Kinematical analysis of highway tunnel collapse using nonlinear failure criterion简

For different kinds of rocks, the collapse range of tunnel was studied in the previously published literature. However, some tunnels were buried in soils, and test data showed that the strength envelopes of the soils followed power-law failure criterion. In this work, deep buried highway tunnel with large section was taken as objective, and the basic expressions of collapse shape and region were deduced for the highway tunnels in soils, based on kinematical approach and power-law failure criterion. In order to see the effectiveness of the proposed expressions, the solutions presented in this work agree well with previous results if the nonlinear failure criterion is reduced to a linear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The present results are compared with practical projects and tunnel design code. The numerical results show that the height and width of tunnel collapse are greatly affected by the nonlinear criterion for the tunnel in soil.     

Mechanical property of single-bolted composite laminates简

In order to investigate the effects of different geometrical parameters and pretightening loads on failure mode and bearing strength,a large number of single-bolted T300/QY8911 composite laminates were tested under static tension load.Box-plot was used to extract the singular testing values of bearing strength and effective statistical values were obtained.T-test method of independent samples was used to study how much pretightening loads influence bearing strength.The results show that the geometrical parameters,such as ratios of width to hole diameter（w/d） and edge distance to hole diameter（e/d）,remarkably influence failure mode and bearing strength.Net-section failure will occur when w/d is smaller than 4,and shear-out failure will occur when e/d is smaller than 2.Bearing failure or bearing and shear-out combined failure will occur when w/d is greater than 4 and e/d is greater than 2.There is an optimal combination of geometrical parameters to achieve the highest bearing strength.For most of specimens,pretightening loads do not explicitly influence bearing strength.     

Size effect of confined concrete subjected to axial compression简

In order to investigate the size effect and other effects on the stress-strain relationship of confined concrete, 42 specimens with different sizes and section shapes were placed under axial compression loading. Effects of key parameters such as size of specimens, tie configuration, transverse reinforcement ratio, and concrete cover were studied. The results show that for specimens with the same configuration and the same volumetric ratio of the transverse reinforcement, along with the increasing specimen size, the peak stress, peak strain and deformation of the post-peak show a down trend, however, the volumetric ratio of the transverse reinforcement is lowered, the decreasing of the peak stress is accelerated, but the decreasing of the deformation is slow down. For specimens with the same volumetric ratio but different configurations of transverse reinforcement, though the transverse reinforcement configuration becomes more complicated, the peak stress of the large size specimen does not improve more than that of the small size. However, the deformation occurs before the stress declines to 85% of peak stress, and the improvement with the grid pattern tie configuration is much greater due to size effect.     

Temperature gradients in concrete box girder bridge under effect of cold wave简

The temperature distributions of a prestressed concrete box girder bridge under the effect of cold wave processes were analyzed. The distributions were found different from those under the effect of solar radiation or nighttime radiation cooling and should not be simplified as one dimensional. A temperature predicting model that can accurately predict temperatures over the cross section of the concrete box girder was developed. On the basis of the analytical model, a two-dimensional temperature gradient model was proposed and a parametric study that considered meteorological factors was performed. The results of sensitivity analysis show that the cold wave with shorter duration and more severe temperature drop may cause more unfavorable influences on the concrete box girder bridge. Finally, the unrestrained linear curvatures, self-equilibrating stresses and bending stresses when considering the frame action of the cross section, were derived from the proposed temperature gradient model and current code provisions, respectively. Then, a comparison was made between the value calculated against proposed model and several current specifications. The results show that the cold wave may cause more unfavorable effect on the concrete box girder bridge, especially on the large concrete box girder bridge. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the thermal effect caused by cold wave during the design stage.     

