包装废弃物综合治理研究

在全面调查城市生活垃圾中包装废弃物含量的基础上，阐述了包装废弃物对环境与社会的危害及综合治理的意义，研究了切实可行的包装废弃物回收利用的技术方法，并科学地提出了包装废弃物治理的措施。     

包装废弃物综合治理研究

包装是为在流通过程中保护产品、方便储运、促进销售,按一定技术方法而采用的容器、材料及辅助物等的总体名称。同时还包括为了上述目的而采用容器、材料和辅助物的过程中施加一定技术方法等操作活动。包装废弃物是指失去或完成保持内装物原有价值和使用价值的功能,成为固体废物丢弃的包装容器及材料。包装废弃物的综合治理,是指对包装废弃物进行处理(即减少已产生的包装废弃物的体积等)和利用(即通过回收,加工等方式,从包装废弃物中提取或者使其转化为可以利用的资源和其他原材料的活动)。     

关于我国"包装废弃物法"的立法思考

我国包装废弃物的现状 目前，我国年包装废弃物的数量在1600万吨左右，每年还在以超过12％的速度增长，包装废弃物的回收情况除啤酒瓶和塑料周转箱较好外，其他包装废弃物的回收率相当低，整个包装产品的回收率还不到包装产品总产量的20％。有些包装生产企业在进行包装设计时，没有考虑包装废弃物的回收利用，从而加重了对环境的污染，而企业本身并未承担相应治理环境污染的费用，     

纸包装废弃物综合治理研究

以纸和纸板制成的包装制品有纸板箱、瓦楞纸箱、纸盒、纸袋、纸罐、纸桶、纸管、纸杯等。纸制品包装应用十分广泛,不仅用于百货、纺织、五全、电讯器材、家用电器等商品的包装,还适用于食品、医药、军工产品等的包装。 纸包装废弃物是指失去或完成保持内装物原有价值和使用价值的功能．成为固体废物丢弃的纸包装容器及材料;纸包装废弃物的综合治理是指对纸包装废弃物进行处理（即减少已产生的纸包装废弃物的数量,减少纸包装废弃物的体积等）和利用（即通过回收、加工等方式,从纸包装废弃物中提取或者使其转化为可以利用的资源和其他原…     

谈保护环境的包装设计

随着包装工业的兴起，节约包装材料，防止包装废弃物对环境的污染，已成为当今世界各国十分关注的问题。据有关资料报导：美国每年产生城市垃圾约1．5亿吨，其中城市垃圾中三分之一是包装废弃物。欧洲共同体国家每年城市固体废弃物约为1亿吨，其中包装废弃物为8千多万吨，日本城市的固体废弃物约5千万吨，其中包装废弃物达2100万吨。我国每年产生的包装废弃物约1500万吨。大量的包装废弃物，造成的环境污染，已弓愧世界各国的高度重视。为此，国际包装学术讨论会曾以“包装废弃物的回收利用及环境保护”为主题，进行了广泛的学术讨论及交流…     

农药包装废弃物的处理现状及对策研究

目的 破解农药包装废弃物污染难题，推进农药包装废弃物治理工作。方法 采用文献调查法总结农药包装废弃物的主要处理方式，介绍当前国内外农药包装废弃物的处理现状、主要技术和最新研究进展，分析当前农药包装废弃物处理中存在的主要问题，并给出推动农药包装废弃物回收的对策建议。结果 农药包装废弃物回收的主要问题有:回收意识淡薄、资金投入不足、监管手段有限、处理技术落后。推动农药包装废弃物回收的有效策略:落实主体责任、加大资金投入、变革监管模式、创新回收技术。结论 我国农药包装废弃物污染治理的整体效果依旧欠佳，其回收管理工作必须加以重视。     

包装废弃物的回收与再利用

环境保护和资源合理利用是一项紧迫的、艰巨的任务。包装废弃物是一种污染源，但也是一种可利用的资源。目前，包装废弃物的回收处理已经引起世界各国的重视，有关包装废弃物处理的研究会议和研究资料已多不胜数。在我国，由于包装工业的快速发展，包装废弃物的问题也日益突出。但我国还未建立科学完整的废弃物回收处理体系，包装废弃物回收处理法规还有待完善，因此有必要关注和研究。     

