长余辉发光材料在应急疏散标识中的应用形态

视觉标识系统在体育场馆的应急疏散中起着关键的作用。在无源情况下能够自行发光的长余辉材料被认为是制作应急指示标识的理想材料。然而,长余辉材料大多为粉末颗粒,需要制成不同的应用形态以满足不同场景。本文对目前长余辉材料的应用形态进行梳理和总结,分别从长余辉荧光粉-玻璃复合材料、长余辉荧光粉-硅胶/聚合物复合材料、长余辉荧光粉-包覆材料和纳米长余辉荧光材料等方面阐述了不同材料形态的应用效果。文中指出,长余辉材料应用于应急标识的关键问题是通过包覆介质与外界环境隔绝。与此同时,应避免介质本身与长余辉材料起反应。另外,介质材料还应具有防火、防水和低成本等要求。未来,除了进一步拓展现有应用形态,如包覆并制成涂料、水泥沙浆,与聚合物、玻璃复合等,还应研究长余辉材料与介质的反应机理以及复合后的力学性能变化,并探索新型包覆介质。     

Evacuation experiments in a virtual reality high‐rise building: exit choice and waiting time for evacuation elevators

The egress strategy in high‐rise buildings has traditionally been based on the sole use of stairs for evacuation. However, it is becoming more common to include evacuation elevators in the egress strategy in high‐rise buildings. Traditionally, evacuation elevators have not been allowed as an evacuation route, and people have been instructed to not use elevators in case of fire. This means that people might still not consider evacuation elevators even if they are designed to be safe in case of fire. Even if people choose evacuation elevators, they might not be willing to wait very long for an elevator to arrive. Virtual reality (VR) experiments were conducted to study exit choice and the waiting time for evacuation elevators in high‐rise buildings. The experiment was performed in a VR lab with a VR model of an existing high‐rise building. Results suggest that a simple way‐finding system using green flashing lights can influence people to more likely choose the elevator as their first evacuation choice. The results also show that the general trend is that people wait for either a limited time (<5 min) or a long time (>20 min). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

化工园区应急响应阶段应急救援与疏散双向路径规划

应急救援与应急疏散是化工园区应急响应过程中的两类关键性决策。在实际的应急响应中,因园区路网简单、通行能力较弱等问题很可能出现道路冲突或拥堵的情况,导致疏散失败或救援车辆无法撤离。为解决上述问题,本文提出了一种考虑智能避障的化工园区应急救援与应急疏散双向路径优化方法。构建了基于动态栅格的环境模型,针对园区内部应急响应与园区内外协同应急响应两个阶段,分别定义了不同应急响应阶段下园区内的应急救援agent、应急疏散agent、园区外进入园区的应急救援agent和园区内离开园区的应急救援agent四类agent的结构与移动规则。针对化工园区应急响应两个阶段的响应特性,提出两种智能避障模型用以避免道路冲突,建立考虑智能避障的化工园区应急响应两阶段应急救援与应急疏散双向路径规划模型。采用动态栅格法对化工园区栅格环境进行实时更新,应用Dijkstra算法对化工园区双向应急救援与应急疏散路径进行仿真优化。仿真实验结果表明,应用所提出的优化方法可分别得到化工园区应急响应两个阶段无冲突的最优双向路径,实现智能避障前提下的双向路径最短,具有较高可行性与实用价值。     

Ignition of exterior building details in bushfires: An experimental study

A laboratory study of the ignition of building details incorporating timber, under bushfire conditions, using ‘mock-ups’ of these details and both realistic (leaves and twigs) and, mainly, artificial (cribs) ignition sources has been carried out. Parameters such as mock-up type, moisture content of the timber comprising the mock-ups, and temperature and relative humidity of the experimental atmosphere were examined. It was found that all these parameters affected the ignition and flame propagation induced and that under conditions typical of a severe bushfire, only very small amounts of fuel were required to cause ignition. These results support the belief, based on field studies, that ignition of exterior building details composed of timber plays an important role in the destruction of buildings in bushfires.     

