Selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde over V–Mg–O catalysts

The results of a complex investigation of V–Mg–O catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of methanol are presented. The efficiency of vanadium–magnesium oxide catalysts in production of formaldehyde has been evaluated. Strong dependence of the formaldehyde yield and selectivity upon vanadium oxide loading and the conditions of heat treatment of the catalyst were observed. The parameters of the preparation mode for the efficient catalyst were identified. In optimised reaction conditions the V–Mg–O catalysts at the temperature approximate 450 °C ensured the formation of formaldehyde with the yield of 94% at the selectivity of 97%.

No visible changes in the performance of the catalyst (methanol conversion, formaldehyde yield and selectivity) were detected during the 60 h of operation in prolonged runs. Characterization of the catalyst by XRD, IR, and UV methods suggests the formation of species of the pyrovanadate type (Mg₂V₂O₇) with irregular structure on the surface of a V–Mg–O catalyst. These species make the catalyst efficient for methanol ODH.     

Light olefin production by catalytic co-cracking of Fischer–Tropsch distillate with methanol and the reaction kinetics investigation

Catalytic co-cracking of Fischer–Tropsch(FT) light distillate and methanol combines highly endothermic olefin cracking reaction with exothermic methanol conversion over ZSM-5 catalyst to produce light olefins through a nearly thermoneutral process. The kinetic behavior of co-cracking reactions was investigated by different feed conditions: methanol feed only, olefin feed only and co-feed of methanol with olefins or F–T distillate. The results showed that methanol converted to C_2–C_6 olefins in first-order parallel reaction at low space time, methylation and oligomerization–cracking prevailed for the co-feed of methanol and C_2–C_5 olefins, while for C_6–C_8 olefins,monomolecular cracking was the dominant reaction whether fed alone or co-fed with methanol. For FT distillate and methanol co-feed, alkanes were almost un-reactive, C_3–C_5 olefins were obtained as main products, accounting for 71 wt% for all products. A comprehensive co-cracking reaction scheme was proposed and the model parameters were estimated by the nonlinear least square method. It was verified by experimental data that the kinetic model was reliable to predict major product distribution for co-cracking of FT distillate with methanol and could be used for further reactor development and process design.     

氯化锌催化甲醇和甲醛合成聚甲氧基二甲醚

聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE_n）是一种环保、友好、高效的柴油添加剂,具有非常广阔的应用前景。以甲醇与甲醛为原料,氯化锌为催化剂合成了PODE_n,探讨了其合成机理,考察了反应温度、时间、催化剂用量和原料配比等条件对反应的影响,并将氯化锌、强酸性大孔树脂和氯化锌改性树脂进行比较。实验结果表明,氯化锌对甲醇和甲醛反应合成PODE_n具有一定的催化活性,其较优的反应条件为：甲醇与甲醛质量比2：（3~4）、催化剂用量3.0%（质量分数）、反应温度105℃,反应时间300 min;氯化锌改性树脂具有更高的催化活性,产物含量较氯化锌提高10个百分点以上,同时降低了反应温度。     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane over LaBaSm oxide catalyst: Influence of the addition of CO2 in the feed

Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of isobutane over LaBaSm oxide catalyst in the temperature range 450–600°C, and the influence of the addition of CO₂ into the feed were investigated. It was found that LaBaSm oxide is an active and stable catalyst for ODH of isobutane. Upon reaction conditions the specific surface area decreases and a new phase, La₂O(CO₃)₂, is formed, which causes an increase in the surface specific conversion. The selectivity to isobutene as well as isobutane conversion can be improved by adding CO₂ into the feed. These effects may be explained as due to the combined effects of improvement of the active phase formation and the competition between molecular O₂ and CO₂ adsorption on the sites which are responsible for total oxidation.     

骨架锌Zn-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂上甲醇制汽油反应动力学

通过水热晶化法,合成含有骨架杂原子Zn的Zn-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、BET、NH₃-TPD表征催化剂结构和物化性能,在微型固定床反应器中测定催化剂的甲醇制汽油反应性能和反应动力学数据,研究Zn-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油本征反应动力学。结果表明,杂原子Zn引入ZSM-5分子筛骨架后增加对产物汽油选择性有利的弱酸量。采用Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型,通过四阶龙格库塔法和最小二乘法对实验数据的回归,计算反应速率常数为k₁=1.154×10¹²exp (-97600/RT),k₂=0.687×10¹²exp (-105200/RT)和k₃=1.739×10⁷exp (-84700/RT)。以目标残差函数OF参数值为检验模型的标准,模拟值和实验值的相关系数R²均在0.993以上。因此Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型可以准确描述Zn-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油反应动力学行为。     

On the role of heterogeneous and homogeneous processes in oxidative dehydrogenation of C3-C4 alkanes