农药包装废弃物相关法律问题研究

为了更好实现乡村振兴，优化农村生活环境，农药包装废弃物的污染防治迫在眉睫。2020年，《农药包装废弃物回收处理管理办法》的正式实施，代表着农药包装废弃物的污染防治走上法治化的轨道。通过梳理农药包装废弃物污染防治的规制现状，发现在回收处理农药包装废弃物的过程中存在主体责任落实困难、监督管理难度大、回收技术落后的问题，本研究针对问题提出完善法律法规、落实主体责任、变革监督管理模式、完善回收处理技术的建议，以期提升农药包装废弃物的治理效果，推进社会主义新农村建设。     

发达国家发展绿色包装风头正劲

近些年来，与日俱增的包装垃圾给环境保护带来了相当大的压力。据统计，20世纪90年代城市固体垃圾废弃物排放量日益增加。1995年美国达1.5亿t，其中包装废弃物占城市废弃物体积的50%，     

世界包装废弃物现状

世界包装废弃物现状中国包装技术协会张文梅译美国早在“包装废弃物”这个名词还没有象今夭叫得这么响亮的时候，美国就已经注意到了合理处理包装废弃物的必要性。在６０年代，出现了严重的乱扔杂物的现象。由于缺少收集垃圾的设施，资金不足，加ｋ公民环保意识不强，结果...     

Unique morphology and mechanical property of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) fish skin

Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) fish skin is an excellent natural material with remarkable mechanical properties owing to the unique structures of the helical stacking fibres. In this work, the authors studied the potential role of the sturgeon fish skin in the protective function through testing and analysed the structural features and mechanical properties of the stratum compactum in the fish skin. Scanning electron microscopy images of the sturgeon fish skin revealed that the skin was primarily composed of the stratum compactum. The stratum compactum was characterised by the helically arranged fibre structures and the helical‐ply angle decreased from the anterior region of the fish body to the posterior region. Mechanical tests containing tension and penetration experiments demonstrated that the stratum compactum provided the sturgeon fish skin the capability to effectively resist bite and laceration by predators. Furthermore, the experimental results also confirmed that the sturgeon fish skin showed two distinct mechanisms against tension and penetration. These findings may provide a novel biomimetic design template for both flexible and tough body armour.Inspec keywords: mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy, skin, bio‐inspired materials, biomedical materials, biomimetics, molecular biophysics, nanofabrication, armour, zoology, biomechanicsOther keywords: stratum compactum, mechanical property, Chinese sturgeon fish skin, Acipenser sinensis, remarkable mechanical properties     

Use of clay mineral (montmorillonite) for reducing poultry litter leachate toxicity (EC50)

Poultry litter (PL) has useful nutrients and is therefore used as manure. In addition to N, P and K, PL also contains some heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn), antibiotics, antioxidants, mold inhibitors and other organic compounds. Poultry litter aqueous leachate (PLL) has been shown to be toxic to many organisms; PLL is more toxic than the aqueous leachate of other animal manures used on agricultural soils. Clayey soils are known to retain toxic heavy metals. The objective of this study was to measure the change in toxicity (EC50) of PLL on the addition of clay mineral--montmorillonite. A significant reduction (124%) in toxicity of the clay poultry litter leachate (CLL) after 7 days was observed compared to the toxicity of the PLL alone after 1 day. This indicates that some of the toxic components of the litter were adsorbed by the clay.     

Biodegradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene using poultry litter leachate

Various micro-organisms are known to degrade 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) through pathways involving intermediates. Addition of nutrients stimulates the biodegradation process. Poultry litter has a consortia of micro-organisms along with many nutrients. The objective was to study the DNT biodegradation using poultry litter in an aqueous medium. Complete biodegradation of 10-50 ppm 2,4-DNT solutions was observed after two days interaction with poultry litter leachate without the formation of any intermediates. No degradation was observed using autoclaved litter leachate.     

Use of poultry litter for biodegradation of soil contaminated with 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluene

Pseudomonas sp. and Pseudomonas putida can utilize dinitrotoluene (DNT) as N-source after the enzymatic removal of nitro groups from the aromatic ring. Addition of nutrients is known to stimulate the biodegradation process. Poultry litter has consortia of microorganisms (including Pseudomonas) along with many nutrients. The objective of this research was to study the biodegradation of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT contaminated soil (from Badger Army Ammunition Plant) using poultry litter. Complete biodegradation of both 2,4- and 2,6-DNT in the soil was observed after 1-day interaction with poultry litter. No degradation was observed using autoclaved litter.     

