生态系统模型模拟中国叶面积指数变化趋势及驱动因子的不确定性

为了厘清中国近30 a来植被生长趋势及其对不同环境变化的响应,使用了3套长时间序列遥感叶面积指数（Leaf area index, LAI）数据集以及8套生态系统模型,对LAI变化趋势从总量、空间分布以及不同植被类型进行了分析与归因。总量上,1982~2015年遥感观测的LAI趋势（9.8×10^-3m²/m²·a）高于生态系统模型模拟的趋势（4.2×10^-3m²/m²·a）,大气二氧化碳浓度上升是主要驱动因素（（3.5×10^-3m²/m²·a）;遥感观测到全国79.5%的区域LAI都呈现显著增长的趋势,而生态系统模型模拟LAI的增长面积占比为33.1%;除草地外,生态系统模型低估了其他植被类型的LAI变化趋势。模型对降雨变化的响应过于敏感以及对人为活动模拟能力不足是模型模拟中国LAI变化趋势不确定性的重要来源。本研究定量分析了近30 a中国各种植被变化情况及其驱动因子,并对模型低估中国植被生长进行了解释,为后续中国地区植被相关研究提供了参考。     

中国东部沿海四省一市PM2.5浓度遥感估算方法研究

卫星遥感反演的气溶胶光学深度（AOD）产品已被广泛应用于近地面PM_2.5浓度的估算。已有研究表明通过构建AOD和PM_2.5之间的高级统计模型—线性混合效应模型（LME）可以有效获取近地面PM_2.5浓度的空间分布,但由于引入了大量的气象和土地利用等因子,使得模型对变量的解译能力有所降低。为此,基于MODIS AOD（空间分辨率：3 km）,以我国东部长江三角洲—福建—广东（YRD-FJ-GD）为研究区,构建了两种非参数机器学习模型,即支持向量机（SVM）和随机森林（RF）模型,来估算2018年YRD-FJ-GD地区的近地面PM_2.5浓度,并将其与线性混合效应模型（LME）的估算结果进行对比。研究发现,3种模型估算的PM_2.5浓度与地面实测值之间的R²均高于0.6,其中,RF模型的估算精度最优,模型拟合的R²高达0.91,比SVM模型（R²=0.79）和LME模型（R²=0.64）的估算结果分别提高了13%和30%;且RMSE（~9.07 μg/m³）也远低于LME（~19.09 μg/m³）和SVM模型（~17.29 μg/m³）。此外,由随机森林（RF）模型估算的2018年YRD-FJ-GD地区的PM_2.5空间分布显示,长江三角洲（YRD）地区的年均PM_2.5浓度最高（>46 μg/m³）,其次为广东省（GD）,福建地区（FJ）的年均PM_2.5浓度最低（<37 μg/m³）;4个季节的平均PM_2.5浓度则呈现冬季（46.32 μg/m³）>春季（38.80 μg/m³）>秋季（36.15 μg/m³）>夏季（30.16 μg/m³）的分布格局。研究结果表明：与高级统计模型（LME）和机器学习（SVM）相比,随机森林（RF）模型能更好地应用于YRD-FJ-GD地区的PM_2.5浓度估算。     

海南省西北部植被净初级生产力的长时序精尺度遥感监测

植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity, NPP）是反映生态系统碳循环状态和变化的有效指标，在“双碳”目标背景下，长时序精尺度数据对植被净初级生产力动态监测具有重要意义。海南省作为国家生态文明试验区，其NPP动态监测对于强化陆地生态系统碳汇建设具有典型作用。以海南省西北部为研究区，基于Landsat系列遥感影像数据，采用VPM光能利用率模型，估算得到海南省西北部长时序（2000～2020）精尺度（30 m空间分辨率）的NPP数据，并对其进行时空变化分析。研究结果表明：海南省西北部日平均NPP在年际尺度上呈现明显的波动上升趋势，与其他植被类型相比落叶阔叶林的NPP最高且增长趋势最快，灌丛的NPP最低且增长趋势最慢。海南省西北部NPP在空间上呈现南高北低分布，研究区南部阔叶林及稀树草原地区NPP较高，北部灌丛地区NPP较低。研究区域NPP的整体增长趋势主要是由南部植被所控制。     

