Energy‐efficient masonry buildings

In line with the general trend to improved energy‐related properties of buildings in massive construction, many massive buildings have been designed and built in recent years, which have proactively observed and also helped to determine the specification of future building standards in Europe. According to [1], the first low‐energy house was built in Kassel in 1986 with an area‐related energy demand for hot water and heating of only 60 kWh/(m²a). The use of massive building materials with low thermal conductivity played a similarly important role in this case to the increasing use of thermal insulation materials and new building services technology using renewable energy sources. Keeping the constructional details simple to build by tradesmen in order to avoid thermal bridging and useless building mistakes was and is still an important practical requirement. With the help of examples, the article demonstrates that monolithic construction is suitable for compliance with current energy‐related requirements and how this is carried out.     

Dry laying of masonry to build demountable,highly energy‐efficient prototype houses – First findings from a currently running research project

In recent decades, energy efficiency has been the priority for masonry buildings in order to keep up with ever more stringent requirements. For the evaluation of the sustainability of building solutions, however, the embodied energy to produce a building and finally to dispose of it at the end of its lifecycle are also important. The energy used for the disposal of a building and the processing of the residues are also important for the overall energy balance since the handling of natural resources is increasingly the centre point of thought and action. A research team at the Chair of Structural Design of TU Dresden has thus been working since 2012 on demountable solutions in masonry, which can be dismantled at the end of a building lifetime and sorted for recycling, which fully complies with the requirement for the reduction of rubbish and waste products. The high precision of block production today permits us to omit the levelling effect of mortar and to build dry buildings in the future, i.e. to do without the bonding principle. The associated strength reductions can be suffered without problems. The appropriate basics of such a dry building method have been researched in a collaboration between the ILEK in Stuttgart and the Xella Technologie‐ und Forschungsgesellschaft mbH in Emstal. In this research project with the abbreviation ”REMOMAB“, the basics of an energy‐efficient dry building method suitable for recycling were collected and made available for practical application. In a follow‐up project, these basics are being implemented and tested on an experimental building. Cost aspects are also to be taken into account and if possible, construction solutions available on the market will be used – modified if necessary. Another aim is for the first time to dismantle such a building and to rebuild it at another location. This is intended to demonstrate that a reuse is possible after dismantling and such a building method can react to changing demands in the housing market.     

砖砌建筑物爆破拆除降尘技术研究

在对砖砌建筑物进行爆破拆除时,由于所采用原材料的特性、建筑物结构特点等因素,致使产生爆破粉尘的浓度很大,粉尘在空中滞留的时间较长,并且粉尘扩散的范围很广,对环境保护造成极大影响.根据对砖砌建筑物爆破时产生粉尘的根源进行详细分析,提出合理的除尘技术措施.实践证明,采用了这些综合措施后降尘效果显著,与不采取降尘措施的砖砌建筑物拆除爆破工程相比,爆后粉尘减少90%以上.     

Performance of Multipor WI as exterior insulation

Multipor WI is a mineral‐based interior insulation system with excellent insulation properties. It is dimensionally stable, vapor permeable, and nonflammable. In this paper the investigation of the processability and functionality of Multipor WI WLF 042 as an exterior insulation system is reported. On the campus of Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, a building was constructed with a new exterior insulation system of Multipor WI WLF 042, of 14 cm thickness. This insulation, which has so far only been used in the building interior, has a heat conductivity of λ = 0.042 W/(mK) and a density of ρ = 90 kg/m³. Its thermal expansion coefficient is α = 10^–5/K and its specific heat capacity is c = 0.85 kJ/(kgK). It has a lower density and compression strength than Multipor mineral insulation boards for exterior use do. Temperature sensors were implemented in different layers of the building envelope, both in undisturbed areas and at thermal bridges. The building will be monitored for several years. First heat transfer simulations of two thermal bridges of the building demonstrate the excellent insulation properties of WI WLF 042. The investigation of the processability and functionality of Multipor WI WLF 042 as an exterior insulation system is presented. First simulations show the excellent insulation properties of the insulation. The building will be monitored for several years to provide data about the processability and functionality of Multipor WI WLF 042 as an exterior insulation system.     

