利用青海大黄油菜和芥蓝合成大粒甘蓝型油菜

利用青海大黄油菜（QD,2n=20,AA）与几种不同的甘蓝（CC,2n=18）正反杂交,辅以幼胚抢救、子房培养和染色体加倍技术人工合成甘蓝型油菜。结果表明：以QD为母本的多个杂交组合获得69株杂种苗,反交组合均未得到正常发育的胚。与中迟芥蓝杂交后的QD子房在MS、1/2MS、MS＋0.2mg/L 6-BA三种培养基中得胚率依次为15.5%、8.9%和4.4%,共获得24个杂种胚,而在MS＋1.5mg/L 6-BA＋0.25mg/L NAA分化培养基上角果内未发现成熟胚。染色体加倍处理结果表明,在培养基中添加秋水仙素后加倍率最高（59.4%～86.4%）。SSR分子标记结果显示：受试材料全部为真杂种,并且没有出现新增带和缺失带。人工甘蓝型油菜在形态上介于双亲之间,千粒重较高,达到5.48g～7.45g,显著高于甘蓝型油菜品种青油14号和中双4号。     

Glucosinolate content of Brassica vegetables-Chinese cabbages Pe-tsai (Brassica pekinensis) and Pak-choi (Brassica chinensis)

The glucosinolate content of 19 cultivars of pe-tsai and three cultivars of pak-choi Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Lour) Rupr and (Brassica chinensis L, respectively) has been determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The levels of total glucosinolates were 0.097-0.337 g kg^?1 fresh weight (mean 0.198) in pe-tsai and 0.39-0.704 g kg^?1 (mean 0.534) in pak-choi. The main components present were (2-hydroxybut-3-enyl-progoitrin), but-3-enyl- (gluconapin), 5-methylsulphinylpentyl- (glucoalyssin) and pent-4-enyl (glucobrassicanapin) glucosinolates, respectively. In comparison with other UK brassicas and American cultivars of Chinese cabbage, both the UK-grown pak-choi and pe-tsai are low in glucosinolates.     

Glucosinolate profiles of international rapeseed lines (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris)

Seed samples from a range of international rapeseed lines (Brassica napus L and B campestris L) were analysed for glucosinolate content using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This analytical method provided a total profile consisting of eight different glucosinolates, including those used to define the Canola standard. The data indicated that broad categories of distinct glucosinolate profiles existed among the seed lines analysed. Indole glucosinolate content, expressed as a percentage of total glucosinolate content, was higher in the low glucosinolate lines of B napus. The actual contents of all eight glucosinolates in the seed were variable, particularly gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin and progoitrin. The importance of this HPLC procedure in facilitating selection for high or low contents of individual glucosinolates is discussed.     

黑芥ANS基因的克隆和在芸薹属B基因组的PCR鉴别

利用同源克隆方法克隆黑芥ANS基因,获得2个ANS基因拷贝BnANS1和BnANS2,长度分别为1 366bp和1 367bp.这2个基因都有1个76bp的内含子.比较BnAⅣS1和BnANS2基因序列,发现在编码区、5＇与3＇非编码区和内含子区域都有多态性,5＇非编码区有3个碱基的多态性和4个碱基的缺失,编码区有26个碱基的多态性;内含子有2个碱基的多态性;3＇非编码区有18个碱基的多态性和3个碱基的插入.这2个ANS拷贝都编码356个氨基酸的蛋白,具有其他物种同样的ANS蛋白保守结构域,属于2OG-Fe（Ⅱ）加氧酶超家族.BnANS1编码的蛋白质理论分子量为40 448.58Da,等电点为5.05;BnANS2编码的蛋白质理论分子量为40 468.52Da,等电点为5.04.比较这2个ANS基因拷贝编码的蛋白质序列,发现有9个多态性位点.这2个ANS拷贝在黑芥的种皮和胚中均检测到表达.获得了1对ANS引物,能从白菜、黑芥、甘蓝、芥菜型油菜、甘蓝型油菜和埃塞俄比亚芥中,用等位特异PCR方法特异识别来自芸薹属B基因组的ANS基因.     