多层土壤观测数据同化的森林碳、水通量模拟

为充分考虑森林生态系统土壤水分的垂直运动及改善碳、水通量的模拟精度，利用Biome-BGC MuSo模型模拟了长白山森林通量站点的碳、水通量，该模型包含了多层土壤模块、物候模块以及管理模块；其次，利用集合卡尔曼滤波算法将站点观测的多层土壤参数同化到Biome-BGC MuSo模型中，并用站点涡动通量数据进行了验证。结果表明：与Biome-BGC模型模拟结果相比，Biome-BGC MuSo改善了站点净生态系统交换量（Net ecosystem exchange, NEE）、生态系统呼吸量（Ecosystem respiration, ER）和蒸散发（Evapotranspiration, ET）模拟精度，站点观测的时序土壤温度和水分数据同化到Biome-BGC MuSo后，碳、水通量模拟结果有了进一步的提升（NEE: R² = 0.70, RMSE = 1.16 gC·m^–2·d^–1; ER: R² = 0.85, RMSE = 1.97 gC·m^–2·d^–1 ; ET: R² = 0.81, RMSE = 0.70 mm·d^–1）。数据-模型同化策略为森林生态系统碳、水同量的模拟提供了科学的方法。     

多层土壤观测数据同化的森林碳、水通量模拟

为充分考虑森林生态系统土壤水分的垂直运动及改善碳、水通量的模拟精度,利用Biome-BGC MuSo模型模拟了长白山森林通量站点的碳、水通量,该模型包含了多层土壤模块、物候模块以及管理模块;其次,利用集合卡尔曼滤波算法将站点观测的多层土壤参数同化到Biome-BGC MuSo模型中,并用站点涡动通量数据进行了验证。结果表明：与Biome-BGC模型模拟结果相比,Biome-BGC MuSo改善了站点净生态系统交换量（Net ecosystem exchange, NEE）、生态系统呼吸量（Ecosystem respiration, ER）和蒸散发（Evapotranspiration, ET）模拟精度,站点观测的时序土壤温度和水分数据同化到Biome-BGC MuSo后,碳、水通量模拟结果有了进一步的提升（NEE: R² = 0.70, RMSE = 1.16 gC·m^–2·d^–1; ER: R² = 0.85, RMSE = 1.97 gC·m^–2·d^–1 ; ET: R² = 0.81, RMSE = 0.70 mm·d^–1）。数据-模型同化策略为森林生态系统碳、水同量的模拟提供了科学的方法。     

大兴安岭北段森林扰动对NPP的影响分析

森林扰动影响森林生态系统碳循环和碳平衡,植被净初级生产力(NPP)是表征植被固碳能力的重要指标,分析森林扰动对NPP的影响对于全球变化研究及生态系统承载力和恢复力评估具有重要意义。选取大兴安岭北段地区作为研究区,使用生产的每8 d 30 m分辨率叶面积指数数据集,基于Mu Sy Q-NPP植被生产力模型估算了该地区2002～2018年森林生长季30 m分辨率时间序列NPP,并使用30 m分辨率森林扰动时间序列产品分析了森林扰动对NPP的影响。研究结果表明：在大兴安岭北段地区,2002～2018年森林生长季NPP多年均值多分布于400～600 g C·m^-2·a^-1之间,总体呈现缓慢增加趋势;火干扰是研究区的主要扰动因子;2002～2017年森林扰动导致生长季NPP年平均减少量为0.01 Tg C·a^-1,在2003年、2006年和2017年,受到面积较大且强度较大的森林扰动后生长季NPP降低幅度较大,分别为0.11 Tg C、0.03 Tg C和0.03 Tg C;发生中高强度森林扰动的2006年扰动区,生长季NPP自2...     

