热风与中短波红外泡沫干燥对桑葚粉品质的影响

为了提高桑葚干燥效率及产品品质,将泡沫干燥技术应用于桑葚的干燥。本实验选择食品级单甘酯、大豆分离蛋白、羧甲基纤维素钠作为泡沫干燥的起泡剂和稳定剂,采用热风(50、60、70℃)和中短波红外(50、60、70℃)辅助泡沫干燥制备桑葚粉。研究桑葚果浆的干燥特性,分析泡沫干燥对桑葚粉的色泽、粒径、微观结构、花色苷保留量等指标的影响。结果表明:中短波红外70℃泡沫干燥桑葚粉的水分含量为0.107 g/g,水分活度为0.173,玻璃化转变温度为5.033℃,粒径为19.037?μm,矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷保留量较高。综合考虑,中短波红外70℃泡沫干燥是一种适合制备高质量桑葚粉的干燥方式。     

Physicochemical and sensory properties of purple Brazilian cherry (Eugenia uniflora,L.) foams

The objective of this work was to characterise the foams of purple Brazilian cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) pulp made with different additives, aiming at foam‐mat drying. Characterisation was made through analyses of moisture, pH, acidity, soluble solids, density, water activity, colour, total and reducing sugars, protein and ashes. Drying was done at 55 °C for 2 h. Dried Brazilian cherry juice powder was rehydrated for acceptance test. It is concluded that the physicochemical characterisation of fresh Brazilian cherry pulp was satisfactory and was in accordance with the Brazilian standards for agro‐industrial products. Albumin was the best foaming agent that produced a good‐quality powder in a short period. The foam‐mat drying of Brazilian cherry pulp using albumin and Superliga^® (Duas Rodas Industrial ltda, Santa Catarina, Brazil) as foaming agents produced a powder with good physicochemical properties and sensory quality and most preferred juice.     

Drying kinetics,physico‐chemical properties,antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of foam‐mat dried germinated rice bean (Vigna umbellata) hydrolysate

This research was aimed to study physico‐chemical properties and antioxidant activities of foam‐mat dried germinated rice bean (Vigna umbellata) hydrolysate. Germination led to an increase in released phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP) of rice bean hydrolysate. The hydrolysate obtained from germinated rice bean (GRB) and non‐germinated rice beans (NGRBs) was foam‐mat dried at 60 and 70 °C. Semi‐theoretical and empirical model could suitably describe the drying characteristic of foamed bean hydrolysate. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of foam‐mat dried samples decreased with increasing air‐drying temperature (P ≤ 0.05). Gallic acid, catechol and epicatechin were major phenolic compounds in foam‐mat dried samples prepared from both GRB and NGRB. The higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities were found in foam‐mat dried hydrolysate of GRB. Electron spin resonance spectrometry revealed that foam‐mat dried rice bean hydrolysate showed a strong ability to scavenge free radicals, especially carbon‐centred radicals.     

Drying of bananas using microwave and air ovens

Drying tests for ripe and green banana (Musa cv. Giant Cavendish AAA) slices and for a foam made from ripe banana puree were performed in a household microwave oven and in a laboratory forced draft warm air oven. Weight change of the banana slices as a function of time in both ovens, and temperature and relative humidity (RH) of air leaving the microwave oven were recorded. Drying rates were calculated and the data fitted to a variable diffusion model. Drying time in the microwave oven was seventeen to twenty times less than in the forced draft oven. The drying energy efficiency in the microwave oven was about 30%.     

Moisture sorption characteristics and glass transition temperature of apple puree powder

The aim of this study was to characterise the influence of different foam‐mat‐drying methods on the moisture sorption characteristics and glass transition temperatures of apple puree powder. Apple puree was foamed with the addition of 2.5% egg albumin and 0.5% methylcellulose. Convective air‐drying and microwave‐drying techniques were used. Also foamed puree with and without maltodextrin (6% or 15% w/w) was freeze‐dried. Moisture equilibrium data of powders were determined by using a static desiccator method in a water activity range of 0.0–0.903. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) was used to obtain the glass transition temperature. No effect of drying method on sorption properties and glass transition temperatures of apple puree powders was observed. The addition of maltodextrin to the apple puree caused an increase in T_g by 10–30 °C depending on the amount of incorporated additive. Addition of maltodextrin significantly reduced the hygroscopicity of apple puree powders.     