The effects of reactor arrangement, catalyst particle size and void volume on the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane and iso-butane are studied. In an empty quartz reactor, a high conversion of alkane (up to 36% with a 40% ODH selectivity) can be achieved. Packing of the reactor with different solids (quartz, γ-Al₂O₃, complex V-containing oxide catalysts) leads to a drastic change in reaction parameters, which is strongly dependent on the chemical nature of solids and their particle size. The analysis of observed phenomena indicates that: (a) the termination of gas-phase chain reaction takes place on the surface of any solid material; (b) certain solids behave as active generators of free radicals, thus initiating the new reaction pathway which develops both in the gas-phase and on the solid surface.     

铜基催化剂催化乙酸甲酯加氢制燃料乙醇实验研究

研究考察了实验室制备的铜基催化剂对乙酸甲酯(MeOAc)催化加氢的催化性能,结果表明Cu/ZnO催化剂效果较差,而添加Al元素的Cu-ZnO/Al₂O₃催化剂效果较好。同时采用单管反应器研究了MeOAc催化加氢制乙醇的反应性能,采用30~60目Cu-ZnO/Al₂O₃(Ⅱ)催化剂,通过实验考察了温度、空速、进料配比和压力4个因素对反应活性和选择性的影响。结果表明,反应温度230℃,高H₂/MeOAc配比和低空速有利于反应,考察的压力范围对反应影响不显著,获得的最高转化率达0.954,对应的选择性为0.974,而获得的最高选择性达0.989,对应的转化率为0.920,具有工业开发价值。对于难分离的甲醇和乙酸乙酯,提出了低温分离的气相色谱方法,具有很好的基线分离效果。     

Liquid phase methanol reforming with water over silica supported Pt–Ru catalysts

The mechanism of the liquid phase methanol reforming reaction over silica supported Pt–Ru catalyst was investigated by kinetic studies, employing a pyrex glass reactor with reflux condensers connected to a closed gas circulation system under ambient pressure. The rate of H₂ formation over Pt–Ru/SiO₂ catalysts was more than 20 times faster than that over Pt/SiO₂ catalysts with high selectivity for CO₂ (72.3%), indicating a marked addition effect of Ru. In the case of HCHO–H₂O reaction over Pt–Ru/SiO₂, the H₂ formation rate was five times larger than that in the CH₃OH–H₂O reaction but selectivity to CO₂ was only 4%. On the contrary, in the HCOOCH₃–H₂O and HCOOH–H₂O reactions, both high activity and selectivity were observed over Pt–Ru/SiO₂. These results clearly indicate that the CO₂ formation does not proceed via HCHO decomposition and following water gas shift reaction. We propose the following pathway for liquid phase methanol reforming reaction over Pt–Ru/SiO₂; a partly dehydrogenated methanol (CH₂OH^*) is the initial reaction intermediate, from which H₂ and CO₂ are formed through HCOOCH₃ and HCOOH as the successive reaction intermediates.     

不同载体负载Pd双功能催化剂制备及其液相甲醇催化一步合成甲酸甲酯

以γ-Al_2O_3、ZrO_2、Bentonite(膨润土)、MIL-53(Al)和MIL-53(Fe)为载体,采用浸渍法制备负载Pd双功能催化剂,利用XRD、BET和NH3-TPD等表征催化剂结构,在微型高压反应器中评价催化剂的液相甲醇一步催化转化合成甲酸甲酯的反应性能,考察反应条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,不同载体负载Pd催化剂未观察到Pd的XRD特征峰,表明催化剂表面的Pd是高分散状态。不同载体负载Pd催化剂的比表面积、酸强度和酸量差别较大,并且酸强度和酸量对甲醇转化率和产物选择性有较大影响。具有较多中强酸的2%Pd/Bentonite、2%Pd/MIL-53(Al)和2%Pd/MIL-53(Fe)催化剂比中强酸较少的2%Pd/γ-Al_2O_3和2%Pd/ZrO_2催化剂具有更高的甲醇转化率和甲酸甲酯选择性。2%Pd/Bentonite催化剂在每摩尔甲醇Pd用量为0. 030 mmol、反应温度150℃、O_2压力2 MPa和反应时间5 h条件下,液相甲醇一步催化转化合成甲酸甲酯反应中,甲醇转化率56. 08%,甲酸甲酯选择性55. 85%。     

