The effect of cathodic polarization on the corrosion behavior of X65 steel in seawater containing sulfate-reducing bacteria

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are one of the main reasons for the accelerated corrosion of steel. Cathodic polarization has been reported as an effective and economic method against marine corrosion, including microbiologically induced corrosion. However, the interaction between cathodic polarization and microbial activity has not been well defined. In this study, a fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode is used to study the effect of cathodic current on SRB cells. Fluorescence microscopy results clearly show that the attachment degree of SRB is dependent on the electric quantity and current intensity. The large electric quantity and high cathodic current (400 mA/m² × 30 h) can effectively inhibit bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation. Furthermore, the effect of cathodic potential on the corrosion behavior of X65 steel in the presence of SRB is systematically investigated. Results show that the impressed charges, the increase of pH, and the formation of calcareous deposits on the electrode surface at the cathodic potential of −1,050 mV/SCE inhibit the attachment of SRB. In turn, the presence of SRB also interferes with the electrochemical reactions that occur during the polarization process, thus increasing the cathodic current. The interaction between SRB-induced corrosion and the process of preventing corrosion by various cathodic potentials is discussed.     

Identification of steel corrosion associated with sulfate-reducing bacteria by electrochemical noise technique

Deterioration of steel structures in natural waters can result from microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) such as that caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Corrosion pits associated with MIC have been recently observed in submerged steel bridge piles and there is renewed interest to assess their deterioration. Conventional electrochemical techniques to identify MIC have been complicated due to the effects of the surface films and the mechanism for charge transfer by the bacteria on the steel surface. An electrochemical noise (EN) technique to identify steel corrosion in an aqueous solution has been developed and the method ideally can identify the onset of local pitting, but complications and limitations relating to data acquisition, filtering, and interpretation exist. EN analysis was shown to differentiate SRB and corrosion activity including initial biofilm development, pitting corrosion development, and diminution of SRB activity. Electrochemical behavior, environmental characteristics, SRB activity, and corrosion modality provided consistent correlation to EN and localized corrosion development.     

海水环境中组合电位极化对铁氧化菌腐蚀的影响

采用电化学测试、扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、Raman光谱等手段研究了-850 mV (vs. SCE,下同)转-1050 mV和-1050 mV转-850 m V组合电位阴极极化对X65钢在含铁氧化菌(IOB)的海水中腐蚀的影响。结果表明:两种组合电位极化都对IOB腐蚀有一定抑制作用;极化与开路电位下X65钢腐蚀产物种类差别不大,含量有区别。-1050 mV极化可以抑制IOB附着但不能完全去除已形成的生物膜,这是-1050 mV转-850 m V极化保护效果优于-850 mV转-1050 m V极化的原因。     

Corrosion behaviors of carbon steel induced by life activities of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in a marine environment

Microbiologically influenced corrosion induced by bacteria has been studied for many years. Corrosion is known to be sensitive to the presence of microalgae, such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum. However, the life activity of P. tricornutum that influences the general and localized corrosion of carbon steel is not fully understood. The current study uses a combination of immersion tests and electrochemical experiments with a detailed surface characterization to reveal the naturally formed corrosion products with/without the presence of P. tricornutum. The results show that samples suffer from pitting corrosion and the averaged pit depths are approximately 15 μm under a light–dark cycle condition or a 24-h constant light condition. Meanwhile, the corrosion products are mainly comprised of γ-FeOOH and Fe₃O₄ in a constant light condition. However, γ-FeOOH, Fe₃O₄, and FeCO₃ are found in a light–dark cycle. This study proposes the fundamental mechanisms of the effect of P. tricornutum life activities on the corrosion performance of Q235 carbon steel, to fulfill the knowledge gaps of the presence of microalgae inducing the general and pitting corrosion of carbon steel.     

Comparison of electrochemical techniques during the corrosion of X52 pipeline steel in the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB)

This work compares three electrochemical techniques, linear polarization resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical noise (EN), used in the study of corrosion of X52 steel samples in an environment containing a culture of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). The study emphasizes the different electrochemical information obtained when using these techniques in microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) studies.     