成组技术与我国机械制造工业的重组（续）

分析了国内外机械制造工业的现状，指出了当前存在的主要问题，并结合我国实际，提出了以成组技术原理重组我国机械制造工业的设想。文中扼要介绍了成组技术的基本概念及其在机械制造中的应用，以及它与现代先进制造技术和先进制造模式的紧密关系。     

Design of masonry buildings of three‐layered units according to Eurocode 6 / Bemessung von Mauerwerksbauten aus Dreischichtsteinen nach Eurocode 6

In the recent past, the masonry industry has developed many different solutions for optimising the heat protection of buildings. This took place for the building materials, geometric design, but also by development of multiple layered stones in which the components masonry unit, insulation and outer shell have been integrated into a block.     

成组技术与我国机械制造工业的重组

分析了国内外机械制造工业的现状，指出了当前存在的主要问题，并结合我国实际，提出了以成组技术原理重组我国机械制造工业的设想。文中扼要介绍了成组技术的基本概念及其在机械制造中的应用，以及它与现代先进制造技术和先进制造模式的紧密关系。     

砖混楼房爆破拆除缺口参数研究

叙述了砖混楼房爆破的倾倒与破坏解体过程，提出了爆破缺口参数的计算式，并应用于拆除爆破工程实践，取得了满意的爆破效果。     

爆破拆除危楼安全施工的报警系统设计

在爆破拆除楼房工程中,有部分楼房在爆破前已经受到不同程度的损坏,严重地威胁到施工人员的生命安全.通过对危险构件的准静态裂缝位移监测,探索了保证施工人员作业时绝对安全的报警机制,并设计了一套危险楼房爆破拆除安全施工的报警系统,为爆破施工提供了安全保证,在实际施工中起到了良好的效果.     

高层建筑和风作用的耦合响应分析

本文研究了高层建筑结构和风作用的耦合振动响应,得到一个具有气体粘性的惯性力项和高阶的风速波动项的非线性微分方程组,应用简易的Park差分法求解,分析了影响结构风振响应的主要因素。获得了具有较好参考价值的风振响应分析资料。     

复杂条件下砖结构楼房的控制爆破拆除

根据待拆除砖结构楼房的结构特点和周围环境,设计采用基本原地倒塌稍向前倾的爆破方案,通过对爆破参数、起爆网路、安全防护等进行精心设计和施工,拆除爆破达到了预期的效果。     

"L"型砖混候车楼分体爆破拆除

复杂环境下“L“型结构楼房爆破时只能内向倾倒,采用预切割使楼房分为相互独立的两部分,并各自采用独立的起爆系统,以5 s时差先后起爆,达到先起爆部分不影响后起爆部分的目的.介绍了该楼爆破方案选择、预处理方案、爆破参数、爆破网路设计及爆破效果.     

电磁波吸收建筑材料的应用研究进展

应用电磁波吸收建筑材料是改善建筑空间电磁环境的有效方法。随着电磁辐射污染日益严重,吸波建材已逐渐成为研究热点。综述了近几年吸波建材的研究方法与研究现状,将吸波建材归纳为吸波剂填充型和结构设计型两大类,并分别进行评述,提出了现有研究中存在的一些问题以及进一步的研究方向。"轻、薄、宽、强"仍然是吸波建材的发展方向,同时电磁波损耗机理还有待进一步研究。     

Einbruchhemmung mit Mauerwerk aus Leichtbeton

Burglary resistance with lightweight concrete masonry The product palette of lightweight concrete blocks ranges from heavy, high‐strength blocks for internal walls, cavity walls and externally insulated (ETICS) external walls to lightweight, highly insulating blocks with lower density and lower compressive strength for monolithic external walls. In the German National Annex to EN 1627, suitable wall constructions for the installation of burglary‐retarding building elements are given. Masonry walls made of heavy, high‐strength blocks fulfil all requirements up to the highest resistance class RC 6. The installation of burglary‐retarding building elements in modern, highly insulating blocks for monolithic masonry is therefore not covered by the standard yet. At the institute for window technology in Rosenheim (ift Rosenheim), testing has been undertaken of the burglary resistance of building elements installed in monolithic masonry made of highly insulating lightweight concrete blocks. For the usual 365 mm thick lightweight concrete masonry units of compressive strength class 2 and density class 0.40 with a lightweight plaster of Type I, the burglary resistance class RC 2 (recommended by the police in Germany) was verified in all the investigated variants of blocks. The results of the research project have been implemented in a proposed change of the German National annex to DIN EN 1627.     