纤维水泥稳定碎石抗裂机理分析简

分析了水泥稳定碎石抗裂性国内外研究现状。通过对纤维的抗干缩、抗温缩、限裂和增强作用的机理分析,得出：在路基结构基层的水泥稳定碎石材料中掺入一定量的纤维,可以提高水泥稳定碎石材料的抗干缩、抗温缩、限裂、提高抗拉强度等性能。     

Global lateral buckling analysis of idealized subsea pipelines简

In order to avoid the curing effects of paraffin on the transport process and reduce the transport difficulty, usually high temperature and high pressure are used in the transportation of oil and gas. The differences of temperature and pressure cause additional stress along the pipeline, due to the constraint of the foundation soil, the additional stress can not release freely, when the additional stress is large enough to motivate the submarine pipelines buckle. In this work, the energy method is introduced to deduce the analytical solution which is suitable for the global buckling modes of idealized subsea pipeline and analyze the relationship between the critical buckling temperature, buckling length and amplitude under different high-order global lateral buckling modes. To obtain a consistent formulation of the problem, the principles of virtual displacements and the variation calculus for variable matching points are applied. The finite element method based on elasto-plastic theory is used to simulate the lateral global buckling of the pipelines under high temperature and pressure. The factors influencing the lateral buckling of pipelines are further studied. Based upon some actual engineering projects, the finite element results are compared with the analytical ones, and then the influence of thermal stress, the section rigidity of pipeline, the soil properties and the trigging force to the high order lateral buckling are discussed. The method of applying the small trigging force on pipeline is reliable in global buckling numerical analysis. In practice, increasing the section rigidity of a pipeline is an effective measure to improve the ability to resist the global buckling.     

Modeling approaches to pressure balance dynamic system in shield tunneling简

In order to deal with modeling problem of a pressure balance system with time-delay, nonlinear, time-varying and uncertain characteristics, an intelligent modeling procedure is proposed, which is based on artificial neural network （ANN） and input-output data of the system during shield tunneling and can overcome the precision problem in mechanistic modeling （MM） approach. The computational results show that the training algorithm with Gauss-Newton optimization has fast convergent speed. The experimental investigation indicates that, compared with mechanistic modeling approach, intelligent modeling procedure can obviously increase the precision in both soil pressure fitting and forecasting period. The effectiveness and accuracy of proposed intelligent modeling procedure are verified in laboratory tests.     

Independent component analysis approach for fault diagnosis of condenser system in thermal power plant简

A statistical signal processing technique was proposed and verified as independent component analysis （ICA） for fault detection and diagnosis of industrial systems without exact and detailed model. Actually, the aim is to utilize system as a black box. The system studied is condenser system of one of MAPNA＇s power plants. At first, principal component analysis （PCA） approach was applied to reduce the dimensionality of the real acquired data set and to identify the essential and useful ones. Then, the fault sources were diagnosed by ICA technique. The results show that ICA approach is valid and effective for faults detection and diagnosis even in noisy states, and it can distinguish main factors of abnormality among many diverse parts of a power plant＇s condenser system. This selectivity problem is left unsolved in many plants, because the main factors often become unnoticed by fault expansion through other parts of the plants.     

Variable step-size affine projection algorithm based on global speech absence probability for adaptive feedbackcancellation简

A novel approach is proposed for improving adaptive feedback cancellation using a variable step-size affine projection algorithm（VSS-APA） based on global speech absence probability（GSAP）.The variable step-size of the proposed VSS-APA is adjusted according to the GSAP of the current frame.The weight vector of the adaptive filter is updated by the probability of the speech absence.The performance measure of acoustic feedback cancellation is evaluated using normalized misalignment.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach has better performance than the normalized least mean square（NLMS） and the constant step-size affine projection algorithms.     

