Liddell-seam vitrinite particles were heated to 1000 °C in nitrogen at uniform rates ranging from 10?1 °C s?1 to 104 °C s?1. Little melting or swelling was observed when the particles were heated at 10?1 °C s?1 even though the vitrinite is from a coking coal of high-volatile bituminous rank. Particle size (100 μm) and loose packing were probably major influences on the plasticity. Vitrinite particles heated at rates faster than 10?1 °C s?1 showed an increase in plasticity with heating rate but the effects related to plasticity and volatile evolution appeared to be approaching a limit. Simple cenospheres (primary vesicles) were formed and preserved at a heating rate of 1 °C s?1. At a heating rate of 10 °C s?1 secondary vesicles were produced and preserved in the walls of the primary vesicles. At faster heating rates only secondary and tertiary vesicles were preserved. At a heating rate of 104 °C s?1 the vesicles preserved were very small. 相似文献
Van der Sluis et al.'s model was used to determine the rate of the partial dissolution of a Tunisian phosphate rock with dilute phosphoric acid (1.5 mass% P2O5). When the temperature rises from 25 to 90°C, for a given particle size, the mass-transfer coefficients, kL°, vary from 3 × 10?3 to 8 × 10?3 m ·s?1. The corresponding diffusion coefficients, D, lies between 6 × 10?7 and 27 × 10?7 m2·s?1. Activation energy is equal to 14 kJ·mol?1 and values of kL°, at 25°C, are in the range of 0.28 × 10?3 and 4 × 10?3 m·s?1 when the agitation speed goes from 220 to 1030 rpm, showing that the leaching process is controlled by diffusion rather than by chemical reaction. 相似文献
TPU was infiltrated into vertically aligned, 3.5 mm‐long MWNT forests to produce continuously reinforced anisotropic nanocomposites, and thermomechanical and electrical testing has revealed multifunctionality which shows promise for numerous applications. A 1000% increase in the storage modulus at 70 °C was observed as compared to the neat TPU, and these continuously aligned composites showed electrical conductivity two orders‐of‐magnitude greater (≈1.5 S · cm?1) than randomly aligned composites prepared using CNTs from these forests. The heightened improvement for the continuously reinforced composite appears to be owed to the extremely high aspect ratio of these CNTs and the interconnected network which remains after infiltration.
The research initially involved the decoration of silver nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes using N,N-dimethylformamide. A new heteroaromatic azo-polymer was prepared and employed as a matrix while Ag–CNTs as filler. Two techniques were exploited to prepare nanocomposites (i.e., melt compounding and solution mixing). The solution mixing method resulted in better dispersion leading to higher mechanical strength 55.09–58.22 MPa relative to melt system 40.11–46.28 MPa. Filler content from 1 to 5 wt% increased electrical conductivity from 3.8 to 5.2 Scm?1. 10% gravimetric loss was found to increase from 532 to 578°C (solution) and 503 to 544°C (melt). 相似文献
Nanocomposite films based on polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different weight ratios (i.e.0.0,0.5, 1.0,1.5, 2.0 wt%), were prepared by dispersion techniques. Cationic geminisurfactant and its monomeric form (0.01 wt%) were used as dispersants to achieve homogeneous and stable dispersionof CNTs in water and subsequent PVA/CNTs nanocomposites. Surface charge of CNTs in aqueous suspension with addition of the used dispersants were investigated by measuring its zeta potential. The structural and interaction studies have been analyzed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of the used surfactantson the separation and distribution of CNTs in PVA matrix was studied by visual characterization based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of the prepared nanocomposites were evaluated and the results were discussed in relation with the CNTs content and surfactant type as dispersant. Surfactant effect improved the dispersion homogeneity of CNTs (at 1.0 wt%) within the polymer matrix. The physical interaction between. CNTs and PVA macromolecular chains resulting in nanocomposites with largely enhanced properties compared to those prepared with higher filler loading by avoiding the agglomeration phenomenon of nanotubes. On the other hand, the addition of CNTs by content up to 2 wt%, increases the electrical conductivity to be 10?6 Scm?1 at room temperature which highly recommends such composites to be used in electrostatic dissipation applications upon using gemini surfactant. Furthermore, useful nanosized capacitor structure based onnanocomposites containing its monomeric form, characterized by high permittivity and low dielectric loss, can be formed. 相似文献
Selective laser sintering (SLS), which can directly turn 3D models into real objects, is employed to prepare the flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) conductor using self‐made carbon nanotubes (CNTs) wrapped TPU powders. The SLS printing, as a shear‐free and free‐flowing processing without compacting, provides a unique approach to construct conductive segregated networks of CNTs in the polymer matrix. The electrical conductivity for the SLS processed TPU/CNTs composite has a lower percolation threshold of 0.2 wt% and reaches ≈10−1 S m−1 at 1 wt% CNTs content, which is seven orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional injection‐molded TPU/CNTs composites at the same CNTs content. The 3D printed TPU/CNTs specimen can maintain good flexibility and durability, even after repeated bending for 1000 cycles, the electrical resistance can keep at a nearly constant value. The flexible conductive TPU/CNTs composite with complicated structures and shapes like porous piezoresistors can be easily obtained by this approach. 相似文献
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with weight percent of 5.0%, 10.0% and 15.0% were added into the cement matrix to fabricate CNT reinforced cement-based composites (CNTs/CC) by mixing and dry compression shear methods. Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of the as-received CNTs/CC were measured and analyzed in detail. The CNTs/CC exhibits the thermoelectric behavior of p-type semiconductor. CNTs were dispersed uniformly in cement matrix by compression shear stress, which promoted a relatively high electrical conductivity (0.818 S/cm) and Seebeck coefficient (57.98 μV/°C) of CNTs/CC. Combining with their lower thermal conductivity ranged from 0.734 to 0.947 W m?1 K?1, the CNTs/CC shows the highest thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) has reached 9.33 × 10?5, Which is benefit to the applications in large-scale energy harvesting in the buildings and pavements with low cost in the future cities. 相似文献
ABSTRACTA unique, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based, pressure-sensitive nanocomposites were prepared by the solution mixing method. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microbeads (10µm) were coated with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and dispersed in TPU matrix dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. 1, 2, and 5 wt. % of carbon nanofiber (CNF) were also added to the TPU matrix. The influence of MWCNT coated PMMA-microbeads along with different CNF contents on the pressure sensing properties were studied. Electrical and thermal conductivities were measured at different external loads. The prepared nanocomposites showed repeatable and reliable electric response with increasing external load and are suitable as pressure sensors. 相似文献