关于"双低"菜籽油的发展

一、 国外“双低”菜籽油的发展概况双低菜籽油被誉为基因工程出现前,20世纪作物新品种培育技术的一个里程碑。虽然2000多年前就有了野生的油籽油菜,但直到1936年加拿大才第一次人工种植这种作物。第二次世界大战期间,由于对各种食用油料需要量急剧增加,于20世纪50年代初期加拿大开始作为食用油使用。20世纪50年代中期,人们发现菜籽油中的芥酸会沉积在啮齿动物的心脏、骨骼、肌肉中,从而质疑它的安全性,1956年,加拿大禁止继续在食品领域使用菜籽油。此后,加拿大农学家培育了含有低芥酸和低硫苷(β-硫代葡糖苷酸)的油菜籽品种。由于加工时硫…     

隶属函数法鉴定油菜甘芥种间杂交后代的抗旱性

在大田水分胁迫条件下,采用隶属函数值法、灰色关联度分析法结合聚类分析,研究58份甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜的种间杂交后代,分析其单株产量、主花序产量和品质性状的差异。结果表明,单株分枝数和有效角果数与抗旱性显著相关,而角粒数和千粒重与抗旱性关联性较弱。在水分胁迫条件下,抗旱材料主花序的三个性状,即含油量、蛋白质含量和千粒重,在强抗、较抗、不抗材料间的差异均达到1%显著水平,且与单株产量的关联度在50%以上,其中主花序籽粒的含油量及千粒重升高,蛋白质含量降低。利用水分胁迫下三个性状的差异变化可对抗旱油菜进行初步筛选。通过筛选,获得2007M004、2007M018和2007M027三份平均隶属函数值≥0.413的抗旱材料。     

甘蓝复合果蔬汁的稳定性

单一的稳定剂并不能解决甘蓝复合果蔬汁的稳定性问题,而多种稳定剂的稳定效果较好,为此挑选出较好的3种稳定剂,对其进行不同比例的复配,观察一段时间的相对粘度及浊度变化,发现两种稳定剂的复配就能达到稳定的效果,最佳添加量(质量分数)为果胶0.07%,黄原胶0 03%.     

甘蓝型油菜SSR核心引物研究

为了确定一组适用于品种纯度鉴定和遗传多样性分析的SSR核心引物,以100份具有代表性的甘蓝型油菜品种（系）为研究材料对746对SSR引物进行筛选,综合考虑PIC（平均多态信息量）值大小、引物重复性、扩增带型清晰度、连锁群分布等因素,确定44对引物为甘蓝型油菜核心引物,其中20对引物为首选核心引物,24对引物为备选核心引物。20对首选核心引物每对可检测到3~9个多态性位点,PIC值介于0.56~0.80,共检测到102个位点,分布于11个连锁群上。随机抽取1对核心引物对一个杂交组合大田制种F1纯度进行鉴定,其鉴定结果与田间自然鉴定结果一致,并可同时鉴别出来源于父本及外来的混杂单株。将44对核心引物应用于品种的系谱分析和100份品种遗传多样性聚类分析,同样得到了很好的验证结果。该套SSR核心引物适用于甘蓝型油菜品种鉴定及遗传多样性研究。     

非油炸小白菜脆片的加工工艺研究

为研究非油炸蔬菜脆片的加工工艺,实验以小白菜为原料,采用滚筒干燥工艺,对脆片加工过程中的原料配比及干燥参数进行了探讨研究。实验结果表明,小白菜脆片最优加工配方为:每1kg小白菜添加黄豆62g,大米451g,NH4HCO30.5g,品质改良剂M3g,食盐10g,白砂糖7g,鸡精5g,胡椒粉2.5g;实验以Vc含量和水分含量为指标,得到滚筒干燥工艺参数为:滚筒表面温度110℃,滚筒转速1.5r/min。该休闲食品结构致密,色泽翠绿,口感酥脆,具有小白菜风味。     

甘蓝复合汁工艺参数的确定

利用脱水蔬菜厂的甘蓝下脚料,经超滤澄清与苹果汁复合,开发出一种甘蓝、苹果复合汁饮料.通过研究不同热烫时间、温度对还原VC和不同酶解条件(酶用量、酶配比、pH值、时间和酶解温度)对出汁率与粘度的影响,采用正交试验确定了最佳酶解工艺为:质量分数0.06％的纤维素酶用量,物料:酶质量比30:1,pH值5.5,酶解时间40 min,温度45℃.     