洪河湿地植被地上生物量遥感反演研究

在对洪河湿地植被地上生物量实地采样调查的基础上,利用准同步的TM数据建立了洪河湿地地上生物量遥感反演模型。主要研究了洪河湿地植被地上生物量的空间分布情况,并结合研究区的DEM分析生物量空间分布特征和高程的相关关系。并分析了不同生物量范围内,生物量与高程之间相关性存在差异的原因。研究表明:多元回归模型与其他模型相比拟合精度最高,决定系数为0.813,是洪河湿地地上生物量估算的精度最优模型;经估算得到2007年洪河湿地地上生物量主要集中分布于600~1 200 g/m²之间,总生物量为2.4856×10⁸g,平均生物量为934.7105 g/m²。通过生物量与DEM的相关分析得到,在生物量值为0~600 g/m²的低生物量分布区域,生物量与高程之间存在较好的相关性,相关系数为0.79839;在生物量为600~1 200 g/m²和1 200 g/m²以上范围内,生物量与高程值之间相关性较弱。     

基于Landsat TM/ETM+影像的武汉市冬季NPP估算及其时空变化分析

植被净第一生产力(NPP)作为反映植被固碳能力的重要指标,在全球CO2浓度上升的背景下,成为研究全球及区域生态系统对气候环境变化响应的热点之一。基于Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据,采用改进的CASA模型,估算得到武汉市2001~2010年空间分辨率为30m的冬季NPP,并对其进行时空变化分析。研究结果表明:武汉市过去10a冬季平均NPP为8.55gC/m2·m。2001~2010年武汉市冬季NPP整体呈现波动上升的趋势,各区域具有不同的增长速率,其中以江夏区最快,而各植被类型中灌木林具有最快的增长速率和最高的平均NPP。武汉市冬季NPP均呈现从三环区域向四周增大的空间分布特征,过去10a武汉市冬季NPP最高的区域由黄陂区转移到了江夏区。     

滨海湿地碳源/汇模拟系统的构建与应用

目前,针对滨海湿地生态系统碳过程模型构建的研究有一定的进展,但在如何耦合生态过程模型与遥感技术去估算湿地碳源/汇的时空格局动态方面仍处在尝试阶段。通过对湿地生态系统碳过程模型和遥感反演模型的构建,数据库技术和地理信息系统(GIS)软件的二次开发完成了"滨海湿地碳源/汇模拟系统"软件的开发。在此基础上,以区域遥感卫片、野外湿地监测和气象观测数据为主要驱动变量,模拟了崇明东滩湿地潮间带芦苇群落和旱生芦苇群落的碳收支时空格局动态。系统可为管理者估算区域尺度滨海湿地碳源/汇时空动态,预测这一类型湿地碳汇潜能在人类活动和气候变化影响下的发展趋势,为管理者提供一定的理论与技术支持。     

中亚地区植被净初级生产力时空动态及其与气候因子关系

植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)及其对气候变化的响应是全球变化的核心研究内容之一,研究中亚地区NPP的时空格局变化对理解植被—环境的作用机理以及应对全球变化具有重要的意义。基于MOD17A3数据集、气象数据结合GIS分析方法研究中亚地区2000~2014年的植被NPP时空动态特征及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明：①中亚地区空间上NPP的变化范围在0~874 gC/m²·a之间,平均值为151.90 gC/m²·a,NPP年总量平均值为482.41TgC (1 Tg=10¹² g),NPP平均值与总量均呈现出下降趋势;②中亚地区NPP的高值区主要分布在高纬度地区和东南部高山地区,中部和南部荒漠区则为NPP的低值区;③中亚地区2000~2014年间NPP在空间上总体呈现下降趋势,达到显著下降的区域总体面积的39.89%。NPP呈下降趋势的区域主要集中在哈萨克斯坦的大部分区域,不同分区内以典型草原区最为显著;④中亚地区NPP受降水量的影响作用高于气温,荒漠草原区、典型草原区以及荒漠区主要受到降水量的控制,高山草甸区与高山林地区则受到降水和气温的共同作用。     

On the sensitivity of camera calibration

The orientation position errors of an object's coordinate frame are determined when the offset of image centre and lens distortion are not included in the calibration process. The orientation and position errors are [(u₀)² + (v₀)²]^0.5/f and [(u²₀+v²₀)T²_z + (u²₀T²_z + v²₀T_y²)]^0.5/f, respectively, where f is the focal length, (u₀, v₀) is the offset of image centre and (T_x T_y T_z) is the position of an object. We also obtain the following conclusions: (a) The offset of image centre has little effect on the determinations of the position and orientation of a coordinate frame; (b) the lens distortion will not dramatically change the position and orientation of a coordinate frame; (c) the scale factor has a great effect on the position of a coordinate frame, and on the accuracy of measurement; (d) the offset of image centre is more sensitive than the lens distortion on the determinations of the position and orientation of a coordinate frame. Finally, some experimental results are given to demonstrate the theoretical analysis given in this paper.     