厄瓜多尔CCS水电站地下厂房稳定分析简

以科卡科多辛克雷（简称CCS）水电站地下主厂房和主变室为例,用UNWEDGE程序预测了地下厂房洞室开挖过程中可能出现的不稳定块体,并对其进行稳定分析和支护处理,为洞室的开挖与支护提供了技术参数。研究表明：UNWEDGE程序操作简单、功能齐全,能够较好地指导设计施工,具有较好的应用价值。     

Numerical investigation of optimal geometry parameters for ejectors of premixed burner简

An ejector of low NO~ burner was designed for a gas instantaneous water heater in this work. The flowing and mixing process of the ejector was investigated by computational fluid dynamics （CFD） approach. A comprehensive study was conducted to understand the effects of the geometrical parameters on the static pressure of air and methane, and mole fraction uniformity of methane at the outlet of ejector. The distribution chamber was applied to balance the pressure and improve the mixing process of methane and air in front of the fire hole. A distribution orifice plate with seven distribution orifices was introduced at the outlet of the ejector to improve the flow organization. It is found that the nozzle exit position of 5 mm and nozzle diameter d 〉1.3 mm should be used to improve the flow organization and realize the well premixed combustion for this designed ejector.     

Dynamic estimation and reliability control of quality assurance for bored piles简

A systematic method was proposed to estimate the occurrence probability of defective piles （OPDP） from a site according to quality assurance inspection. The OPDP was firstly suggested as the criterion to weight the performance of a pile foundation. Its prior distribution and updating distribution were deduced to follow Beta distributions. To calibrate the OPDP, a dynamic estimation model was established according to the relationships between prior mean and variance and updating mean and variance. Finally, a reliability-control method dealing with uncertainties arising from quality assurance inspection was formalized to judge whether all the bored piles from a site can be accepted. It is exemplified that the OPDP can be substantially improved when more definite prior information and sampling formation become available. For the example studied herein, the Bayesian estimator of updating variance for OPDP is reduced from 0.0037 to 0.0014 for the first inspection, from 0.0014 to 0.0009 for the second inspection, and with less uncertainty by incorporating experience information.     

Modeling and control for hydraulic transmission of unmanned ground vehicle简

Variable pump driving variable motor （VPDVM） is the future development trend of the hydraulic transmission of an unmanned ground vehicle （UGV）. VPDVM is a dual-input single-output nonlinear system with coupling, which is difficult to control High pressure automatic variables bang-bang （HABB） was proposed to achieve the desired motor speed. First, the VPDVM nonlinear mathematic model was introduced, then linearized by feedback linearization theory, and the zero-dynamic stability was proved. The HABB control algorithm was proposed for VPDVM, in which the variable motor was controlled by high pressure automatic variables （HA） and the variable pump was controlled by bang-bang. Finally, simulation of VPDVM controlled by HABB was developed. Simulation results demonstrate the HABB can implement the desired motor speed rapidly and has strong robustness against the variations of desired motor speed, load and pump speed.     

Mechanism of electro-hydraulic exciter for new tamping device简

A new tamping device which is driven by an electrohydraulic exciter was proposed to overcome the limitations of mechanically driven devices.The double-rod oscillation cylinder drives the tamping arm to realize vibration.A new spin valve was designed in order to fulfill dynamic state requirements of the oscillation cylinder.Parametric analysis was carried out by establishing mathematic model.Then,the relationships among the structure of valve port and the frequency,amplitude,output shock force of the cylinder were researched.An experimental device of the electrohydraulic exciter was established to validate the theoretical results.The signals were acquired by AVANT dynamic signal analyser of vibration.The results show that new tamping device can satisfy all kinds of complex working conditions with the flexible adjustment of frequency and amplitude.     

Intelligent model of rehabilitation training program for stroke简

In view of the uncertainty and complexity,the intelligent model of rehabilitation training program for stroke was proposed,combining with the case-based reasoning（CBR） and interval type-2 fuzzy reasoning（IT2FR）.The model consists of two parts：the setting model based on CBR and the feedback compensation model based on IT2FR.The former presets the value of rehabilitation training program,and the latter carries on the feedback compensation of the preset value.Experimental results show that the average percentage error of two rehabilitation training programs is 0.074%.The two programs are made by the intelligent model and rehabilitation physician.That is,the two different programs are nearly identical.It means that the intelligent model can make a rehabilitation training program effectively and improve the rehabilitation efficiency.     