Brassica cytogenetics-a historical journey and my personal reminiscence

本文综述了芸薹属细胞遗传学从染色体数目鉴定到分子细胞生物学的发展历程。芸薹属细胞遗传学研究始于日本科学家N.Takamine对白菜型油菜Brassica rapa（syn.B.campestris）体细胞染色体数目的鉴定。俄国植物学家G.D.Karpechenko首次成功地合成了萝卜甘蓝（Raphanobrassica）,这项成果的获得是实验室杂交合成新物种的里程碑。日本科学家Morinaga和Nagaharu U率先开展了基因组研究,揭示了芸薹属作物的细胞遗传学结构。二十世纪三十年代广泛开展了体细胞染色体的核型研究。随后,G.Rbbelen在1960年对粗线期染色体进行研究,提出了原始核型的遗传结构。但由于芸薹属染色体非常小,没有明显的形态标识,因此很难获得可靠的核型,近年来由于分子细胞遗传学的迅速发展,科学家采用以rDNA为探针的荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术成功地构建了分子核型。二十世纪50年代初期以来,由于组织培养技术的发展,人工合成了自然界已有的芸薹属栽培异源多倍体种,并进行了芸薹属作物和野生种之间的远缘杂交研究。1980年后发展起来的原生质体再生和融合技术更加促进了大量体细胞杂种的合成,包括相当数量的族间组合。虽然野生种质的基因尚待发掘,但这些实验大大拓展了异源倍性物种已有的遗传基础,增加了近缘野生种质资源的可利用价值。近年来开展的拟南芥和芸薹属物种之间的比较基因组学研究,不仅阐述了进化过程,也使芸薹和拟南芥成为近年来实验生物学的模式植物,为进一步开展细胞遗传学研究奠定了基础。     

恰玛古饮料工艺技术研究

以恰玛古、杏干、红枣、葡萄干为主要原料,经加工制成有益于人体健康的天然碱性饮料。文中主要对产品风味、稳定性进行研究,并通过单因素、正交实验,确定了最佳工艺参数为:V(恰玛古浆):V(杏浆):V(红枣浆):V(葡萄浆)=20:13:15:10;柠檬酸0.08%、VC0.3%、安赛蜜0.025%;0.3%β-环糊精脱嗅;最适稳定剂配方为CMC-Na0.3%、β-环糊精0.1%复合使用。     

New insights into antioxidant activity of Brassica crops

Antioxidant activity of six Brassica crops–broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, nabicol and tronchuda cabbage–was measured at four plant stages with DPPH and FRAP assays. Samples taken three months after sowing showed the highest antioxidant activity. Kale crop possessed the highest antioxidant activity at this plant stage and also at the adult plant stage, while cauliflower showed the highest antioxidant activity in sprouts and in leaves taken two months after sowing. Brassica by-products could be used as sources of products with high content of antioxidants. Phenolic content and composition varied, depending on the crop under study and on the plant stage; sprout samples were much higher in hydroxycinnamic acids than the rest of samples. Differences in antioxidant activity of Brassica crops were related to differences in total phenolic content but also to differences in phenolic composition for most samples.     