Order-configuration functions: Mathematical characterizations and applications to digital signal and image processing

We call a function f in n variables an order-configuration function if for any x₁,…, x_n such that x_i1 … x_in we have f(x₁,…, x_n) = x_t, where t is determined by the n-tuple (i₁,…, i_n) corresponding to that ordering. Equivalently, it is a function built as a minimum of maxima, or a maximum of minima. Well-known examples are the minimum, the maximum, the median, and more generally rank functions, or the composition of rank functions. Such types of functions are often used in nonlinear processing of digital signals or images (for example in the median or separable median filter, min-max filters, rank filters, etc.). In this paper we study the mathematical properties of order-configuration functions and of a wider class of functions that we call order-subconfiguration functions. We give several characterization theorems for them. We show through various examples how our concepts can be used in the design of digital signal filters or image transformations based on order-configuration functions.     

Biinfinite words with maximal recurrent unbordered factors

A finite non-empty word z is said to be a border of a finite non-empty word w if w=uz=zv for some non-empty words u and v. A finite non-empty word is said to be bordered if it admits a border, and it is said to be unbordered otherwise. In this paper, we give two characterizations of the biinfinite words of the form ^ωuvu^ω, where u and v are finite words, in terms of its unbordered factors.

The main result of the paper states that the words of the form ^ωuvu^ω are precisely the biinfinite words w=a₋₂a₋₁a₀a₁a₂ for which there exists a pair (l₀,r₀) of integers with l₀<r₀ such that, for every integers ll₀ and rr₀, the factor a_la_l0a_r0a_r is a bordered word.

The words of the form ^ωuvu^ω are also characterized as being those biinfinite words w that admit a left recurrent unbordered factor (i.e., an unbordered factor of w that has an infinite number of occurrences “to the left” in w) of maximal length that is also a right recurrent unbordered factor of maximal length. This last result is a biinfinite analogue of a result known for infinite words.     

Analytic-numerical solutions with a priori error bounds for time-dependent mixed partial differential problems

The aim of this paper is double. First, we point out that the hypothesis D(t₁)D(t₂) = D(t₂)D(t₁) imposed in [1] can be removed. Second, a constructive method for obtaining analytic-numerical solutions with a prefixed accuracy in a bounded domain Ω(t₀,t₁) = [0,p] × [t₀,t₁], for mixed problems of the type u_t(x,t) − D(t)u_xx(x,t) = 0, 0 < x < p, t> 0, subject to u(0,t) = u(p,t) = 0 and u(x,0) = F(x) is proposed. Here, u(x,t) and F(x) are r-component vectors, D(t) is a C^{r × r} valued analytic function and there exists a positive number δ such that every eigenvalue z of (1/2) (D(t) + D(t)^H) is bigger than δ. An illustrative example is included.     

On the type of a polynomial f, when f(0)f−f(0)f is a monomial

A polynomial is said to be of type (p₁, p₂, p₃) relative to a directed line in the complex plane if, counting multiplicities, it has p₁ zeros to the left of, p₂ zeros on, and p₃ zeros to the right of the line. In this paper we determine explicitly the types of all polynomials belonging to a very restricted (but infinite) family of polynomials. A polynomial ƒ belongs to this family if and only if its coefficients are such that the polynomial ƒ^*(0)ƒ(z)−ƒ(0) ƒ^*(z) is a monomial; here ƒ^* denotes the reflection of ƒ in the directed line.

A special case of the present result appeared in an earlier publication.     

Integral averages and oscillation of second-order nonlinear differential equations

We present some criteria for the oscillation of the second-order nonlinear differential equation

Full-size image

where a ε C¹([t₀, ∞)) is a nonnegative function, q ε C ([t₀, ∞)) are allowed to change sign on [t₀, ∞), ψ, f ε C¹ , ψ(x) > 0, xf(x) > 0, f′(x) ≥ 0 for x ≠ 0. These criteria are obtained by using a general class of the parameter functions H(t,s) in the averaging techniques and represent extension, as well as improvement of known oscillation criteria of Philos and Purnaras for the generalized Emden-Fowler equation.     