Adsorption of trace elements from poultry litter by montmorillonite clay

Poultry litter (PL) is used as fertilizer on agricultural lands because of its high nutrient content. However, the litter also contains trace elements such as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. On land application of PL, these trace elements may be absorbed by crops, leach into groundwater, or enter the aquatic system as run-off. The objective of this research was to study the effect of the addition of montmorillonite clay-mineral (CM) in reducing the release of trace elements from PL. Cd, Cu, and Zn showed significant decreases of 29, 34, and 22%, respectively, in PL aqueous leachate (compared with the control-PL without CM) on mixing with 0.05 g CM but no change in As, Co, and Cr concentrations was observed. Lead showed a significant increase in PL aqueous leachate on mixing with 0.2 g CM but Pb concentration was two orders of magnitude less than in CM aqueous leachate alone. On washing, the settled precipitate (PL+CM) in the centrifuge tubes with water (desorption study) most of the adsorbed metals (Cd 85%, Cu 61%, and Zn 100%) were released. The results of this study show that the addition of CM resulted in significant adsorption of Cd and Cu from PL.     

椰叶纳米纤维素及高强度透明膜的制备与表征

目的以农业废弃物——椰子凋落叶为研究对象,提取纳米纤维素,并用其制备高强度透明薄膜。方法采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD),对经酸碱处理和研磨超声提取的纳米纤维素分析表征。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、UV-紫外分光光度计和万能力学实验机,对真空抽滤的薄膜的微观形貌、透光度和力学性能进行表征。结果纳米纤维素被完整地从椰子凋落叶中提取出来,结晶度达到56%。用其制备薄膜,弹性模量达到3.3 GPa,拉伸强度达到126.4 MPa,透光度达到88%。结论椰子凋落叶可作为纳米纤维素的提取对象,并可用于制备高强度透明薄膜及其他功能型包装材料。     

电磁搅拌自生表面复合材料的组织与性能

根据电磁搅拌时定向凝固形成分离共晶的原理，制备了内表面的Ａｌ３Ｎｉ金属间合物、上表面为少量Ａｌ３Ｎｉ与亚共晶组织，而基体为亚共晶组织的自生表面复合材料管状试样，分析了复合层的组织形貌、结合强度、耐腐蚀性能，讨论了分离偏聚物的形成机理。     

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) characterization of trace organoarsenic antimicrobials using silver/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites

Organoarsenic drugs such as roxarsone and 4-arsanilic acid are poultry feed additives widely used in US broilers to prevent coccidosis and to enhance growth and pigmentation. Despite their veterinary benefits there has been growing concern about their use because over 90% of these drugs are released intact into litter, which is often sold as a fertilizing supplement. The biochemical degradation of these antimicrobials in the litter matrix can release significant amounts of soluble As(III) and As(V) to the environment, representing a potential environmental risk. Silver/polydimethylsiloxane (Ag/PDMS) nanocomposites are a class of surfaceenhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates that have proven effective for the sensitive, reproducible, and field-adaptable detection of aromatic acids in water. The work presented herein uses for the first time Ag/PDMS nanocomposites as substrates for the detection and characterization of trace amounts of roxarsone, 4-arsanilic acid, and acetarsone in water. The results gathered in this study show that organoarsenic species are distributed into the PDMS surface where the arsonic acid binds onto the embedded silver nanoparticles, enhancing its characteristic 792 cm(-1) stretching band. The chemisorption of the drugs to the metal facilitates its detection and characterization in the parts per million to parts per billion range. An extensive analysis of the distinct spectroscopic features of each drug is presented with emphasis on the interactions of the arsonic acid, amino, and nitro groups with the metal surface. The benefits of SERS based methods for the study of arsenic drugs are also discussed.     

超音速火焰喷涂技术研究进展

介绍了一种新型的超音速火焰喷涂技术--活性燃烧高速燃气喷涂(AC-HVAF),该工艺的喷涂过程对喷涂材料的氧化及热退化影响非常小,可以制备出极低氧化物含量和极高致密度的涂层,该涂层具有优越的耐磨损和耐腐蚀能力,同时其喷涂速度和沉积效率均优于传统超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF).