可抑制生物组织散射效应的光学聚焦技术研究进展

生物组织对光的散射使得光束通过透镜后无法在组织的深层(大于1 mm处)聚焦,制约了需要光能聚焦的成像技术(如共聚焦显微、双光子显微)在生物医学领域的应用。为了抑制生物组织的散射效应,将光聚焦到深层组织,需要对入射光的波前进行调制。基于此要求,以下三种光学聚焦技术得以提出并发展:用待聚焦区的光强作为反馈信号的波前整形技术;将声光调制和时间反演(或光学相位共轭)技术相结合进而在散射介质内部实现光学聚焦的技术;对散射介质传输矩阵进行测量的光学聚焦技术。本文对上述光学聚焦技术的研究进展进行了综述,比较并展望了其在生物医学领域中的应用前景。     

光学相位共轭技术

光学相位共轭技术就是利用非线性光学的方法来实现某一光波的波前或相位逆转的技术.因为这在数学上等效于某一光波的复振幅作复共轭变换,所以通常就把获得和应用某一光波的相位共轭光波的技术称为光学相位共轭技术.     

计算光学成像在散射中的应用

自然界中普遍存在光散射现象。如何通过散射介质实现高分辨率成像是光学成像领域亟待解决的重要问题。在早期研究中,多重光散射被认为是雾霾、云层、生物组织等复杂介质成像中的障碍。然而,最近研究表明,散射并不是成像的基本限制:光子在经过多次散射后仍然包含了大量信息。为了深入了解新兴的计算光学成像是如何解决多重光散射问题的,文中主要介绍了波前整形、散斑相关及深度学习等方法在散射成像领域中的研究进展。最新的研究成果表明:波前整形可以实现动态散射介质内部的高分辨率快速聚焦;散斑相关能够利用单帧散斑实现非侵入式成像;基于深度学习的成像技术能恢复出隐藏在光学厚度为13.4的白色聚苯乙烯平板背后的物体。     

基于相位共轭实现散射成像及光学幻像的双功能散射光调控方法（特邀）

近年来，人们对散射光调控的研究取得了极大的进展，产生了许多有趣的应用。其中透过散射介质的成像和光学幻像是两个极为引人注目的方向，但它们不经常同时被研究。文中将深入探索散射光成像和光学幻像的内在联系，在此基础上提出一种新颖的双功能散射光调控方法以在同一实验装置中根据需求实现散射成像和光学幻像。通过优化光路，结合相位恢复技术检测散射波前，利用相位共轭技术和高分辨率的纯相位液晶空间光调制器可以实现补偿散射的影响或实现特定衍射波前的产生。该系统只需要数秒即可完成散射光调控，因此可以对变化缓慢的散射环境实现动态散射成像或对缓慢变化的物体实现稳定的动态光学幻像。理论分析和实验演示证实了该调控方法的可行性。这一散射光调控方法有望在浑浊介质中的光学成像、光学伪装、反侦察、复杂光场调控等领域找到潜在的应用。     

受激布里渊散射补偿激光波前畸变的试验研究

非线性相位共轭技术以其优越的光学特性在激光对抗领域具有深远的应用潜力,井可能以此开拓激光对抗的一片新领域。本文以受激布里渊散射补偿激光波前畸变作为研究对象,分析实验现象得到了一些有用结论,这将对相位共轭技术应用于激光对抗具有重要的参考意义。     

基于锥形光纤光镊的细胞操控与神经调控

光学操控已被广泛应用于生物医学、物理和材料科学等领域。近年来,锥形光纤光镊由于具有操作灵活、结构紧凑、易于制造等特点,在光学操控领域引起了极大关注。作为一种非侵入式光操控工具,锥形光纤光镊不会对生物组织和活体细胞产生接触式物理损伤,因而可以直接应用于细胞的多维度操控。此外,红外光波对生物组织具有良好的穿透性,这使得锥形光纤光镊在生物及医学领域有着不俗的表现。在这篇综述,笔者总结了锥形光纤光镊在单细胞、多细胞、亚细胞等层面的研究现状,并介绍了其在神经细胞调控方面的最新进展。     

干涉仪的自动锁相

相位共轭已引起了许多光学科学家的想像。也许谈论最多的潜在应用是以波前畸变作为改善强激光束通过大气散射效应的手段。但洛克威尔国际科学中心最近的工作表明相位共轭在干涉仪中可能有应用。     

光折变晶体中的相位共轭

近几年来,光折变相位共轭器及其在非线性光学中的应用取得了有意义的进步。本文主要叙述光折变晶体中的四波混频以及各种光学相位共轭器的结构,简单地介绍了相位共轭器在光信息处理中的一些应用。     

光折变二波耦合增益振荡

1 引言 光折变二波耦合增益振荡在光学长度—频率转换仪、实时波前反转、激光腔中的畸变修正、光计算及相关存储器等中有广泛的应用。就其振荡器的类型可分为自泵浦相位共轭振     

带SBS相位共轭镜的高重复频率高功率激光系统研究进展

受激布里渊散射(SBS)是一种三阶非线性光学效应,SBS相位共轭镜(PCM)是基于SBS的自抽运PCM,能实时补偿放大器和放大光路中的波前畸变,改善激光器的输出光束质量,其应用越来越广泛。简要介绍了SBS-PCM激光系统的基本原理和典型装置,并概述了国内外液体和固体SBS相位共轭技术在高重复频率高功率激光系统中的研究进展,提出带SBS-PCM的高重复频率高功率激光系统有待解决的问题。     

Technologies and applications of silicon-based micro-optical electromechanical systems: A brief review

Micro-optical electromechanical systems (MOEMS) combine the merits of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and micro-optics to enable unique optical functions for a wide range of advanced applications. Using simple external electromechanical control methods, such as electrostatic, magnetic or thermal effects, Si-based MOEMS can achieve precise dynamic optical modulation. In this paper, we will briefly review the technologies and applications of Si-based MOEMS. Their basic working principles, advantages, general materials and micromachining fabrication technologies are introduced concisely, followed by research progress of advanced Si-based MOEMS devices, including micromirrors/micromirror arrays, micro-spectrometers, and optical/photonic switches. Owing to the unique advantages of Si-based MOEMS in spatial light modulation and high-speed signal processing, they have several promising applications in optical communications, digital light processing, and optical sensing. Finally, future research and development prospects of Si-based MOEMS are discussed.     

