM等对材料的结构组成和形貌进行表征,同时组装成扣式电池进行电化学性能测试,观察碳包覆对Na_3CrV(PO_4)_3正极材料电化学性能的改善情况。结果表明,碳包覆之后材料的比容量显著提高,当电压范围为1.3～4.3 V时,材料在1 C的倍率下循环100圈后拥有167 m A·h/g的放电比容量,在20 C大倍率下循环500圈后拥有90 m A·h/g的放电比容量。     

Ferroelectric Ceramics in the PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3-PbCd1/3Nb2/3O3 System

Solid solutions (1-x)PbMg_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ + xPbCd_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ with x = 0-0.30 are investigated with purpose to work out a capacitor ceramics with good dielectric properties and low sintering temperature. It is found that the perovskite phase forms at sintering near to 980°C and begins to decompose at higher temperatures. When x grows from 0 to 0.30, the Curie temperature linearly grows from -10°C to +25°C, the dielectric permittivity ε_m in the Curie point T_C decreases from 18000 to 6800 and the phase transition becomes more diffused. The dielectric permittivity at room temperature is rather high and the temperature stability is improved. The system is of interest, because it can serve as a base for working out some ceramic materials for capacitors with low sintering temperature, which needs of no special atmosphere at burning.     

3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷的合成

以2,2-二溴甲基丙醇（BBMP）为初始原料,通过与碱发生关环反应生成3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷（BrMMO）。讨论了碱的种类和用量对BBMP关环产率的影响以及反应体系中碱的浓度、反应温度和反应时间对合成BrMMO产率的影响。通过实验确定的最佳工艺条件为：BBMP与NaOH摩尔比为1.0∶1.1,NaOH醇溶液的质量分数为12%,反应温度为78℃,反应时间为4h时,BrMMO产率为65%。最终产品经元素分析、IR和1HNMR检测确定为BrMMO。该试验工艺简单,原料易得,且溶剂便于回收、污染小。     

3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环的合成

以三羟甲基乙烷与碳酸二乙酯为原料,经环化反应合成了3-羟甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(HMM O)。在低温下,HMM O与对甲苯磺酰氯反应生成3-磺酸酯甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(M TM O)。M TM O和叠氮化钠发生叠氮化反应形成叠氮单体3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(AMM O)。三步反应收率分别为76%,96%,85%。用核磁、红外、元素分析和DSC表征了化合物的结构与性能。结构鉴定表明为目标化合物AMM O。     

3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷的合成

以2,2-二溴甲基丙醇(BBMP)为初始原料,通过与碱发生关环反应生成3-溴甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷(BrMMO).讨论了碱的种类和用量对BBMP关环产率的影响以及反应体系中碱的浓度、反应温度和反应时间对合成BrMMO产率的影响.通过实验确定的最佳工艺条件为:BBMP与NaOH摩尔比为1.0∶1.1,NaOH醇溶液的质量分数为12%,反应温度为78℃,反应时间为4 h时,BrMMO产率为65%.最终产品经元素分析、IR和1HNMR检测确定为BrMMO.该试验工艺简单,原料易得,且溶剂便于回收、污染小.     

The Preparation and Crystal Structure of TlMnCl3, TlFeCl3, TlCoCl3 and TlNiCl3

The compounds TlMnCl₃, TlFeCl₃, TlCoCl₃ and TlNiCl₃ were prepared by heating T1C1 with the corresponding transition metal dichloride in an evacuated ampoule. Atomic positions were determined from powder photographs. All four compounds were found to be related to the perovskite type structure. TlMnCl₃ has a cubic structure, space group Pm3m, with a_o = 5.025 Å. The other three compounds are hexagonal, probable space group P6₃mc, with cell dimensions (in Å) a₀ = 6.976 and c₀ = 6.008 for the Fe compound, a₀ = 6.907 and c₀ = 5.981 for the Co compound and a₀ = 6.863 and c₀ = 5.881 for the Ni compound. The three hexagonal compounds are isomorphous. A measureable concentration of basal plane stacking faults was found to occur in TlFeCl₃ and also, to a lesser degree, in TlCoCl_3.     

