氧气压力对钴基催化剂催化苯乙烯环氧化的影响

采用浸渍法制备CoO_x/SiO_2、CoO_x/Al_2O_3、CoO_x/改性高岭土催化剂,在苯乙烯环氧化反应中评价催化剂活性,并考察氧气压力对催化剂活性的影响。采用XRD、SEM对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,CoO_x/改性高岭土催化剂活性最高,且稳定性良好。氧气压力为(0.1～2.0) MPa时,随着氧气压力的增加,CoO_x/改性高岭土和CoO_x/Al_2O_3催化剂上,苯乙烯转化率提高,环氧苯乙烷选择性先增后降;CoO_x/SiO_2催化剂上,苯乙烯转化率提高,环氧苯乙烷选择性降低。适当增加氧气压力促进环氧苯乙烷的生成,但过高的氧气压力导致副产物的产生,氧气压力1.0 MPa最佳。每30 min向反应体系补充氧气至初始压力,苯乙烯转化率上升,环氧苯乙烷选择性小幅度下降。随着充压次数的增加,苯乙烯转化率增大,环氧苯乙烷选择性下降。     

离子液体功能化salen Mn催化苯乙烯与CO2一锅合成碳酸苯乙烯酯

合成了咪唑离子液体功能化salen Mn配合物(IL-salen Mn),并作为催化剂应用于苯乙烯与CO2一锅合成碳酸苯乙烯酯反应中.以尿素过氧化氢(UHP)为氧化剂、吡啶氮氧化物(PyNO)为助剂,催化苯乙烯高效制备环氧苯乙烷,继而催化环氧苯乙烷与CO2发生环加成反应合成碳酸苯乙烯酯.考察了催化剂种类和用量、助剂用量、氧化剂种类和用量、反应时间、反应温度及CO2压力对上述反应的影响.结果表明,当催化剂IL-salen Mn用量为苯乙烯物质的量的8％、n(苯乙烯):n(UHP):n(PyNO)=1.0:3.0:0.2、环氧化反应温度和时间分别为30℃和5 h、环加成反应温度和时间分别为80℃和12 h、CO2压力为1.0 MPa时,苯乙烯的转化率为90％,碳酸苯乙烯酯收率达到32％.结合前期研究与反应时间动力学结果,推测了该一锅反应的可能机理.     

离子液体功能化salen Mn催化苯乙烯与CO2一锅合成碳酸苯乙烯酯

合成了咪唑离子液体功能化salen Mn配合物(IL-salen Mn),并作为催化剂应用于苯乙烯与CO2一锅合成碳酸苯乙烯酯反应中.以尿素过氧化氢(UHP)为氧化剂、吡啶氮氧化物(PyNO)为助剂,催化苯乙烯高效制备环氧苯乙烷,继而催化环氧苯乙烷与CO2发生环加成反应合成碳酸苯乙烯酯.考察了催化剂种类和用量、助剂用量、氧化剂种类和用量、反应时间、反应温度及CO2压力对上述反应的影响.结果表明,当催化剂IL-salen Mn用量为苯乙烯物质的量的8％、n(苯乙烯):n(UHP):n(PyNO)=1.0:3.0:0.2、环氧化反应温度和时间分别为30℃和5 h、环加成反应温度和时间分别为80℃和12 h、CO2压力为1.0 MPa时,苯乙烯的转化率为90％,碳酸苯乙烯酯收率达到32％.结合前期研究与反应时间动力学结果,推测了该一锅反应的可能机理.     

离子液体功能化salen Mn催化苯乙烯与CO2一锅合成碳酸苯乙烯酯

合成了咪唑离子液体功能化salen Mn配合物(IL-salen Mn),并作为催化剂应用于苯乙烯与CO2一锅合成碳酸苯乙烯酯反应中.以尿素过氧化氢(UHP)为氧化剂、吡啶氮氧化物(PyNO)为助剂,催化苯乙烯高效制备环氧苯乙烷,继而催化环氧苯乙烷与CO2发生环加成反应合成碳酸苯乙烯酯.考察了催化剂种类和用量、助剂用量、氧化剂种类和用量、反应时间、反应温度及CO2压力对上述反应的影响.结果表明,当催化剂IL-salen Mn用量为苯乙烯物质的量的8％、n(苯乙烯):n(UHP):n(PyNO)=1.0:3.0:0.2、环氧化反应温度和时间分别为30℃和5 h、环加成反应温度和时间分别为80℃和12 h、CO2压力为1.0 MPa时,苯乙烯的转化率为90％,碳酸苯乙烯酯收率达到32％.结合前期研究与反应时间动力学结果,推测了该一锅反应的可能机理.     