Color associations with different building types: An experimental study on American college students

This study examines individuals' color associations with different building types (i.e., residences, schools, official buildings, hospitals, shopping malls, entertainment buildings, restaurants, hotels, factories, and religious buildings) and the reasons given behind their color choices. Ninety‐eight college students at a public institution in the southeast region of the United States participated in the study. Results indicate that color associations seem to be based on individual and emotional aspects where previous knowledge and experience with a particular building type play an important role. The reasons for color‐building associations are discussed and future research areas are suggested. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31: 67–71, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20174     

硝酸盐重力热管启动特性初步实验研究

熔盐是一种高效传热工质,广泛应用于太阳能热发电传热、核反应堆传热、金属热处理的工业过程中。以配制的一种混合硝酸熔盐作为热管的传热工质,设计制造了管壳为316L不锈钢、外径Φ22 mm、壁厚2 mm、管壳长度980 mm的硝酸熔盐重力热管,并对硝酸熔盐重力热管的启动性能进行了初步实验研究,分析了混合硝酸盐重力热管的启动特性、稳定性以及倾角对热管启动的影响。然后将采用40 g混合硝酸盐工质的重力热管实验结果与采用40 g萘工质的重力热管的实验结果进行了对比。实验结果表明,混合硝酸盐热管的启动时间比萘热管的时间短,且启动后稳定性高于萘热管;分析认为,该混合硝酸盐的沸点在250℃左右,在倾角为50°时热管启动性能优于在30°、70°、90°时的情况。实验结果初步证明了混合硝酸盐作为热管工质的可行性。     

Influence of liquid accelerant on scaling behavior of stainless steel in fire: An experimental study

Among the commercial materials, stainless steel is widely used in our daily life and can be hardly destroyed by flame or the heat emanating from a fire. In this fundamental work, the formation and development of oxide scale on stainless steel 1Cr11Ni2W2MoV were investigated at 600°C to 800°C in the atmospheres with and without liquid accelerant. The aim of this work is to figure out the influence of accelerant on the oxidation pattern of stainless steel at high temperature that occurs in a fire. The morphology, microstructure, and the growth rate of the oxide scales were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, visual analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The results revealed that the oxide scale formed on the stainless steel 1Cr11Ni2W2MoV was mostly protective in both atmospheres from 600°C to 800°C, except that breakaway oxidation occurred locally that resulted in the formation of intrusion oxide. Both increasing temperature and the presence of kerosene in combustion atmosphere increased the mass gain of stainless steel, which was mainly attributed to the occurrence of local breakaway oxidation. Consequently, the addition of accelerant just increased the formation trend of local intrusion oxide, rather than remarkably affect the scaling behavior. Therefore, careful analysis is needed to identify the presence possibility of accelerant in oxidation atmosphere according to the scaling behavior of stainless steel. Characterization of surface scale and metallurgical analysis of metallic material are expected to be supplementary technique for fire characterization in the future.     

液相中气泡上升行为与界面传质:实验研究与数值计算

在工业生产过程中，气泡在液相中的上升行为及气液界面的传质行为极为常见。本文针对不同条件下气泡上升过程的实验研究方法以及数值计算方法进行了总结。从实验与数值计算的角度，综述了单气泡上升过程的影响因素、多气泡上升过程聚并与破裂的现象和机理以及工业装置中气液两相流型和气泡特性，并对传质模型进行了归纳，主要关注了气侧-界面传质模型的研究现状。综述结果表明：当前对于单气泡上升行为的研究较为充分，而对于多气泡的行为机理的研究尚需深入。此外，受到研究手段的限制，进行气侧-界面传质模型研究具有一定挑战性。针对当前的相关研究进展和存在的问题，对今后气泡上升行为和传质行为的研究提出以下建议，即开展气泡聚并与破裂可控性研究，强化对气侧-界面传质过程的研究，包括泡内流体行为可视化研究和相关传质模型的建立。     

热盐水分解甲烷水合物实验研究

利用一维开采模拟系统,注入NaCl水溶液,进行甲烷水合物分解过程和开采模拟研究.结果表明在NaCl水溶液的作用下,甲烷水合物降温吸热分解.气体产出过程可以分为自由气产出阶段,水合物分解阶段以及水合物分解结束后常规气藏的气体产生阶段,而NaCl的加入可以提高水合物分解阶段的产气速率.在自由气产出期间基本没有水产出,在水合物分解期间,产水速率稍高于注水速率,水合物分解结束后,产水速率等于注水速率.     