Determination of biochemical properties of foam‐mat dried mango powder

Investigations were carried out to see the impact of drying air temperature (65, 75 and 85 °C) and milk as foaming agent in different concentration levels (0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) on the chemical properties of foam‐mat dried mango juice powder. Chemical properties such as total sugars, ascorbic acid, total carotenes, minerals, total acid, pH, total soluble solids (TSS) and microbial load (fungal and bacterial) of foam‐mat dried mango powder were determined. Data were analysed as per two‐way anova , Duncan’s multiple range test and l.s.d. of Ag Res Software statistical package. Almost all chemical properties show decreasing trend with increase in drying air temperature. Microbial load was not detected in foam‐mat dried mango powder. It was found that addition of 10% milk as foaming agent and drying at 65 °C temperature gave better results.     

Physicochemical and microbial quality evaluation of foam‐mat‐dried pineapple powder

Present experiments were carried to study the physicochemical and microbial quality of foam‐mat‐dried pineapple powder. Pineapple pulp was foamed using two foaming agents, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.0%) and egg white (EW) (0%, 0.50%, 1.0%, 1.50%, and 2.0%). Carboxy methyl cellulose (0.25%) was used as foam stabiliser, and drying was carried out at 65, 75, and 85 °C in tray drier followed by pulverising the dried foam mats in to fine powder. Powdered samples were analysed for various physicochemical quality parameters viz. total sugars, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, total acid, pH, iron, phosphorus and calcium content, and bacterial and fungal load. Statistical analysis using LSD revealed that sample dried using 1% TCP at 65 °C was the best with 4.60% total sugars, 2.71% reducing sugars, 4.05 mg per 100 g ascorbic acid, 0.35% total acid, 0.29 mg per 100 g Iron, 2.24 mg per 100 g phosphorous, and 6.58 g per 100 g calcium and zero bacterial and fungal growth.     

Foam‐Mat Freeze‐Drying of Bifidobacterium longum RO175: Viability and Refrigerated Storage Stability

Foaming as a pretreatment was used prior to freeze‐drying of Bifidobacterium longum RO175 to investigate the potential acceleration of the drying rate and increase in microorganism viability after the process. A study on storage of foamed and nonfoamed freeze‐dried products at 4 °C completed this study. B. longum RO175 in foamed medium could be freeze‐dried in 1/7 to 1/4 of the time required for nonfoamed suspensions. In addition, foamed suspensions presented higher viability immediately after freeze‐drying (13.6% compared to 12.81 % or 11.46%, depending on the cryoprotective media). Refrigerated storage led to a reduction in B. longum RO175 viability for all tested protective agents (foamed and nonfoamed). No correlation between glass transition temperature and stability of probiotic powders was observed during storage. In addition, lower viability after 56 d of storage was observed for foamed materials, probably due to foam porous structure and higher hygroscopicity, and oxygen presence and moisture pickup during storage.     

The significance of critical processing steps in the production of dried egg albumen powder on gel textural and foaming properties

The purpose of the present work was to study the variation in egg albumen functional properties as a function of seven selected processing steps from the initially raw liquid albumen to the final dried egg albumen powder. Albumen samples in six replicates were analysed for dry matter, pH, glucose, triglycerides, albumen gel properties (ie textural stress and Hencky strain, water‐ and protein‐binding capacity and gel colour L*, a*, b*), foaming properties (ie overrun, stability against drainage and bubble breakdown) and surface tension. The gel texture and water‐holding capacity significantly decreased during the processing steps from raw albumen through storage, centrifugation and ion exchange, whereas the final dry‐pasteurisation resulted in increased gel properties. Covalently linked protein polymers formed during the dry‐pasteurisation, as revealed by SDS‐PAGE, may explain this improvement. The foam overrun increased twofold during the three final steps of ultrafiltration, spray‐drying and dry‐pasteurisation compared with the raw albumen; however, the foam stability decreased, ie drainage and foam volume breakdown rates increased. The surface pressure increase was positively correlated with the foam overrun. This paper reveals at which processing steps the control of functional properties of egg albumen powder can take place. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

AN IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BEER FOAM

Beer foam produced in a continuous foaming tower in volumes representative of commercial dispense, was analysed by immunoelectrophoretic and immunoblotting techniques to identify antigens involved in foam structural stability. In crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), only one antigen precipitated from foam in the homologous foam antiserum. This antigen was shown to be of malt origin by rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis and was also present in 11 commercial beers (5 bitters, 4 lagers and 2 stouts). However, the foam preparation separated into more than 20 polypeptides by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunoblotting showed that at least 12 of these reacted with foam antiserum and that they originated from either malt or yeast. Similar polypeptides were also identified in the antigen precipitated in CIE, suggesting that these polypeptides were probably present in the foam as a complex. It is concluded that the stability of foam reflected molecular interactions between these polypeptides (and possibly other components such as carbohydrates) in the liquid film of the bubble structure.     

木材干燥特性及干燥工艺研究方法探讨

介绍了测定不同树种木材干缩特性和干燥特性、拟订干燥基准及选择干燥工艺的方法,为研究制定木材干燥工艺提供了一套较完整的方案.     