不同催化剂体系作用于CO2和环氧化合物环加成法合成环状碳酸酯反应机理研究进展

CO₂与环氧化合物合成环状碳酸酯具有100%的原子利用率，是CO₂化学利用法最有效的途径之一，且环状碳酸酯应用范围广泛，如非质子溶剂、锂离子电池中的电解质、聚碳酸酯和聚氨酯合成的单体、药物中间体以及其他精细化学品等。综述了近年来上述反应催化体系的最新进展，包括动力学、机理研究，并重点介绍了影响其活性和选择性的参数。     

离子液体功能化salen Mn催化苯乙烯与CO2一锅合成碳酸苯乙烯酯

合成了咪唑离子液体功能化salen Mn配合物（IL-salen Mn）,并作为唯一催化剂成功应用于苯乙烯与二氧化碳一锅合成碳酸苯乙烯酯反应中。首先,以尿素过氧化氢（UHP）为氧化剂、吡啶氮氧化物（PyNO）为助剂,催化苯乙烯高效制备环氧苯乙烷,继而催化环氧苯乙烷与二氧化碳发生环加成反应合成碳酸苯乙烯酯。分别考察了催化剂的种类和用量、助剂用量、氧化剂种类和用量、反应时间以及反应温度等因素对上述反应的影响。当催化剂用量为8 mol%（以反应物总的物质的量记）,n(苯乙烯)∶n(UHP)∶n(PyNO)=1.0∶3.0∶0.2,环氧化反应温度和时间分别为30 ℃和5 h,环加成反应温度和时间分别为80 ℃和12 h,二氧化碳压力为1 MPa时,苯乙烯的转化率为90%,碳酸苯乙烯酯收率达到32%。结合前期研究与反应时间动力学结果,推测了该串联反应可能的机理。     

CO2与炔丙醇羧环化合成α-亚烷基环状碳酸酯研究进展

CO₂是储量丰富、价格低廉、无毒且可再生的C1资源，将CO₂转化为高附加值能源及精细化学品是绿色化学的重要研究领域。炔丙醇是有机合成的重要原料，且易于功能化。α-亚烷基环状碳酸酯具有潜在的生物活性，主要应用于药物化学、有机合成等领域。CO₂和炔丙醇经羧环化反应制备α-亚烷基环状碳酸酯的过程可实现对CO₂的资源化利用，且该反应路线具有原子经济性。围绕CO₂与炔丙醇的羧环化反应，系统综述了不同类型催化剂的最新研究进展，为新型催化材料的设计开发指明了方向。     

多孔有机聚合物催化二氧化碳合成环状碳酸酯研究进展

二氧化碳（CO₂）捕集、利用和储存（CCUS）在全球能源结构转型中是一种极具潜力的策略,能够实现能源供给、基础原料产出以及限制气候变化。多孔有机聚合物（POPs）具有高CO₂吸附容量和吸附选择性、突出的结构特性以及优异的化学可调控性,其作为极具潜力的材料广泛应用于催化CO₂参与的有机反应中。其中,CO₂与环氧化物环加成生成环状碳酸酯的反应具有100%的原子经济性,且其产物也极具工业价值。本文基于CO₂环加成反应催化机制,从催化剂的合成方法、结构性质与组成特性角度出发,综述了POPs在CO₂/环氧化物环加成反应的研究进展,包括金属配合物类、氢键供体类、离子液体类、金属配合物/离子液体和氢键供体/离子液体等有机多孔聚合物体系。通过阐述POPs在催化CO₂制备高附加值环状碳酸酯反应中的研究现状和发展趋势,为POPs的开发与应用以及CO₂综合利用的工业化探索提供具有建设性的指导意见。     