Tunable color emission in LaScO3:Bi3+,Tb3+,Eu3+ phosphor

LaScO₃:xBi³⁺,yTb³⁺,zEu³⁺ (x = 0 − 0.04, y = 0 − 0.05, z = 0 − 0.05) phosphors were prepared via high-temperature solid-state reaction. Phase identification and crystal structures of the LaScO₃:xBi³⁺,yTb³⁺,zEu³⁺ phosphors were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crystal structure of phosphors was analyzed by Rietveld refinement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The luminescent performance of these trichromatic phosphors is investigated by diffuse reflection spectra and photoluminescence. The phenomenon of energy transfer from Bi³⁺ and Tb³⁺ to Eu³⁺ in LaScO₃:xBi³⁺,yTb³⁺,zEu³⁺ phosphors was investigated. By changing the ratio of x, y, and z, trichromatic can be obtained in the LaScO₃ host, including red, green, and blue emission with peak centered at 613, 544, and 428 nm, respectively. Therefore, two kinds of white light-emitting phosphors were obtained, LaScO₃:0.02Bi³⁺,0.05Tb³⁺,zEu³⁺ and LaScO₃:0.02Bi³⁺,0.03Eu³⁺,yTb³⁺. The energy transfer was characterized by decay times of the LaScO₃:xBi³⁺, yTb³⁺, zEu³⁺ phosphors. Moreover absolute internal QY and CIE chromatic coordinates are shown. The potential optical thermometry application of LaScO₃:Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ was based on the temperature sensitivity of the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR). The maximum S_a and S_r are 0.118 K⁻¹ (at 473.15 K) and 0.795% K⁻¹ (at 448.15 K), respectively. Hence, the LaScO₃:Bi³⁺,Eu³⁺ phosphor is a good material for optical temperature sensing.     

2,2,3-三氯-3-苯基-3-(3-甲基苯甲酰基)丙腈的合成研究

以苯甲酰氯、四氯化碳、间甲基苯甲酰氰为原料,合成了标题化合物。重点考察了氰化过程中不同原料配比、反应温度、时间、溶剂和催化剂用量对收率的影响。实验结果表明,其最佳反应条件为:n(1,1,2-三氯-2-苯基乙烯)∶n(3-甲基苯甲酰氰)=1∶1.2,二氯甲烷为反应溶剂,3 mmol催化剂三乙胺,室温反应5 h,总收率达80.6%。     

Thermal analyses of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)

Thermal analyses of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(HB–HV)], and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) [P(HB–HHx)] were made with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the thermal degradation of PHB, the onset of weight loss occurred at the temperature (°C) given by T_o = 0.75B + 311, where B represents the heating rate (°C/min). The temperature at which the weight-loss rate was at a maximum was T_p = 0.91B + 320, and the temperature at which degradation was completed was T_f = 1.00B + 325. In the thermal degradation of P(HB–HV) (70:30), T_o = 0.96B + 308, T_p = 0.99B + 320, and T_f = 1.09B + 325. In the thermal degradation of P(HB–HHx) (85:15), T_o = 1.11B + 305, T_p = 1.10B + 319, and T_f = 1.16B + 325. The derivative thermogravimetry curves of PHB, P(HB–HV), and P(HB–HHx) confirmed only one weight-loss step change. The incorporation of 30 mol % 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV) and 15 mol % 3-hydroxyhexanoate (HHx) components into the polyester increased the various thermal temperatures T_o, T_p, and T_f relative to those of PHB by 3–12°C (measured at B = 40°C/min). DSC measurements showed that the incorporation of HV and HHx decreased the melting temperature relative to that of PHB by 70°C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 90–98, 2001