Deformation behavior of Al–1.5Mg processed using the equal channel angular pressing technique

Deformation behavior of submicron grain size Al–1.5Mg was studied using strain rate change tests. Compared to the annealed state, the strain rate sensitivity of the pressed materials increased, its peak shifted to lower temperatures and the dynamic strain aging regime at the lower temperatures was suppressed.     

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an effective thermo-mechanical process to make ultrafine grains.An investigation was carried out on the friction stir welding (FSW) of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys with a thickness of 15 mm.For different process parameters,the optimum FSW conditions of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys were examined.The basic characterization of weld formation and the mechanical properties of the joints were discussed.The results show that the effect of welding parameters on welding quality was evident and welding quality was sensitive to welding speed.Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 37.5 mm/min and the rotation speed of the stir tool was 750 r/min.The maximum tensile strength (270 MPa) of FSW was 91% that of the base materials.The value of microhardness varied between advancing side and retreating side because of the speed field near the pin of the stir tool,which weakened the deformed stress field.The value of microhardness of the welding zone was lower than that of the base materials.The maximum value was located near the heat-affected zone (HAZ).Remarkable ductile character was observed from the fracture morphologies of welded joints.     

Investigations on workability of commercial purity aluminum processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an important process for producing ultra fine grains in bulk metallic materials by means of severe plastic deformation. Workability of metals and alloys is an important parameter as it influences the fracture resistance of the material and the ease of subsequent forming by conventional techniques. In this study, the effect of various passes and processing routes of ECAP on the workability of commercially pure aluminum has been investigated. Aluminum specimens were subjected to ECAP using 90° angle ECAP die. ECAP was carried out using two processing routes for up to three passes. Microstructure characterization and mechanical property measurements were carried out. Workability was determined by means of upsetting tests on hexagonal collar specimens machined from specimens processed by ECAP. A Cockcroft fracture criterion was used to evaluate experimental results. It is observed that processing to two passes through Route C results in enhanced mechanical properties with only a slight decrease in workability.     

Experimental verification of heat input during friction stir welding of Al alloy 5083

Heat input during welding is a basic index for weld quality and service properties associated with the resulting microstructure. In this study, the heat inputs during friction stir welding of Al alloy 5083 at various welding parameters were measured by calorimetry. Multiple regression analysis of the data was conducted to determine an empirical equation to estimate the heat input with the input variables. The effect of the heat input on the grain size of the stir zone was also examined, and a good correlation between the grain size and heat input was obtained. This study obtained a systematic relationship between the input variables, heat input and grain size of the stir zone through experimental measurements.     

1420铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接力学性能

针对厚度为2.8 mm的1420铝锂合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接研究,了解搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对接头组织和性能影响.结果表明,在优化焊接参数条件下,1420铝锂合金的搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率均能够达到母材的90%,并且较大的焊接热输入有利于进一步提高搅拌摩擦焊接头的强度系数.通过拉伸断口扫描及显微硬度观察,1420铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头拉伸断口主要为准解理和韧窝断裂的复合断口,对比各个区域的显微硬度,焊缝区域硬度高于母材,且后退侧热力影响区硬度最高,而且搅拌摩擦焊接头中存在典型的"S"线特征.     

5052铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的材料流动数值模拟

采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法探究了电阻辅助加热温度对2519A-T87铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头成形性的影响,基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法建立了电阻辅助加热搅拌摩擦焊的三维热-力耦合模型,分析了焊接过程温度场分布和材料流动行为,阐明了电阻辅助加热工艺消除搅拌摩擦焊隧道型缺陷的作用机理.结果表明,辅助加热工艺使焊接峰值温度从483 ℃提高至549 ℃,并增加了350 ℃以上高温区间的停留时间,扩大了高温分布区域,降低了材料变形抗力,增强了材料从焊核区后退侧运动至前进侧的流动性,使材料回填更充分,从而消除了焊缝内部隧道型缺陷.

     

6061铝合金ECAP变形后退火组织稳定性和织构变化

采用一种基于等通道角挤压(ECAP)变形模式的全新的方法--DCAP方法,对6061板料进行了DCAP变形,并利用透射电镜和X射线衍射对6061铝合金DCAP变形后的退火组织和织构进行了研究.结果表明:材料经DCAP变形退火后的晶粒在330℃左右仍能保持较细的晶粒度,晶粒大小约为0.6μm;与轧制过程中通常出现的立方织构不同,DCAP退火后的主要再结晶织构为旋转立方织构{001}〈110〉,并伴有{111}〈110〉次要织构分量;退火时旋转立方织构表现出的强烈的择优生长趋势,是其成为DCAP变形后主要再结晶织构的原因.     

Monte-carlo modeling of grain growth in Zr equal channel angular pressed and recrystallized

Grain boundary character distribution in equal-channel-angular pressed Zr was studied. Using a die design of 90°/20° and an operation temperature of 350°C. The initial grain size of 20 μm was reduced to about 270 nm with 4 passes via route B_c. The grain growth kinetics of the recrystallized state was obtained by experiment and Monte-Carlo computer simulation, respectively, which showed good agreement. Based on kinetics and morphological characteristics, it was concluded that the grain coarsening mechanism was governed by normal grain growth. No sign of abnormal grain growth was detected either in the experiment or in simulation despite taking into consideration anisotropy in grain boundary energy as well as its mobility. This indicates that grain boundaries produced by severely deformed Zr are stable against explosive coarsening. The evolution characteristics of the microstructure in the present ECA pressed and recrystallized Zr differed from those of cold rolled Ti in that the grain boundary misorientation distribution and texture were rather stable during grain growth. Jointly Appointed by the Center for Advanced Aerospace Materials This article is based on a presentation made in the 2002 Korea-US symposium on the “Phase Transformations of Nano-Materials,” organized as a special program of the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Korean Institute of Metals and Materials, held at Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea on October 25–26, 2002.     