苯乙烯环氧化反应的研究

以分子氧为氧化剂,异丁醛为共还原剂、醋酸钴为催化剂,苯乙烯可被氧化成环氧苯乙烷和苯甲醛。为了得到高产率的产品环氧苯乙烷,采用响应曲面法(RSM)考察了醛用量、催化剂用量、溶剂比对反应结果的影响,得到最佳反应条件下产品的总得率为72.9%,环氧苯乙烷和苯甲醛的选择性分别为53.1%和20.7%,并建立了相应的预测模型。根据实验结果,进一步计算了苯乙烯氧化反应的活化能,生成环氧苯乙烷和苯甲醛的活化能分别为34.69 k J/mol和38.23 k J/mol,表明低温有利于提高环氧苯乙烷产品的选择性。     

3-(4-氯苄基)-2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯的合成工艺研究

以己二酸二甲酯(DMA)为起始原料,经迪克曼缩合、羟醛缩合反应制得3-(4-氯苄基)-2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯。研究了工艺条件对反应的影响。实验表明,制备2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯的适宜工艺条件为:反应温度90℃,反应时间4 h,DMA和甲醇钠的摩尔比为1∶1.05,收率达82.6%;3-(4-氯苄基)-2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯的适宜工艺条件:反应温度90℃,反应时间15 h,2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯和甲醇钠的摩尔比为1∶2.5,收率达89%,熔点为129.9～130.3℃。     

CoTPP-TBAB catalyzed tandem transformation of styrene carbonate from styrene in the presence of O2 and CO2

The direct synthesis cyclic carbonate from styrene, O₂ and CO₂ is of great academic attraction and industrial value in modern chemistry. The metalloporphyrin/tetrabutylammonium bromide was employed as binary catalyst for this reaction in the presence of O₂ and CO₂ by using methyl 2-cyclopentanone-carboxylate as co-catalysts. The effects of reaction parameters on catalytic performance were investigated systematically. Under the optimal reaction conditions, conversion of styrene (99%) and selectivity to cyclic carbonate (35%) were obtained. The possible mechanism of cascade reaction was proposed by using in-situ ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the cobalt center is coordinated with the ring oxygen atom of methyl 2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate to activate oxygen to form a peroxy active species, thereby forming a high-valent cobalt-oxygen intermediate, which passes oxygen atoms to styrene and generate epoxy styrene. Then, styrene oxide opened ring under the catalysis of tetrabutylammonium bromide, and finally formed cyclic carbonate through CO₂ insertion reaction and intramolecular ring-closing reaction.     

Kinetic study of CO2 fixation into propylene carbonate with water as efficient medium using microreaction system

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) utilization and fixation have become one of the most important research areas nowadays due to the increase of global greenhouse effect. Cyclic carbonate, which is widely used in various fields, can be synthesized by fixation of CO₂ with epoxide in industry. Moreover, the synthesis of cyclic carbonate is a 100% atom economical reaction, which makes it eco-friendly and promising. To enhance the reaction efficiency and safety, a microreaction system was used as the platform for cycloaddition reaction. In this work, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) was chosen as catalyst, and propylene oxide (PO) as a mode substrate. Interestingly, the addition of water can increase the propylene carbonate (PC) yield and decrease the activation energy considerably, proving water as catalyst promoter for PC synthesis. PC yield and selectivity could reach 91.6% and 99.8%, respectively. The Influence factors and kinetic equation for CO₂ cycloaddition were obtained as well.     