华南特产蔬菜菜心的营养成分及营养评价

经测定结果表明,每100g菜心食用部分,其能量为89kJ、水分93.5g、灰分1.10g、粗纤维0.91g、粗蛋白2.15g、粗脂肪0.69g、碳水化合物1.65g、VC52.16mg、总黄酮达1.73mg/g,芦丁含量为0.14mg/g。菜心含14种矿质营养元素,以N、Ca最高,Cd最低,特别是P、Fe、Zn、Mn等营养元素含量较丰富,分别比苹果高2～21倍、比番茄高2.5～14倍。菜心除胱氨酸未检出外,含有其它17种氨基酸,以谷氨酸最高、色氨酸最低;总氨基酸含量达275mg/g,必需氨基酸含量为115.01mg/g,鲜味氨基酸含量(天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸)为66.08mg/g。菜心共检出9种饱和脂肪酸和4种不饱和脂肪酸,未检到亚油酸、二十二酸、二十四酸及生物碱。饱和脂肪酸总量达26.44%,以软脂酸为主,占17.81%;不饱和脂肪酸总量达73.58%,以亚麻酸为主,占61.35%。     

富硒脱水菜心的研制

研究了不同浓度、不同处理条件对菜心富硒量的影响,并进行了脱水干燥菜心的研制。结果显示:外施不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液对菜心植株体总硒含量有较大影响。菜心中的硒含量与喷施质量浓度(小于200mg/L)呈线性关系,但浓度过高会抑制菜心的生长。采用较低的硒浓度喷施2次,可增加菜心的硒含量。适当调节pH值可提高菜心对硒的吸收。在菜心采前3d以上进行喷施处理较适宜,可以减少无机硒在叶面的吸附。富硒菜心烘干过程中,为减少有机硒的挥发损失,物料温度应控制在60℃以下。     

Content of rhodanidogenic glucosides in some Brassica crops

The method of Aldridge has been used in order to investigate the content of thiocyanate-yielding glucosides in Brassica crops, and methodological investigations have been made. Variation in thiocyanate-yielding glucosides was examined in relation to harvest times, different morphological parts of the plant, older and younger parts of the plant, total populations, and individual plants. The content of thiocyanate-yielding glucosides was highest at an early stage of the growth period and higher in the younger than in the older parts of the plant. In marrow-stem kale the content was highest in the lamina, and in turnip rape the highest content was in the root, while the differences between the morphological parts of the rape variety were less marked. Evidence is presented that the content of the thiocyanate-yielding glucosides is partly genetically controlled.     

Heavy metal and element profiling of Brassica rapa

Heavy metal and element contents of two varieties of Brassica rapa (turnip) growing in the same environmental conditions and native to Egypt (Brassica rapa var. rapa) and to the Netherlands (Brassica rapa var. Raapstelen), respectively were evaluated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the Egyptian variety had higher concentrations of Mn and Zn at early developmental stages than the Dutch variety, whereas the Dutch variety showed higher concentration of Cu, Co and Na at late developmental stages. The basal second leaves in both varieties were characterized with higher concentrations of heavy metals compared to the upper fourth leaves at any developmental stage. The concentration of heavy metals and elements at any developmental stage is under the permissible levels set by FAO and WHO for human consumption and we recommend that the consumption of these vegetables is safe for humans if cultivated under the same conditions. The consumption of young leaves (upper fourth leaves) is much safer than that of the basal second leaves (in both varieties) due to their low heavy metal contents.     

Oil Content and Fatty Acids Composition in Brassica Species

Seeds of 20 accessions of six Brassica species including cultivated and five wild relatives were analyzed for oil and fatty acid composition. The results showed that oil content varied from 21 (B. nigra) to 46% (B. napus). Among wild species, B. rapa and B. oleracea had highest oil content (31 and 28%, respectively). The main fatty acids of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, erucic, palmitic, and stearic acids accounted for 89–94% of the total fatty acids in all species. Cultivated species of B. napus had highest oleic acid (61%) and lowest erucic acid (1%) content compared to other studied species. Brassica rapa and B. oleracea had the highest content of erucic acid (41 and 46%, respectively). The highest content of linolenic (20%) and linoleic (19%) acid was observed for B. juncea. The results showed that there was high genetic variation among the studied species for oil content and fatty acids composition. This indicates that seed oil of these species is possibly suitable for both human consumption and industrial purposes.