Role of surface finishing on pitting corrosion of a duplex stainless steel in seawater

Localized corrosion of duplex UNS S32550 stainless steel in seawater was investigated in the laboratory and in field trials for several surface finish conditions: polished, ground, and sandblasted. Electrochemical data obtained by polarization curves showed that the smoother, polished surface had better characteristics (higher pitting and protection potentials) than the ground or sandblasted surfaces. However, despite its high degree of roughness, the sandblasted surface was the most resistant in field conditions, exhibiting the lowest number of sites attacked. Internal compressive stresses created by sandblasting seem also to have an “unsensitizing” effect on sensitized zones that exist in cast steel (due to repairs of mold defects), reducing its susceptibility to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Such stresses are not generated in polished or ground surfaces, and localized MIC attack can occur.     

外加电位下X80双相管线钢在模拟沿海土壤环境中的应力腐蚀行为

采用交流阻抗谱、极化试验、慢应变拉伸试验研究了不同外加电位下在模拟沿海土壤环境中X80双相管线钢的应力腐蚀行为,对拉伸断口和极化后试样进行SEM表面形貌及能谱分析。结果表明,与慢扫极化(模拟的非裂尖区域)相比,X80双相管线钢快扫极化模拟的裂尖腐蚀电位较负且腐蚀电流较大。-750 mV外加阴极电位处于裂尖自腐蚀电位范围,不足以起到阴极保护的作用,对应力腐蚀仍十分敏感。外加电位为-1050 mV时,阴极反应速率显著大于阳极反应,阴极反应产生的氢被金属吸收且扩散,慢应变拉伸未经颈缩即发生断裂,为准解理断裂。外加阴极电位为-900 mV,阴极电流有效抑制了阳极溶解反应,因此管线钢在模拟沿海土壤溶液中慢应变拉伸抗拉强度和断面收缩率都最高,断口表现为韧性断裂,侧面裂纹细小,阻抗模值最大,应力腐蚀敏感性最小。     

X70高钢级管线钢焊接接头盐雾腐蚀机理

利用中性盐雾试验对X70高钢级管线钢焊接接头进行室温腐蚀,通过扫描电镜和能谱仪观察了X70管线钢焊接接头盐雾腐蚀前后表面微观形貌和化学元素的变化,并采用EDS对盐雾腐蚀后焊接接头表面进行了面扫描分析. 利用XRD讨论了其盐雾腐蚀前后表面物相,分析了X70管线钢焊接接头盐雾腐蚀后表面腐蚀膜的组成、作用和腐蚀机理. 结果表明,盐雾腐蚀后失效主要形式是点蚀和剥落腐蚀,活性Cl-离子破坏了试样表面的钝化膜,与Fe原子接触,是发生点蚀的主要原因;焊接过程中产生的残余拉应力成为腐蚀的应力源,使材料在腐蚀介质中发生应力腐蚀开裂,在与晶间腐蚀共同作用下发生剥落腐蚀;腐蚀膜达到一定厚度后覆盖在试样表面,阻隔试样与腐蚀介质的接触,有利于抑制腐蚀的持续进行.     

环境因素对X80钢焊接接头腐蚀电化学行为的影响

通过正交试验法,采用动电位极化技术研究溶解氧、温度、pH值等环境因素对X80管线钢焊接接头在库尔勒土壤环境中的腐蚀电化学特征的影响。结果表明,库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中溶解氧从0.5 mg/L增大到6.5 mg/L时,X80管线钢焊接接头的腐蚀程度越来越严重,当氧含量为6.5 mg/L时,试样的腐蚀电流密度达到59.237 μA/cm²;环境温度从20 ℃上升到60 ℃,X80钢焊接接头的腐蚀程度明显加剧,当温度为60 ℃时,试样的腐蚀电流密度达到44.593 μA/cm²;溶液pH值从7.0增大到11.0,X80钢焊接接头的腐蚀程度相对减弱,当pH值达到11.0时,试样的腐蚀电流密度达到31.417 μA/cm²。溶解氧含量对X80钢焊接接头的腐蚀行为影响最大,其次pH值的影响,温度对试样的腐蚀性影响相对最小。     