Efficient homogenous catalysis of CO2 to generate cyclic carbonates by heterogenous and recyclable polypyrazoles

The cycloaddition between CO₂ and epoxides to produce cyclic carbonate is an attractive and efficiency pathway for the utilization of CO₂ as C1 source. The development of catalyst to mediate cycloaddition between CO₂ and epoxides at low temperature and pressure is still a challenge. Herein, a series of polypyrazoles with glass transition temperature (T_g) in the range of 42.3–52.5 ℃ were synthesized and served as catalyst to mediate the cycloaddition of CO₂ and epoxides by the assistant of tetrabutylammonium bromide. The catalytic behaviors of polypyrazole on the model cycloaddition of CO₂ to epichlorohydrin, including the reaction parameters optimization and versatility were investigated in detail, and excellent yield (99.9%) and selectivity (99%) were obtained under the optimized reaction conditions of 70 ℃ and 1.0 MPa for 6.0 h. Noteworthily, the polypyrazole acts as homogeneous catalyst during reaction (higher than T_g). And under room temperature, polypyrazoles can be easily separated and recovered, which is a promising feature of a heterogeneous catalyst. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was proposed. The DFT calculation suggested that the formation of hydrogen bond between pyrazole and epoxide greatly reduced the energy barrier, which play an important role in promoting CO₂ cycloaddition.     

Determination of the CO2 dissociation pressures of molten carbonates by an EMF technique

A study is reported of the CO₂ dissociation pressures for molten carbonates using an emf technique. In the gas concentration cell Au/O₂(CO₂)_diss/CO₃²⁻/CO₂, O₂/Pt, the conditions are adjusted so that the CO₂ in the Au compartment is due to the carbonate dissociation. It is shown that E^o_Au(CO2/O2) = E^o_Pt(CO2/O2) and it follows that this technique may thus be used to monitor the CO₂ dissociation pressures of the electrolyte in a continuous manner, with minimum disturbances. The method appears particularly suited for very low dissociation pressure measurements.     

基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学解析O2/CO2/H2O气氛下烟煤焦反应机理

流化床富氧燃烧湿烟气循环兼具经济与环保优势。湿烟气循环（O₂/CO₂/H₂O）条件下煤焦与O₂、CO₂及H₂O的反应同时发生。为探究O₂/CO₂/H₂O气氛下煤焦-O₂、煤焦-CO₂、煤焦-H₂O反应间的相互作用机制,在自制高精度热重实验装置上系统考察了O₂、CO₂、H₂O及其混合气氛下,典型烟煤焦在900℃的反应特性。基于吸附和脱附原理的Langmuir-Hinshelwood（L-H）机理性模型分别计算了烟煤焦与O₂、CO₂和H₂O反应的动力学参数。通过采用单独活性位点与竞争活性位点两种假设分析了O₂/CO₂、O₂/H₂O和CO₂/H₂O气氛下烟煤焦-O₂、烟煤焦-CO₂和烟煤焦-H₂O两两反应间的作用机制,揭示了H₂O分子优先吸附于烟煤焦表面活性位点,O₂分子次之,而CO₂分子相对滞后。O₂/CO₂/H₂O气氛下烟煤焦-O₂、烟煤焦-CO₂、烟煤焦-H₂O反应表现出部分竞争反应活性位点,传统的单独活性位点与竞争活性位点假设均无法准确描述其反应速率特性。基于H₂O分子优先,O₂分子次优先吸附的原理,建立了O₂、CO₂、H₂O混合气氛下煤焦反应速率L-H动力学方程,方程计算结果与实验值良好吻合。研究结果为深入分析煤焦颗粒流化床富氧燃烧特性及构建可靠、准确的燃烧反应模型提供了理论支撑。     

基于热重-质谱联用的煤粉富氧燃烧动力学及污染物生成特性

富氧燃烧是最具工业化前景的燃烧中碳捕集技术之一,为更深入掌握煤粉富氧燃烧的着火模式和污染物生成特性,本文构建了热重-质谱联用实验系统,以烟煤和无烟煤标准煤样为对象,针对3个不同的氧气体积分数：21%、30%和50%,研究了O₂/Ar和O₂/CO₂气氛下煤粉的富氧燃烧特性。结果表明,O₂/CO₂气氛下煤粉着火温度和燃尽温度均降低,燃烧速率提高,燃烧时间缩短;两种煤粉在O₂/Ar气氛下的燃烧都属于非均相着火,而富氧燃烧都属于均相着火模式;氧气体积分数在30%以上时,无烟煤O₂/CO₂燃烧的表观活化能明显低于O₂/Ar气氛,在相同工况下烟煤的表观活化能均低于无烟煤;O₂/CO₂气氛促进了CO和挥发分NO的逸出,生成温度均低于O₂/Ar气氛,CO会对NO起到还原作用。     

