镍基单晶高温合金DD3制备过程中晶粒演化和选晶行为的EBSD研究

采用选晶法在改进的Bridgman定向凝固炉上进行镍基单晶高温合金DD3定向凝固实验,研究了选晶法制备镍基单晶高温合金过程中晶粒组织演化和螺旋选晶行为,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对晶粒的竞争过程进行分析.结果表明,选晶器引晶段的主要作用是优化晶粒取向,获得取向良好的<001>定向凝固组织.在距激冷板36.1 m...     

不同制备方法对单晶高温合金取向特征的影响

在高温度梯度定向凝固炉中分别采用选晶法和籽晶法制备单晶高温合金,并采用XRD测定单晶的取向特征。结果表明,采用选晶法制备单晶高温合金时,在激冷板上随机形核的晶粒经过起晶段的竞争生长和螺旋段的选晶作用后,最终获得具有择优取向<001>的单晶。采用籽晶法制备单晶高温合金时,通过重熔籽晶的外延生长,所获得的单晶取向与籽晶取向保持一致。     

《001》和《011》取向DD407单晶高温合金枝晶间距和微观偏析

采用液态金属冷却(LMC)高温度梯度定向凝固炉制备<001>和<011>取向的DD407单晶高温合金,研究了晶体取向对枝晶间距和微观偏析的影响.结果表明,晶体取向对单晶高温合金的枝晶间距和微观偏析有明显的影响.枝晶间距随着<001>取向偏差角的增加而增加,但随<011>取向偏差角的增加而减小,且<011>取向的枝晶间距...     

镍基单晶高温合金螺旋选晶过程的数值模拟

采用ProCAST & CAFE模型,模拟了选晶法制备镍基单晶高温合金DD3过程中的晶粒组织演化。结果表明,选晶器引晶段的主要作用是优化晶粒取向,随着距引晶段底部距离的增加,<001>晶向与热流方向偏离角较大的晶粒逐渐被淘汰,到达距引晶段底部26 mm处时,<001>取向的晶粒与热流方向之间的夹角平均值小于10°。螺旋选晶段的主要作用是获得单一晶粒,其对晶粒的取向没有优化作用。螺旋选晶过程中,靠近螺旋通道外侧的晶粒因受到螺旋通道较强的几何阻碍逐渐失去生长空间,而靠近螺旋通道内侧的晶粒通常被选为最终的单晶。螺旋选晶段对晶粒的选择或淘汰与该晶粒在螺旋通道内所处的位置（螺旋通道的内侧或外侧）有密切关系,而与晶粒的晶体学取向没有必然联系     

����ѹ�۷��ⶨ�����������̸��ºϽ������ѧ����

为了探讨高温合金微区相的力学性能,利用纳米压痕仪对镍基定向高温合金中沿柱状晶及垂直于柱状晶方向的共晶γ’相和枝晶干进行纳米压痕测试。结果表明:对于镍基定向凝固高温合金,沿着柱状晶<001>方向和垂直于柱状晶方向,共晶γ’相的硬度和弹性模量均明显大于枝晶干;另外,对于共晶γ’相和枝晶干,无论是平均弹性模量还是平均硬度,沿着柱状晶<001>方向都比垂直于柱状晶方向的小。     

不同制备方法对单晶高温合金取向特征的影响（英文）

在高温度梯度定向凝固炉中分别采用选晶法和籽晶法制备单晶高温合金,并采用XRD测定单晶的取向特征。结果表明,采用选晶法制备单晶高温合金时,在激冷板上随机形核的晶粒经过起晶段的竞争生长和螺旋段的选晶作用后,最终获得具有择优取向001的单晶。采用籽晶法制备单晶高温合金时,通过重熔籽晶的外延生长,所获得的单晶取向与籽晶取向保持一致。     

高温合金精密铸造技术研究进展

综述了高温合金多晶铸造、定向凝固、单晶制备等几种主要制备技术的原理、方法、研究现状和存在问题,分析了铸造高温合金晶粒组织控制、晶体取向选择和控制,介绍了单晶叶片的引晶和选晶原理和技术,对单晶铸造高温合金的缺陷进行了分析,并展望了高温合金精密铸造的今后发展方向。     