X65管线钢在模拟土壤中的腐蚀行为

以华南某地酸性土壤为参考土壤体系,采用硅藻土模拟土壤实验室加速腐蚀法,应用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、电化学工作站等系统研究了X65管线钢在模拟土壤腐蚀环境介质中埋地腐蚀不同周期的腐蚀行为。结果表明:在该模拟土壤环境中X65管线钢表面腐蚀形貌由不均匀的点蚀发展为较为均匀的全面腐蚀,电化学极化曲线表现为阳极活化控制,自腐蚀电位出现正移,腐蚀产物主要由α-FeOOH、Fe_3O_4、Fe_2O_3等组成。     

X70管线钢焊接接头慢拉伸应力腐蚀行为

利用金相显微镜观察了X70管线钢焊接接头组织结构,通过慢拉伸试验分析了X70管线钢焊接接头在NACE溶液中应力腐蚀行为,测试了X70管线钢焊接接头在不同H2S浓度下电化学腐蚀电位,讨论了X70管线钢焊接接头自腐蚀电位形成机理。结果表明,X70管线钢焊接接头熔合区中M-A组元所产生的微裂纹是焊接接头应力腐蚀产生裂纹的主要来源,使得其耐腐蚀性能下降;焊接接头在腐蚀初期主要表现为典型的点腐蚀特征,点蚀坑相互连接不断扩展,点蚀坑被生成的腐蚀产物所覆盖;焊接接头自腐蚀电位随着H2S浓度的增加而发生负移,应力腐蚀敏感性增加,在含饱和H2S NACE溶液中具有明显的应力腐蚀倾向。     

CO2对油田地下水环境中Q235钢和X70钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了探明辽河油田地下水环境中CO₂对Q235钢和X70管线钢的腐蚀规律,采用动电位极化技术及交流阻抗技术研究了不同CO₂浓度对该环境下两种钢腐蚀行为的影响,并利用光学显微镜对试样腐蚀界面进行表征。结果表明:随着CO₂浓度的增加,Q235和X70钢的交流阻抗图谱的半径均减小,腐蚀电流密度增大,腐蚀坑数量、深度和面积都增加,腐蚀敏感性增大。在低浓度CO₂环境下(CO₂含量为10%时),Q235钢的腐蚀敏感性比X70钢更高;而在高浓度CO₂环境下(CO₂含量为20%、40%、60%时),Q235钢的腐蚀速率反而较小,耐腐蚀性更好。     

X65管线钢连续冷却转变实验研究及动力学模型

采用热膨胀仪对X65管线钢进行了连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线)的研究。用光学显微镜观察在不同冷速下的显微组织,得到了实验钢种的连续冷却组织转变规律。在冷却速度为0.9～9℃/s范围内观察到较明显粒状贝氏体组织。采用回归方法,建立了相变温度-冷速关系模型和冷速为0.03℃/s时的相变动力学模型,结果显示预测值与实验值有较好的吻合。     

Study on the corrosion behaviours of API X65 steel in wet gas environment containing CO2

An impingement jet system was used to study the corrosion of API X65 steel in a wet CO₂-containing environment via electrochemical tests, surface analysis technique and computational fluid dynamics simulation. The corrosion rate decreased in the wet environment compared to that in the bulk solution. When under flow condition, corrosion rate increased with the flowing velocity, especially when above the critical flowing velocity. Continuous electrolyte film was formed and electrochemical reaction started to occur in about 70% RH, and the critical RH appeared at 70–80%, above which pit size and amount remarkably increased with flow velocity.     

Development of microbially influenced corrosion on carbon steel in a simulated water injection system

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) on internal pipeline surfaces has become a severe problem during the water injection process in secondary oil recovery. The formation of a biofilm, normally dominated by sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB), is believed to be the critical step of the MIC process. A continuously fed biofilm simulating the water injection process was operated to investigate the influence of biofilm development on MIC behavior in the early phase of corrosion development. The development of the corrosion product film and biofilm was monitored for 5 months with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance, scanning electron microscopy, 3D optical profiling, and direct weight measurement. MIC development was found to comprise three phases: initialization, transition, and stabilization. The initialization phase involved the formation of the corrosion product layer and the initial attachment of the sessile microbes on metal surface. In the transition phase, the MIC process gradually shifted from charge‐transfer‐controlled reaction to diffusion‐controlled reaction. The stabilization phase featured mature and compact biofilm on the metal surface, and the general corrosion rate (CR) decreased due to the diffusional effect, while the pitting CR was enhanced at a lower carbon source level, which supported the mechanism of direct electron uptake from the metal surface by SRB.