Effects of spatial variability in light use efficiency on satellite-based NPP monitoring

Light use efficiency (LUE) algorithms are a potentially effective approach to monitoring global net primary production (NPP) using satellite-borne sensors such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). However, these algorithms are applied at relatively coarse spatial resolutions (≥1 km), which may subsume significant heterogeneity in vegetation LUE (ε_n, g MJ⁻¹) and, hence, introduce error. To examine the effects of spatial heterogeneity on a LUE algorithm, imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at ≈1-km resolution was used to implement a LUE approach for NPP estimation over a 25-km² area of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) in central Illinois, USA. Results from several ε_n formulations were compared with a NPP reference surface based on measured NPPs and a high spatial resolution land cover surface derived from Landsat ETM+. Determination of ε_n based on measurements of biomass production and monitoring of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) revealed that ε_n of soybean was 68% of that for corn. When a LUE algorithm for estimating NPP was implemented in the study area using the assumption of homogeneous cropland and the ε_n for corn, the estimate for total biomass production was 126% of that from the NPP reference surface. Because of counteracting errors, total biomass production using the soybean ε_n was closer (86%) to that from the NPP reference surface. Retention of high spatial resolution land cover to assign ε_n resulted in a total NPP very similar to the reference NPP because differences in leaf phenology between the crop types were small except early in the growing season. These results suggest several alternative approaches to accounting for land cover heterogeneity in ε_n when implementing LUE algorithms at coarse resolution.     

Synchronization and communication overheads on the LCAP multiple FPS-164 computer system

LCAP comprises an IBM-4381 host communicating with ten FPS-164 computers over I/O channels which have a measured effective transfer rate of about 2 Mbyte/s to each FPS-164. The FPS-164s may also communicate directly over a 22 Mbyte/s FPSBUS. This paper reports measurements of the startup overhead associated with these two methods of synchronization and communication as a function of the number of FPS-164 processors used. The significance of the overheads is interpreted in terms of the parameters f_1/2 (floating-point operations per data transfer for half the peak performance), and (grain size of parallelized problem for half the asymptotic performance). For channel communication f_1/2 = 2 and s_1/2 = 2 × 10³ to 4 × 10⁵. For FPSBUS communication f_1/2 = 0.5 to 2.5 and . Although the FPSBUS has about ten times the asymptotic transfer rate of a single channel, the startup time is longer than that of the channels and can hide this advantage unless the problem is large enough. Further, since the channels from the host to the FPS-164s work in parallel, their total transfer rate can exceed that of the FPSBUS for about ten FPS-164 processors or more. In this circumstance, we speculate that the channel connection would be faster than the FPSBUS for all problems. However, the LCAP system available did not have enough channels to test this directly.     

基于差分表的Blow-CAST-Fish算法的密钥恢复攻击

针对Blow-CAST-Fish算法攻击轮数有限和复杂度高等问题,提出一种基于差分表的Blow-CAST-Fish算法的密钥恢复攻击。首先,对S盒的碰撞性进行分析,分别基于两个S盒和单个S盒的碰撞,构造6轮和12轮差分特征;然后,计算轮函数f₃的差分表,并在特定差分特征的基础上扩充3轮,从而确定密文差分与f₃的输入、输出差分的关系;最后,选取符合条件的明文进行加密,根据密文差分计算f₃的输入、输出差分值,并查寻差分表找到对应的输入、输出对,从而获取子密钥。在两个S盒碰撞的情况下,所提攻击实现了9轮Blow-CAST-Fish算法的差分攻击,比对比攻击多1轮,时间复杂度由2^107.9降低到2⁷⁴;而在单个S盒碰撞的情况下,所提攻击实现了15轮Blow-CAST-Fish算法的差分攻击,与对比攻击相比,虽然攻击轮数减少了1轮,但弱密钥比例由{\mathrm{2}}^{-\mathrm{52.4}}提高到{\mathrm{2}}^{-\mathrm{42}},数据复杂度由2⁵⁴降低到2⁴⁷。测试结果表明,在相同差分特征基础上,基于差分表的攻击的攻击效率更高。