非(001)晶面促进激光单晶熔凝过程中柱状晶外延生长

当激光熔池内的柱状枝晶沿着熔池边界外延生长时,其方向并不严格平行于温度梯度,而是选择与基体一致的择优方向生长,因此基体取向可以影响柱状晶的外延生长行为。在使用激光金属成型/沉积技术修复昂贵的单晶部件时,需要考虑这一特性。现有研究已经实现了(001)晶面上的柱状晶完全外延生长进而获得完整单晶。然而由于叶片形状复杂,实际修复过程中可能会遇到的不同取向表面。论文对(001)和非(001)取向表面修复过程中的杂晶形成能力进行了比较研究,通过数值计算获得了控制微观组织的局部凝固变量,并将杂晶晶粒的体积分数作为量化单晶完整性指数。结果表明,与(001)晶面相比,多数非(001)晶面可以促进柱状晶的外延生长,进而获得更好的单晶完整性,实验结果也验证了这一结论。分析显示不同枝晶生长区域的边界是杂晶形成敏感区,两种晶面的差异在于边界数目及其位置。研究结果可以优化修复和制造应用中的沉积方向和激光加工窗口提供指导。     

隔热挡板厚度对DD6单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响

单晶凝固过程中隔热挡板的控制对温度梯度及温度场均匀性有重要影响,进而会影响到单晶凝固组织,因此需要对隔热挡板进行研究。采用第二代单晶高温合金DD6,研究了不同厚度隔热挡板对DD6单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明,随着隔热挡板厚度增加,单晶凝固过程中温度梯度降低,但晶体生长方向与[001]偏离度变小。此外,随着隔热挡板厚度增加,DD6单晶高温合金一次枝晶间距增大,γ-γ′共晶含量和尺寸增加,枝晶干与枝晶间的铸态γ′尺寸略有增加,合金主要元素偏析加大。     

DD8镍基高温合金单晶制备中的杂晶长大机制

研究了ＤＤ８镍基高温合金单晶制备中择优生长晶向偏离热流杂晶的长大机制。实验结果表明：在一定条件下择优生长晶向偏离热流方向的晶粒能够淘汰择优生长晶向平行于热流方向的晶粒。研究表明,镍基高温合金单晶制备中的晶粒淘汰并不取决于择优生长晶向与热流方向平行,而是晶粒枝晶的三维相对位置,这很好地解释了高温合金单晶制备时经常发生的预定晶向之外的杂晶长大现象。     

Influence of Bridgman solidification on microstructures and magnetic behaviors of a non-equiatomic FeCoNiAlSi high-entropy alloy

The non-equiatomic FeCoNiAlSi alloy is prepared by the Bridgman solidification (BS) technique at different withdrawal velocities (V = 30, 100, and 200 μm/s). Various characterization techniques have been used to study the microstructure and crystal orientation. The morphological evolutions accompanying the crystal growth of the alloy prepared at different withdrawal velocities are nearly the same, from equiaxed grains to columnar crystals. The transition of coercivity is closely related to the local microstructure, while the saturation magnetization changes little at different sites. The coercivity can be significantly reduced from the equiaxed grain area to the columnar crystal area when the applied magnetic field direction is parallel to the crystal growth direction, no matter what is the withdrawal velocity. In addition, the alloy possesses magnetic anisotropy when the applied magnetic field is in different directions.     

Dynamics and mechanism of columnar grain growth of pure iron under directional annealing

The dynamics and mechanism of columnar grain growth of pure iron with small equiaxed grains were experimentally investigated under directional annealing. The results prove the existence of both a lower- and an upper limit of the withdrawing velocity for columnar grain growth. Importantly, there is an optimum withdrawing velocity at which the largest aspect ratio of columnar grains can be obtained. A kinetic approach is suggested to describe the growth of the columnar grains. The aspect ratio of the columnar grains can be successfully predicted by this approach. The mechanism of the columnar grain growth essentially can be described as selective growth or competitive migration of the grain boundaries. As a result of selective growth, the boundaries between the columnar grains abound in low-energy boundaries. Small island-like grains inside the columnars grain can be left over due to the low mobility of their small-angle boundaries or twin boundaries.     