A study of the kinetics of the oxidative coupling of methane over a Li/Sn/MgO catalyst

The rate of reaction of methane with oxygen in the presence of a Li/Sn/MgO catalyst has been studied as a function of the partial pressures of CH₄, O₂ and CO₂ using a well-mixed reaction system which is practically gradientless with respect to gas-phase concentrations. It is concluded that the rate-determining step involves reaction of a molecule of CH₄ adsorbed on the catalyst surface with an adsorbed di-atomic oxygen species. The kinetics are consistent with a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanism involving competitive adsorption of CH₄, O₂ and CO₂ on a single site. A comparison is made with previously published results for the Li/MgO material.     

光照条件下Na2CO3/H2O2协同降解偶氮染料研究

本研究主要在光照条件下,利用Na₂CO₃/H₂O₂反应体系降解偶氮染料酸性橙8(AO 8),考察了光照条件对AO 8降解的影响,探究了不同活性基团对AO 8降解的贡献。结果表明,在光照条件下Na₂CO₃和H₂O₂可以产生协同效应,与单独加入Na₂CO₃或H₂O₂相比,能够有效促进偶氮染料AO 8的降解。在优化条件下,该体系中AO 8的降解率达到73.83%。同时研究分析了不同活性基团在AO 8降解过程中的作用,其中贡献率表现依次为CO₃·^->HO·>O₂·^->¹O₂。本研究结果可为偶氮染料废水的处理提供了一条新的途径。     

Chemical Effects of CO2 Concentration on Soot Formation in Jet-stirred/Plug-flow Reactor

Soot formation was investigated numerically with CO2 addition in a jet-stirred/plug-flow reactor （JSR/PFR） C2H4/OJN2 reactor （C/O ratio of 2.2） at atmospheric pressure. An updated Kazakov mechanism empha- sizes the effect of the O2/CO2 atmosphere instead of an O2/N2 one in the premixed flame. The soot formation was taken into account in the JSR/PFR for C2H4/O2/N2. The effects of CO2 addition on soot formation in different C2H4/O2/CO2/N2 atmospheres were studied, with special emphasis on the chemical effect. The simulation shows that the endothermic reaction CO2 ＋ H - CO ＋ OH is responsible of the reduction of hydrocarbon intermediates in the CO2 added combustion through the supplementary formation of hydroxyl radicals. The competition of CO2 for H radical through the above forward reaction with the single most important chain branching reaction H ＋ O2, ＇ O ＋ OH reduces significantly the fuel burning rate. The chemical effects of CO2 cause a significant increase in residence time and mole fractions of CO and OH, significant decreases in some intermediates （H, C2H2）, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs, C6H6 and CI6H10, etc.） and soot volume fraction. The CO2 addition will leads to a decrease by only about 5% to 20% of the maximum mole fractions of some C3 to Clo hydrocarbon intermediates. The sensitivity analysis and reaction-path analysis results show that C2H4 reaction path and products are altered due to the CO2 addition.     

DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOR AND MECHANISM OF CALCIUM SULFATE UNDER THE CONDITION OF O2/CO2 PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION

The decomposition behavior and mechanism of calcium sulfate in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion were studied in an entrained flow reactor. A reaction rate expression correlating the influence of various factors was proposed for CaS0₄ decomposition and it is able to predict CaS0₄ decomposition satisfactorily. Under the conditions investigated, the decomposition of CaS0₄ was found to be a regime of chemically controlled shrinking core reaction. A CO₂-rich atmosphere enhances CaSO₄ decomposition in absence of oxygen. CaSO₄ particles have catalytic effect on formation of CO from CO₂. A high SO₂ concentration inhibits CaSO₄ decomposition. The kinetics of CaSO₄decomposition has obvious dependence on experimental facilities and conditions, whereas the activation energy has much lower dependence. The kinetics derived in this work is more appropriate for investigating desulfurization in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion because an entrained flow reactor has a much closer condition to that in O₂/CO₂ pulverized coal combustion than a TGA.