甲醇氧化制甲醛铁钼催化剂表面结构与活性

利用共沉淀法在不同搅拌速度下制备了相同Mo/Fe原子比的甲醇氧化制甲醛催化剂,采用SEM、XRD和拉曼光谱等对催化剂进行表征,在固定床微反上评价催化剂活性和选择性。结果表明,搅拌速度增大,催化剂比表面积增大,催化活性增强,甲醛收率由600 r·min^-1时的73.8%增加到10000 r·min^-1时的95.7%（280℃）。此外,催化剂由片状的MoO₃和颗粒状的Fe₂（MoO₄）₃两部分组成,游离的片状MoO₃无明显催化活性,只有与Fe₂（MoO₄）₃结合时才具有催化活性。     

Deactivation and regeneration of TS-1/SiO2 catalyst for epoxidation of propylene with hydrogen peroxide in a fixed-bed reactor

TS-1/SiO₂ catalyst for the epoxidation of propylene with hydrogen peroxide in a fixed-bed reactor has been investigated. The catalyst activity decreases gradually with the online reaction time, but the selectivity of propylene epoxide is kept at about 93%. The fresh, deactivated and regenerated catalysts were characterized with X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultra-violet-visible diffuse reflectance, Brunner-Emmett-Teller method and thermogravimetric analysis, and the deactivated catalyst was regenerated with H₂O₂/methanol solution. Compared with the fresh catalyst, both the framework structure and the content of titanium in the framework of the deactivated and regenerated TS-1/SiO₂ catalysts were not changed. The major reason of the catalyst deactivation was the blockage of the channels of the catalyst by bulky organic by-products, which covered the active centers of titanium in TS-1. The deposited materials on the deactivated TS-1/SiO₂ catalyst could be removed by treatment with hydrogen peroxide/methanol solution or pure methanol; the higher the treatment temperature and the higher the concentration of H₂O₂ in methanol, the higher the extent of the regeneration. The regeneration treatment did not influence the product selectivity in the propylene epoxidation.     

Selective Oxidation of Methanol to Green Oxygenates – Feasibility Study of Fixed-Bed and Membrane Reactors

A feasibility study of a conventional fixed-bed reactor and a packed-bed membrane reactor (PBMR) in distributor configuration is carried out for the selective oxidation of methanol to the oxygenates dimethoxymethane and methyl formate on a VO_x/TiO₂ catalyst. Kinetic experiments provided the reaction network and a reliable kinetic model of six main reactions involved. The PBMR offers significant advantages and potential for the formation of both target products due to an effective kinetic coupling of the oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol and the consecutive reaction steps to dimethoxymethane and methyl formate in a broad range of operation conditions.     

Zn-ZrO2/SiO2非氧化脱氢制无水甲醛的研究

以Zn-ZrO2/SiO2为催化剂,在微型固定床反应器中用甲醇直接非氧化脱氢制备无水甲醛,考察了催化剂组成、反应温度及质量空速对脱氢反应的影响。结果表明,在进料的甲醇体积分数为35%、反应温度为800 K、质量空速为35 mL/(g.s)的反应条件下,甲醇的转化率达到100%,甲醛的选择性达到63%。结合催化剂的活性评价及X射线光电子能谱、热重等技术显示,采用均匀沉淀法制备的Zn-ZrO2/SiO2催化剂,活性组分能均匀分散在载体上,且对甲醇的非氧化脱氢具有高效的催化作用。助剂ZnO的引入可以有效抑制反应过程中催化剂的烧结,极大程度地增强催化剂的稳定性。     

Performance of microchannel reactor combined with combustor for methanol steam reforming

The microchannel reactor with combustor for methanol steam reforming was fabricated to produce hydrogen for onboard proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell device. A commercial copper-containing catalyst (Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃) and Pt/ZrO₂ were used as a catalyst for methanol steam reforming and combustion reaction, respectively. It was found that catalyst layer with zirconia sol solution in microchannel showed no crack on the surface of catalyst layer and an excellent adherence to stainless steel microchannel even after reaction. The temperature of combustor could be controlled between 200 and 300 °C depending on the methanol feed rate. The hydrogen flow of 3.9 l h⁻¹ hydrogen was obtained with the reforming feed flow rate of 3.65 ml h⁻¹ at 270 °C.     

B2O3改性Na2CO3催化剂用于甲醇脱氢制无水甲醛

以B₂O₃为助催化剂,采用研磨混合法改性Na₂CO₃催化剂,在固定床反应器中催化甲醇脱氢制备无水甲醛,考察催化剂的组成和反应条件等对催化反应的影响,采用XRD、TG-DTG、N₂吸附-脱附、SEM和CO₂-TPD等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,以B₂O₃为助催化剂采用机械研磨混合法改性的Na₂CO₃催化剂,增加了催化剂的比表面积,在(10～30) nm增加了大量的孔道,平均孔径达18.44 nm,比表面积为1.65 m²·g^-1,且B₂O₃分布均匀,改性后的催化剂碱性降低,在催化甲醇脱氢制备无水甲醛的反应中,催化活性明显高于Na₂CO₃催化剂,表明B₂O₃改性Na₂CO₃催化剂能提高甲醇转化率和甲醛选择性。在B₂O₃/Na₂CO₃催化剂中B₂O₃质量分数为30%、甲醇进料质量分数为26%、反应温度为650 ℃和甲醇重时空速为2.94 h^-1条件下,甲醇转化率达59.97%,甲醛选择性达83.28%。     