Microstructure and crystal growth direction of Al-Mg alloy

The microstructures and crystal growth directions of permanent mould casting and directionally solidified Al-Mg alloys with different Mg contents have been investigated. The results indicate that the effect of Mg content on microstructure is basically same for the alloys prepared by these two methods. The primary grains change from cellular crystals to developed columnar dendrites, and then to equiaxed dendrites as the Mg content is increased. Simultaneously, both the cellular or columnar grain region and the primary trunk spacing decrease. All of these changes are mainly attributed to the constitutional supercooling resulting from Mg element. Comparatively, the cellular or columnar crystals of the directionally solidified alloys are straighter and more parallel than those of the permanent mould casting alloys. These have straight or wavy grain boundaries, one of the most important microstructure characteristics of feathery grains. However, the transverse microstructure and growth direction reveal that they do not belong to feathery grains. The Mg seemingly can affect the crystal growth direction, but does not result in the formation of feathery grains under the conditions employed in the study.     

Effect of competitive crystal growth on microstructural characteristics of directionally solidified nickel-based single crystal superalloy

Directionally solidified single crystal superalloy test bars were prepared by the spiral grain selection method.The microstructural evolution and orientation characteristics of the starter block and spiral part were studied,and the influence of the competitive growth of crystals on the microstructural characteristics was analyzed.The results show that the divergent grain groups,with small size and randomly oriented grains,appear at the bottom of the start block due to the chilling effect,which is an important area for competitive growth.As the height of the starter block increases,the primary dendrite spacing increases,and the grain density decreases;furthermore,the proportion of grains with an orientation deflection angle less than 10°gradually increases.The<001>texture gradually becomes stronger as the height of the starter block increases,which indicates that the competitive growth of crystals gradually weakens.At the initial stage of the crystal selection in the spiral part,the obstacle of adjacent grains and spiral passage is the main working mechanism.The grains located at the inner side of the front edge of the spiral passage have the growth advantage.The single crystal screening process is achieved at about two-thirds of the spiral height,and the single crystal with the orientation deviation angle of 6.7°from the casting axis is prepared.     

Phase-field simulation of competitive growth of grains in a binary alloy during directional solidification

Taking Al-2%mole-Cu binary alloy as an example, the influence of grain orientation on competitive growth of dendrites under different competitive modes was investigated by using the three-dimensional(3-D) phasefield method. The result of phase-field simulation was verified by applying cold spray and directional remelting. In the simulation process, two competitive modes were designed: in Scheme 1, the monolayer columnar grains in multilayer columnar crystals had different orientations; while in Scheme 2, they had the same orientation. The simulation result showed that in Scheme 1, the growth of the dendrites, whose orientation had a certain included angle with the direction of temperature gradient, was restrained by the growth of other dendrites whose direction was parallel to the direction of temperature gradient. Moreover, the larger the included angle between the grain orientation and temperature gradient, the earlier the cessation of dendrite growth. The secondary dendrites of dendrites whose grain orientation was parallel to the temperature gradient flourished with increasing included angles between the grain orientation and temperature gradient. In Scheme 2, the greater the included angle between grain orientation and temperature gradient, the easier the dendrites whose orientation showed a certain included angle with temperature gradient inserted between those grew parallel to the temperature gradient, and the better the growth condition thereafter. Some growing dendrites after intercalation were deflected to the temperature gradient, and the greater the included angle, the lower the deflection. The morphologies of the competitive growth dendrites obtained through simulation can also be found in metallographs of practical solidification experiments. This implies that the two modes of competitive growth of dendrites characterized in the simulation do exist and frequently appear in practical solidification processes.     