助磨剂的助磨作用及对粉体流变性能的影响

选用五种助磨剂,对四种有代表性的物料进行了助磨实验,同时测试了磨后物料粉体的流变特性。分析了助磨效能、粉体流变性能和助磨机理三者的关系。研究结果显示：当助磨剂使粉体的流动性增强、堆积密度增大时,助磨效果趋于增强     

水体中微塑料的环境影响行为研究进展

微塑料是指一类广泛存在于环境中的粒径小于5mm的塑料颗粒的总称,当其存在于水体环境中,容易吸附其他污染物,影响它们的迁移行为,进而对生态效应产生影响。本文依据水体环境中微塑料的相关研究报道,对微塑料在水环境中的影响行为进行概述。主要从微塑料的物理、化学和生物特性在环境中的变化特性,微塑料与环境中其他污染物质的相互作用关系,以及微塑料及其复合污染体系对水生生物造成的生态效应影响等3个方面对微塑料的环境行为进行总结、归纳与阐述。最后,针对微塑料对水环境中的环境影响效应,提出了今后的研究方向与展望。     

不同固化条件对聚苯并噁嗪固化行为的影响研究

为了制得耐热性能较好、可以固化"零"收缩的聚苯并噁嗪,采用差示扫描量热(DSC)法和热失重(TGA)法对不同固化条件下制取的一系列聚苯并噁嗪的固化行为和耐热性能进行了分析,同时对固化温度和固化时间与聚苯并噁嗪体积的变化关系进行了研究。结果表明:聚苯并噁嗪的耐热性随固化温度的升高而上升,延长固化时间试样的耐热性略有提高;在200℃/2h固化条件下制取的聚苯并噁嗪,其分解温度为410℃,500℃时的残炭率为51.8%,700℃时的残炭率为40.8%;固化所得聚苯并噁嗪的体积随固化温度的升高而减小,随固化时间的延长而增大;通过控制固化条件,聚苯并噁嗪可以实现固化"零"收缩。     

利用焦化废硫酸处理电石渣制建筑石膏的实验研究

本文采用包钢焦化厂排放的废硫酸和内蒙古地区PVC生产厂的废弃物电石渣为研究对象,在对二者成分分析的基础上,着重讨论了利用废硫酸与电石渣制备建筑石膏的工艺条件,并对产品的XRD、灼烧减量、凝结时间、抗折强度、抗压强度等性能进行了分析与测试,进而寻找利用废硫酸和电石渣制取建筑石膏的适宜工艺条件,实验结果表明,制得的石膏基本达到国家标准GB 9776-88对建筑石膏的指标要求。     

Effect of interface on the mechanical behavior of polybutadiene–silica composites: An experimental and simulation study

The effect of interface property on the mechanical behavior of silica–polybutadiene composites is systematically investigated via combined experimental and dynamics simulation. In experiment, the interface property is controlled by SiO₂ particle size, silane coupling agents, and silane grafting density. The effects of these control parameters on the vulcanization kinetics, tensile strength, and dynamic mechanic properties are investigated and discussed. Both the experimental and simulation studies reveal the pivot role of filler–polymer interface on the mechanical reinforcement. Simulation study reveals that the constrained polymer layer (～12 nm) surrounding the silica particles shows increased stress from 30 to 230 MPa, which is identified as the major reason for the overall enhancement of 100% modulus from 0.8 to 1.6 MPa. The molecular mechanics of interface from simulation is well correlated to the experimental results in this study, which provides a molecular level understanding of the relationship between interfacial interaction and mechanical reinforcement. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46089.     