纸页泡沫成形新技术的研究现状及应用前景

纸页泡沫成形是将纤维分散在水基泡沫中,泡沫作为悬浮纤维的载体,在纸机的网部成形,泡沫破裂后脱水形成纸页;采用泡沫成形工艺抄造的纸页具有松厚度高、孔隙率大等特性。纸页泡沫成形是一种环境友好、网部脱水速度快、上网浓度高、生产成本低及生产特种性能纸张的技术。本文综述了纸页泡沫成形的研究进展及应用前景。     

Isolation of beer foam polypeptides by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and their partial characterisation

Beer foam polypeptides have been separated into five groups based on their relative hydrophobicity. Foam stability increases with increasing hydrophobicity of the polypeptide groups. The most hydrophobic polypeptide group contains a large proportion of Coomassie blue-binding polypeptides. Analysis by SDS-PAGE reveals that each polypeptide group is composed of several differently-sized polypeptides. Further purification by anion-exchange chromatography results in five fractions, each of which has a different polypeptide profile on SDS-polyacrylamide gels.     

木材过热蒸汽干燥技术发展

阐述了过热蒸汽干燥技术研究现状以及干燥特性,并且对木材过热蒸汽干燥和常规干燥进行了对比,最后对木材过热蒸汽干燥技术提出一些建议。     

大葱热风微波真空组合干燥试验

对大葱进行了微波真空干燥试验,分析了大葱切段长度、微波功率对大葱微波真空干燥效果的影响,对热风微波真空组合干燥、热风微波组合干燥、微波真空干燥和热风干燥4种干燥方式对大葱干燥效果的影响进行了比较。大葱切段长度对热风微波真空组合干燥的干燥时间和感官品质有显著影响,随着微波功率增大,大葱的干燥时间缩短,感官质量下降;热风微波真空组合干燥的大葱切段长度为5mm,先采用热风干燥温度60℃烘干2.5 h后,在真空度0.085MPa和微波功率0.65kW的条件下,再进行微波真空干燥18min,其整个干燥时间为2.8h,比热风干燥缩短了1.7h。热风微波真空组合干燥的干制品的感官状态比热风干燥差,比热风微波组合干燥和微波真空干燥好,干燥时间与热风微波组合干燥接近,比微波真空干燥延长了2.2h,时间增加了3.6倍。     

热风、微波及其联合干燥对蒜片品质的影响

为研究热风、微波及其联合干燥对蒜片品质的影响,以大蒜片为原料,以干燥速率、硫代亚磺酸酯含量、感官评分、色泽L值、复水比和综合得分为指标,比较不同热风温度和微波功率对蒜片干燥特性和品质的影响,并以热风温度、转换点干基含水量、微波功率为实验因素,设计L₉(3³)正交实验对热风微波联合干燥蒜片的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:60 ℃热风干燥和550 W微波干燥所得蒜片干品的综合得分较高,分别为83.64和80.74分。热风温度和微波功率对联合干燥蒜片的综合得分影响极显著(p<0.01);转换点干基含水量对综合得分影响显著(p<0.05)。热风微波联合干燥蒜片的最佳工艺条件为前期热风65 ℃干燥至转换点干基含水量1.00 g/g,后期采用功率550 W微波干燥至干基含水量0.18 g/g。在此条件下,联合干燥制备脱水蒜片的干燥速率最快,硫代亚磺酸酯含量最高为1.7739 mmol/100 g,综合得分最高为92.21分,感官品质较好。因此,热风微波联合干燥技术是适合蒜片干燥的较好方法。     

花生荚果干燥技术及设备的研究现状与发展

花生作为世界重要的油料之一,在农作物中占据举足轻重的地位.刚收获的新鲜花生荚果由于水分较高易受到多种因素影响而导致霉变并产生黄曲霉毒素,从而影响使用安全并降低花生的经济价值.花生荚果收获后及时干燥可有效抑制微生物和霉菌的生长及繁殖,降低环境温湿度对花生储藏的影响,更大限度的保证花生的品质和使用安全.归纳了国内外花生荚果...     

胡萝卜热泵-远红外联合干燥工艺研究

采用热泵-远红外联合干燥工艺对胡萝卜片进行了干燥试验,研究了胡萝卜干燥预处理工艺、热泵干燥温度、远红外线辐射强度及联合干燥时间切换点对干燥速度、干燥能耗和类胡萝卜素损失率的影响。确定了胡萝卜热泵与远红外线联合干燥工艺的最佳工艺参数为:物料热烫时间120s,热泵干燥温度45℃,远红外热源辐射功率为2kW,热泵干燥与远红外切换点为物料含水率为50%。