Objective measurement for image defogging algorithms简

Since there is lack of methodology to assess the performance of defogging algorithm and the existing assessment methods have some limitations, three new methods for assessing the defogging algorithm were proposed. One was using synthetic foggy image simulated by image degradation model to assess the defogging algorithm in full-reference way. In this method, the absolute difference was computed between the synthetic image with and without fog. The other two were computing the fog density of gray level image or constructing assessment system of color image from human visual perception to assess the defogging algorithm in no-reference way. For these methods, an assessment function was defined to evaluate algorithm performance from the function value. Using the defogging algorithm comparison, the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed methods.     

Optimizing crashworthiness design of square honeycomb structure简

To provide theoretical basis for square honeycombs used as crashworthy structures, energy-absorption properties of metal square honeycombs and the size optimization were performed. Specific energy absorption （SEA） was defined as the energy absorbed by the honeycomb structure per unit volume. This parameter was often used for determining the crashworthiness of thin-walled structures. In order to find the most optimized metal square honeycomb structure with the maximum SEA and the lowest peak stress, the cell length and the foil thickness of the metal honeycombs were optimized, with a low peak stress and a high SEA set as the two primary objectives. The pre-processing software Patran was used to build FE models, and the explicit solver LS-DYNA was employed to perform the crashworthiness analyses. The results show that the square honeycomb exhibits good energy absorption performance in some cases. The geometry is effective using 16.8% less buffer structure volume than the hexagonal honeycombs with a peak stress limitation of 1.21 MPa.     

Mathematic modeling on flexible cooling system in hot strip mill简

A novel cooling system combining ultra fast cooling rigs with laminar cooling devices was investigated. Based on the different cooling mechanisms, a serial of mathematic models were established to describe the relationship between water flow and spraying pressure and the relationship between water spraying heat flux and layout of nozzles installed on the top and bottom cooling headers. Model parameters were validated by measured data. Heat transfer models including air convection model, heat radiation model and water cooling capacity model were detailedly introduced. In addition, effects on cooling capacity by water temperature and different valve patterns were also presented. Finally, the comparison results from UFC used or not have been provided with respect to temperature evolution and mechanical properties of Q235B steel grade with thickness of 7.8 mm. Since online application of the sophisticated CTC process control system based on these models, run-out table cooling control system has been running stably and reliably to produce resource-saving, low-cost steels with smaller grain size.     

Purification process of coal-based coke powder as anode for Li-ion batteries简

A process of purification of coal-based coke powder as anode the treatment of coke powder with dilute hydrofluoric acid solution, for Li-ion batteries was attempted. The process started with followed by united-acid-leaching using sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. The effects of altering the hydrofluoric acid addition, hydrofluoric acid concentration, contact time, temperature and acid type were investigated. A minimum ash content of 0.35% was obtained when proper conditions were applied. The electrochemical performance of purified coke powder shows greatly improved electrochemical performance. The as-purified coke powder presented an initial reversible capacity of 257.4 mAh/g and a retention rate of 95% after 50 cycles. The proposed purification process paves a way to prepare a promising anode material with good performance with low cost of coke powder for Li-ion batteries.     

Simulation of automobile fuel consumption and emissions for various driver’s manual shifting habits简

The effects of different habits of the drivers on gear shifting strategies for manual powertrain were investigated. For the realization of simulation, the shifting habits of the drivers were conducted in the Advisor software to investigate and compare the emission rates. Simulation was developed based on the optimal gear shifting strategy and criteria and was validated both in fuel economy and emissions by analyzing the results in the various driving cycle and driving styles. To explore an optimal gear shifting strategy with best fuel economy and lowest emission for a manual transmission, a strategy was designed with a highest possible gear criterion as long as the torque requirement can be satisfied. Based on two different criteria, namely the engine working conditions and the driver＇s intention, the governing parameters in decision making for gear shifting of manual transmission in conventional engine were discussed. It is also shown that the optimum gear shifting strategy is based on that both the engine state and the driver＇s intention eliminates unnecessary shiftings that are present when the intention is overlooked. The optimum shifting habit and the best driving cycle in terms of minimum emissions and fuel consumption were proposed.