Towards attaining dissimilar lap joint of CuCrZr alloy and 316L stainless steel using friction stir welding

CuCrZr alloy (Cu-0.8wt-%Cr-0.1wt-%Zr) and 316L stainless steel (Fe-0.03wt-%C-16wt-%Cr-10wt-%Ni) plates were successfully friction stir lap welded resulting in significant mechanical mixing of the two matrix elements, Cu and Fe, in the stir zone. The severe mixing not only led to improved load bearing response but also leads to form Cu-rich and Fe-rich regions in the weld nugget. The formation of these phases governs the failure mechanism of the joint. Tensile properties of the weld showed promising response when compared with joints made for the similar alloy pair by other welding techniques. This suggests strong feasibility of applying FSW for joining Cu and steel for nuclear applications.     

2A97铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊

文中采用不同搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对2A97铝锂合金的可焊性进行了研究.结果显示,接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率随搅拌头转速的提高而降低,随焊接速度的提高先增后减.在旋转频率为600 r/min,焊接速度200 mm/min时接头抗拉强度最高达到373 MPa,为母材的69%.FSW接头拉伸试验断口位置基本都发生在焊核(NZ)区.焊核区和热力影响区中沉淀相大部分溶解,只有少数存留,热力影响区沉淀相密度高于焊核区.     

Temperature and force response characteristics of friction stir welding on Invar 36 alloy

Abstract

The temperature and force response during friction stir welding of Invar 36 alloy were investigated by experimental measurement and numerical simulation. The effect of welding parameters was studied. The temperature and force characteristics were roughly discussed. It is indicated that an elevation rotational speed results in increasing temperature and decreasing axial force, whereas rotational speed has no obvious influence on the longitudinal force. An elevation travelling speed produces increasing axial force and longitudinal force, and a decreased trend of temperature out of stir zone centre. Friction stir welding of Invar 36 alloy produced relatively high peak temperatures, high axial and longitudinal forces, and a narrow temperature distribution compared with those of the other reported high melting temperature materials.     

Comparison of 2A12 aluminium alloy joint by ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding and friction stir welding

Ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding （UAFSW） is a recent modification of conventional friction stir welding, which adds ultrasonic energy directly into the friction stir welding area by the pin. In this study, 2A12 aluminum alloy was welded by this process and conventional, respectively. The tensile tests, microstructure and fracture surface of FSW joint and UAFSW joint were analyzed. The research results show that the surface forming texture of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding joint, compared with conventional, is finer and more uniform, showing metallic matte color. The grains are much finer in weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat-affected zone; S-phase particles size is much smaller and distribution is more homogeneous in the matrix. The tensile strength of UAFSW joint is 94. 13% of base metal, and the elongation is 11.77%. The tensile strength of FSW joint is 83.15% of base metal, and the elongation is 8.81%. The tests results reveal that ultrasonic vibration can improve the tensile strength and the elongation of welded joints.     

Thermal modeling of friction stir welding in a moving coordinate system and its validation

A three-dimensional heat transfer model for friction stir welding (FSW) is presented in this paper; a moving coordinate is introduced to reduce the difficulty of modeling the moving tool. Heat input from the tool shoulder and the tool pin are considered in the model. The finite difference method was applied in solving the control equations. A non-uniform grid mesh is generated for the calculation. FSW experiments have been done to validate the calculated results. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The calculation result also shows that preheat to the workpiece is beneficial to FSW.     

等径角挤压过程的计算机模拟

等径角挤压可以在不改变材料横截面的情况下使其反复产生严重的塑性变形,从而降低材料的晶粒尺寸,是制备块体超细晶材料的新工艺。该文采用DEFORM程序对等径角挤压过程进行了模拟,分析了挤压过程中材料的应力、应变、挤压力等的变化及其分布,为今后的研究打下了基础。     

Process forces during friction stir channeling in an aluminum alloy

An understanding of the material flow behavior during friction stir channeling (FSC) is essential to produce consistently stable and continuous channels in monolithic plates. In this study, channels were fabricated in Al6061-T6 alloy using FSC and the process forces were measured using a high frequency data acquisition system. Polar plots of the net resultant force acting on the tools are plotted and correlated with the process parameters and channel features. The magnitude and direction of the net forces acting on the tool are analyzed to understand the material flow behavior and the occurrence of channels in the nugget.     

Cu-Cr-Zr合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头的组织和力学性能

采用旋转速度为750和1500 r/min,焊接速度为23.5 mm/min的焊接参数分别对时效态和固溶态的3 mm厚的Cu-Cr-Zr合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,研究转速及母材区(BM)初始状态对搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头的微观组织与力学性能的影响,并对接头的力学性能进行模型化定量分析。结果表明:FSW后,接头晶粒显著细化,沉淀相在搅拌头的高温热作用下固溶在基体中。当BM的初始状态为时效态时,与1500 r/min样品相比,750 r/min样品晶粒尺寸较小且存在沉淀相,750 r/min样品力学性能较高,主要是晶界强化和沉淀强化的作用。当BM的初始状态为固溶态时,与1500 r/min样品相比,750 r/min样品晶粒尺寸较小,力学性能较高,主要是晶界强化的作用。当FSW转速相同时,时效态接头的晶粒尺寸小于固溶态接头,而力学性能高于固溶态接头,主要是由于BM的初始组织状态不同导致的。综合分析表明:FSW过程中选用低转速焊接,可以获得性能较优的接头。