双子表面活性剂预胶团化行为研究进展

综述双子表面活性剂预胶团化行为研究的进展。表面活性剂在水溶液中自组织生成胶团，这种分子有序聚集体具有重要的科学和应用价值。预胶团化行为是自组织形成完整胶团之前经历的分子预聚集阶段。包含了自组织机理的微观信息，对帮助理解分子间相互作用具有重要意义。Gemini面表面活性剂分子结构新颖且多样化，造成复杂的自组织行为和多样化的分子有序聚集体结构，通过预胶团化行为来理解它们的自组织机理更显得重要。     

Sub- and super-critical carbon dioxide flow behavior in naturally fractured black coal: An experimental study

A proper understanding of super-critical carbon dioxide (CO₂) flow behavior in coal is essential, as CO₂ normally exists in its super-critical state in deep coal seams and studies are lacking. The main objective of this study is to distinguish the permeability behavior of coal for sub-critical and super-critical CO₂ flows. Therefore, a series of triaxial experiments was conducted on naturally fractured black coal specimens. Permeability tests were carried out for 15, 20 and 25 MPa confinements at 33.5 °C temperature. Three test scenarios were conducted to investigate, (1) variation of the permeability behavior of coal with CO₂ phase condition, (2) the swelling effect on sub- and super-critical CO₂ permeability patterns, and (3) the potential of nitrogen (N₂) to reverse CO₂-induced swelling. According to the test results, the permeability of super-critical CO₂ is significantly lower than sub-critical CO₂ due to the higher viscosity and swelling associated with super-critical CO₂. Moreover, at super-critical state there is a higher decline of CO₂ permeability with increasing injecting pressure due to the higher increments in the associated viscosity and swelling. Although CO₂ adsorption-induced swelling causes permeability of both CO₂ and N₂ to be reduced at low injection pressures the poro-elastic effect becomes more dominant and may cause CO₂ permeability to increase for higher injecting pressures, because CO₂ flow behavior may transfer from super-critical to sub-critical after the swelling due to the decline of downstream pressure development. Moreover, N₂ has the potential to reverse some swelling effects due to CO₂ adsorption, and this recovery rate is higher at lower injecting pressures and higher confining pressures.     

生物柴油碳烟分散特性对液体石蜡摩擦学行为的影响

生物柴油碳烟（BDS）在润滑油中团聚会引起润滑油黏度增加和磨损加剧。为了提高BDS的分散性从而改善其在润滑油中的润滑性能,采用旋转黏度计和高频往复试验机分别考察分散剂聚异丁烯丁二酰亚胺（PIBSI）和钙盐清净剂（高碱值合成磺酸钙HACS、烷基水杨酸钙ACS、硫化烷基酚钙SCA）对含BDS的液体石蜡（LP）的分散特性和摩擦学行为的影响,借助X射线光电子能谱、Zeta电位仪、3D激光扫描显微镜和扫描电子显微镜附带能谱探究BDS分散和摩擦磨损机制。结果表明,与单一添加相比,PIBSI与HACS复合添加于含BDS的LP中,BDS表面的-OH含量最高,在LP中团聚态BDS的平均粒径最小,对BDS的分散效果最好;添加9%（PIBSI+HACS）于含5% BDS的LP时,磨损体积从7.73×10⁵ μm³降低到5.42×10⁵μm³,降幅为29.9%;机理分析显示（PIBSI+HACS）通过氢键吸附在BDS表面,阻碍LP中BDS团聚;（PIBSI+HACS）对BDS的分散和抑制BDS在摩擦表面吸附作用,起到提升含BDS的LP的抗磨性能的效果。     

An experimental study of the influence of carbon black on the rheological properties of a polystyrene melt

A broad range of experiments on carbon black filled polystyrene melts shows the reinforcing effect of the filler. This study represents one of the most extensive investigations of a series of highly filled polymer melts. Stress relaxation and dynamic experiments characterize the small strain behavior while the steady state shear viscosity, normal stresses, and elongational flow experiments describe the large strain deformation rate response. Extrudate swell and unconstrained shrinkage of extrudates are also measured. Highly filled systems exhibit yield values. This is seen in the dynamic experiments and in the shear and elongational viscosities. Viscosity does not level off at finite values with decreasing deformation rate but continues to increase in an approximately inverse manner. This corresponds to yield values of order 5 × 10⁵ dynes/cm². The storage modulus also does not tend to zero at low frequencies. The small strain dynamic properties and stress relaxation results suggest high memories for small strain experiments. Txtrudate swell values are however small and the systems exhibit minimal delayed recovery. The implications of this are considered. Generally it is argued that at volume loadings between 10 and 20 percent, the system takes on the characteristics of a gel and the response is similar to that of a Schwedoff body.