高强防水石膏的研究

高强防水石膏作为一种新型材料,是石膏材料发展的一个重要的方向。利用聚乙烯醇和脱硫建筑石膏为主要原料,采用特殊的加工工艺制备出了一种特殊的聚乙烯醇-脱硫石膏复合材料即宏观无缺陷(MDF)石膏。对MDF石膏复合材料的力学性能和吸水率能进行测试和研究结果表明:采用该工艺能够显著提高石膏的内部的作用力和密实度,从而使石膏的力学性能得到极大提高,且石膏材料的耐水性能也得到进一步改善。     

集体记忆的延续——青岛里院建筑的居住类型以及更新保护

文章聚焦在青岛本土居住建筑——里院。青岛的里院建筑是伴随着青岛近代历史历程演变而成的一种特殊的建筑形式,也是老城区城市肌理的重要组成部分,并构成了青岛“红瓦绿树蓝天”的地域性城市风貌。里院建筑也是具有市井生活化状态的街区文化样本,但是,随着城市化建设的发展以及原住居民的搬离,现在的里院建筑大多处于空置状态,并面临着被拆除的困境。通过笔者通过搜集里院历史图纸与相关资料、实地调研考察以及拍摄照片等方法,对里院建筑进行记录和分析,并尝试着对其空间形制和文化价值进行把握。从里院建筑的居住类型意义着手进行阐述,包括其中的空间类型和历史意义等,例如里院的格网,具有新城市主义所倡导的高密度小方格的空间形式,也是十九大以来中国城市建设的重要内容;其中,组成建筑单体的空间形式类型也较为丰富,有“口、日、目、凹、L”等形式;并且,里院建筑凝聚着大多老一辈青岛人的集体记忆,其中部分的历史建筑具有一定的文化价值。在尊重里院原有空间形制的前提下,尝试讨论对其干预较小的改造方式,以此“活化”里院建筑的功能,并使其得到可持续的更新保护,以适应当下社会的需求。希望能为留存城市的肌理以及集体记忆贡献一份力量,并对其今后的更新保护做到抛砖引玉的作用。     

复杂环境下L型楼房的定向对叠爆破控制技术

为了解决环境复杂、倾倒场地狭窄条件下L型楼房的定向爆破技术和安全问题,将楼房分割为3个横截面均为矩形的独立单元,采用了中部单元向外倾倒、两侧单元定向对叠向内倾倒的爆破方案。利用定向切口承重柱的装药量择向分配的偏炸技术和延时起爆技术,在相应的复合防护体系和减振措施(隔振沟)配合下,成功实施了L型楼房的定向倾倒,确保了爆破周围建筑物和设施的安全。该设计方法和参数可为同类工程提供参考。     

建筑石膏外加剂研究进展

石膏是国际上推崇使用的绿色建材.我国是石膏资源大国,具备发展石膏建材的资源和政策优势.使用外加剂是提升石膏基材料技术经济水平,推动石膏行业科技进步的最有效途径,也是高性能石膏基材料的核心技术.本文综述了国内外建筑石膏减水剂、缓凝剂、保水剂研究的现状,并对国内石膏外加剂研究与应用中存在的问题进行了分析.     

建筑围护结构热性能指标OTTV的研究与应用

透过建筑围护结构进入空调建筑的得热量是构成建筑空调负荷的重要组成部分,很多国家通过立法设立标准来控制建筑围护结构的热工特性以达到建筑节能的目的。围护结构总传热值(overall thermal transfer value,OTTV)是综合考虑墙体、屋顶及窗户热特性及太阳透过窗户热辐射得热的建筑围护结构性能指标。这一指标最早由美国提出,在东南亚及中国香港地区得到的一定的发展及应用并被列入国家或地区标准。中国大陆地区依然采用传热系数、窗墙比等参数控制建筑围护结构的设计。因此,本文回顾OTTV的发展与应用,以期开展OTTV在我国应用方面的研究。     

绿色公共建筑项目中暖通空调节能设计浅析

随着资源的日益匮乏,能源节约已经越来越受重视。对于建筑节能来说,绿色建筑已经成为当今世界发展的主流。想要达到降低建筑能耗目的,从《绿色建筑评价标准》来看,与暖通空调专业相关的内容在绿色评价体系中占有相当大的权重。依据《绿色建筑评价标准》,分别在控制项、一般项、优选项三个评价方面,针对与绿色公共建筑中的暖通空调专业相关的评价指标进行讨论,意在为暖通空调在绿色建筑中的应用提供一些指导。