等离子体循环刻蚀镀膜提高锆膜的水汽阻隔性

为了提高以锆金属镀层封闭聚氨酯泡沫塑料表面对水气的阻隔性,采用了等离子体循环刻蚀和中频磁控溅射镀膜相结合的方法改变锆膜晶粒的生长模式。结果表明,等离子体循环刻蚀以后,锆膜表面的晶粒呈现出非晶化趋势,无等离子体循环刻蚀时锆膜横截面晶粒的生长方式是法向柱状晶模式,而刻蚀后薄膜呈现的是一种柱状晶和细小球晶团的混合生长模式。水气阻隔实验表明,等离子体循环刻蚀的方法可明显提高锆膜的水气阻隔性。等离子体循环刻蚀抑制了锆膜的法向柱状晶生长,使晶粒更加细化,膜呈现非晶化趋势,这是膜致密性、水气阻隔性增加的根本原因。     

Pretreatment of glass substrates by Ar/O2 ion beams for the as-sputtered rough Al doped zinc oxide thin films

Textured TCO surfaces are required in silicon thin film solar cells to gain efficient light trapping. Nowadays, magnetron sputtered ZnO:Al films are usually etched in HCl solution to obtain textured surface. This study introduces a method to achieve as-grown rough ZnO:Al films by ion beam pretreatment of the glass substrate. The reference ZnO:Al films deposited on untreated glass are composed of well aligned columnar grains. In contrast, in the as-grown rough films, additional large conical grains are observed. The large grains exhibit faster growth rate than the surrounding columnar grains, and therefore overgrow the columnar grains gradually and finally cover the whole surface. In order to investigate the ZnO:Al film structural properties, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction are employed. The crystal orientations of these two types of grains are further analyzed by selected area diffraction patterns. The columns in the as-grown rough ZnO:Al are similarly textured as the reference ZnO:Al film on untreated glass. The c-axis is well aligned nearly perpendicular to the substrate surface, but a tilt of 10° was observed with respect to the growth direction. The large conical grains show no strong out of plane texture and random in plane orientation.     

Feathery grain growth during solidification under forced flow conditions

The grain morphology developed during solidification of an Al–4.5% Cu alloy is represented generally by columnar or equiaxed dendrites. Twinned feathery grains are found in the structure formed under certain heat and flow conditions during solidification. In this work, these conditions were achieved during solidification in a cavity under forced flow. Feathery grain formation is studied by means of fluid dynamics simulations with solidification included and by experiments. In order to determine the crystallographic orientation of feathery grains, electron backscattered diffraction measurements were performed. The growth features of feathery grains were analyzed by observations made normal and parallel to the growth direction. Some correlations between twinned feathery morphology, flow and solidification parameters were obtained.     

Directional solidification casting technology of heavy-duty gas turbine blade with liquid metal cooling (LMC) process

In this work, some important factors such as ceramic shell strength, heat preservation temperature, standing time and withdrawal rate, which influence the formability of directionally solidified large-size blades of heavy-duty gas turbine with the liquid metal cooling(LMC) process, were studied through the method of microstructure analysis combining. The results show that the ceramic shell with medium strength(the high temperature flexural strength is 8 MPa, the flexural strength after thermal shock resistance is 12 MPa and the residual flexural strength is 20 MPa) can prevent the rupture and runout of the blade. The appropriate temperature(1,520 ℃ for upper region and 1,500 ℃ for lower region) of the heating furnace can eliminate the wide-angle grain boundary, the deviation of grain and the run-out caused by the shell crack. The holding time after pouring(3-5 min) can promote the growth of competitive grains and avoid a great deviation of columnar grains along the crystal orientation 001, resulting in a straight and uniform grain structure. In addition, to avoid the formation of wrinkles and to ensure a smooth blade surface, the withdrawal rate should be no greater than the growth rate of grain. It is also found that the dendritic space of the blade decreases with the rise of solidification rate, and increases with the enlarging distance between the solidification position and the chill plate.