Performance characteristics of fluidized bed syngas methanation over Ni-Mg/Al2O3 catalyst

The performance characteristics of isothermal fluidized bed syngas methanation for substitute natural gas are investigated over a self-made Ni–Mg/Al2O3 catalyst. Via atmospheric methanation in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor it was clarified that the CO conversion varied in 5% when changing the space velocity in 40–120 L·g?1·h?1 but the conversion increased obviously by raising the superficial gas velocity from 4 to 12.4 cm·s?1. The temperature at 823 K is suitable for syngas methanation while obvious deposition of uneasy-oxidizing Cγoccurs on the catalyst at temperatures around 873 K. From a kinetic aspect, the lowest reaction temperature is suggested to be 750 K when the space velocity is 60 L·g?1·h?1. Raising the H2/CO ratio of the syngas increased proportionally the CO conversion and CH4 selectivity, showing that at enough high H2/CO ratios the active sites on the catalyst are sufficient for CO adsorption and in turn the reaction with H2 for forming CH4. Introducing CO2 into the syngas feed suppresses the water gas shift and Boudouard reactions and thus increased H2 consumption. The ratio of CO2/CO in syngas should be better below 0.52 because varying the ratio from 0.52 to 0.92 resulted in negligible increases in the H2 conversion and CH4 selectivity but decreased the CH4 yield. Introducing steam into the feed gas affected little the CO conversion but decreased the selectivity to CH4. The tested Ni–Mg/Al2O3 catalyst manifested good stability in structure and activity even in syngas containing water vapor.     

Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油动力学研究

通过水热晶化法,合成含有骨架杂原子Fe的Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,采用XRD、BET和NH3-TPD对催化剂进行表征,在微型固定床反应器中测定催化剂的甲醇制汽油的反应性能和反应动力学数据,对Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油本征动力学进行研究。结果表明,ZSM-5分子筛骨架引入杂原子Fe,可以增加对产物汽油选择性有利的弱酸量。采用Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型,通过Runge-Kutta法和最小二乘法对实验数据的回归计算,获得反应速率常数为k1=0.921×1012exp(-108 600/RT)、k2=0.155×1012exp(-116 400/RT)和k3=1.008×107exp(-96 130/RT)。以目标残差函数OF参数值为检验模型的标准,模拟值和实验值的相关系数R2均超过0.99。因此,Chen and Reagan建立的甲醇制汽油三集总动力学模型可以准确描述Fe-HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的甲醇制汽油反应动力学行为。     

MONOLITHIC CATALYSTS: DIFFUSIONAL MASS TRANSFER OF CO THROUGH Y-ALUMINA SUBSTRATES UNDER REACTING CONDITIONS

Experimental kinetic data have been obtained for the CO oxidation reaction over laboratory made platina-rhodium monolithic catalyst. Inert layers of y-yalumina were deposited over the active layer in order to elucidate the diffusional effects on the monolithic catalyst. A synthetic gas mixture consisting of CO₁, O₂ and N₂ was the feed of an integral tubular reactor between 180 and 370°C. A first order kinetic rate expression with respect to CO concentration, which includes an inhibition term of second order was found to fit the experimental data via a model which also accounts for diffusional resistances. The obtained kinetic and diffusional data can be used in the design of a catalytic converter with improved efficiency. The results can also be used to interpret the diffusion mechanism inside the catalyst itself and it was concluded that Knudsen diffusion mechanism prevails.     

Partial oxidation of alkanes to oxygenates in supercritical carbon dioxide

The catalytic partial oxidation of propane in supercritical carbon dioxide has been investigated in a stirred batch reactor. Various metals (oxides) have been used as supported catalysts with respect to their activity and selectivity for the formation of oxygenates. The reactions run with a 1:2.3–2.9:68–108 molar ratio of propane:synthetic air:CO₂ at 453–573 K and 80–100 bar. Using a precipitated 2.4 wt.% Co₃O₄–SiO₂ catalyst at 573 K, a total oxygenate (i.e. acetic acid, acetone, acetaldehyde, methanol) selectivity of 59% and a propene selectivity of 21% were obtained at a propane conversion of 12 mol%. The same catalyst has been used to investigate the influence of the supercritical conditions and initial feed composition on the reaction, varying the density of CO₂ and the concentration of synthetic air, respectively.