两种相位共轭技术对光纤中超短光脉冲传输失真的补偿比较

通过理论分析和数值计算,比较了时域相位共轭技术和频域相位共轭技术对光纤中由于色散和非线性引起的超短光脉冲传输失真的补偿效果。结果表明,在仅考虑群速度色散和自相位调制效应时,时域相位共轭技术与频域相位共轭技术的补偿效果一致;当需要考虑三阶色散时,频域相位共轭技术的补偿效果优于时域相位共轭技术;当需要考虑脉冲内拉曼散射时,时域相位共轭技术的补偿效果优于频域相位共轭技术;当上述四种效应同时考虑时,频域相位共轭技术的补偿效果略优于时域相位共轭技术。同时还对上述两种补偿技术的应用进行了讨论。     

宽视场远距离光学散射成像技术研究进展

散射体内部颗粒分布及折射率分布的不均匀对经过散射体的携带目标信息的光子传播造成干扰,导致直接探测的图像失真。针对该问题,发展了众多的光学散射成像技术,实现了部分特定散射介质条件下的目标成像。介绍了基于弹道光子优化采集的部分传统散射成像技术的原理,还介绍了最新发展的计算散射成像技术的基本原理与技术特点。计算散射成像技术正朝着充分利用大光学厚度散射介质引起的非弹道光子的方向发展,其中基于光学记忆效应和相位恢复的算法、相干衍射成像、叠层迭代引擎等计算成像技术可能适应厚散射介质动态变化、目标非稀疏性等特点,有望应用于宽视场、远距离散射成像领域。     

Multifunctional Flexible Biointerfaces for Simultaneous Colocalized Optophysiology and Electrophysiology

Recent developments in optophysiology techniques such as optogenetics have revolutionized the ability to actuate cell activity. Further combining optophysiology and electrophysiology will integrate the advantages from both optical and electrical modalities and yield enabling technologies that allow simultaneous monitoring of cellular activity in response to modulation, which are crucial for biomedical applications. However, multifunctional devices that can deliver optical stimuli to regions beneath the electrodes and perform simultaneous sensing remain largely unexplored. Existing transparent microelectrode technologies depend on external bulk optical instruments for optical interventions. Here, innovative monolithic integrated multifunctional microsystems are demonstrated by applying transparent nanogrid electrodes onto microscale light sources to permit simultaneous electrophysiology and optical modulation at the same anatomical site. The nanogrid electrodes have transmittances > 70% with a low normalized impedance of 5.9 Ω cm². Additional features of the devices include superior mechanical flexibility, minimized light‐induced electrical artifacts, and excellent biocompatibility. Ex vivo experiments demonstrate that the multifunctional devices can record abnormal heart rhythm in transgenic mouse hearts and simultaneously restore the sinus rhythm via optogenetic pacing. This work provides a versatile approach for constructing multifunctional colocalized biointerfaces containing crosstalk‐free optical and electrical modalities with expanded opportunities in both fundamental and applied biomedical research.     

Locked phase conjugation for two-beam coupling of pulse repetitionrate solid-state lasers

Theoretical and experimental results obtained in the study of phase-locked conjugation of two light beams using a phase synchronizer demonstrate how phase conjugation of depolarized radiation can be used to compensate aberration and depolarization distortions in solid-state media. Two-beam phase conjugation via mutual scattering of orthogonally polarized pump waves under four-wave mixing is discussed. A novel analog operation-orthogonal phase conjugation (OPC)-involving an electromagnetic field was realized with a phase synchronizer     

Novel realization of monotonic Butterworth-type lowpass, highpass,and bandpass optical filters using phase-modulated fiber-opticinterferometers and ring resonators

A novel realization of monotonic Butterworth-type lowpass, highpass, and bandpass optical filters (from their electrical digital filter characteristics) by cascading the all-pole and all-zero resonators is presented. A graphical method for fast derivation of the transfer functions, quick inspection of the resonance effects, and important characteristics of any photonic circuits is described. It is shown that incorporation of the optical amplifiers and optical phase modulators into the delay lines of two basic optical resonators, whose pole and zero can be adjusted independently of each other, provides great design flexibility which would otherwise not possible using conventional passive optical resonators. Possible applications of these optical filters as optical pulse equalizers and receiver shaping filters in long-haul coherent lightwave transmission systems are discussed. Possible application of basic resonators comprising of optical phase modulators as tunable optical filters for spectrum analyzers is also considered     

光盘信息坑散射光强的测量

波导多层存储是一种三维光存储技术，如何对光盘信息坑散射光强的测量是其须解决的关键技术之一。本文介绍了利用光学共轭技术测量光盘单个信息坑散射光强的实验原理，给出了采用光电倍增管测量光盘信息坑散射光强的实验结果。结果表明，利用该装置可以检测光盘有无信息坑时散射光强的变化，实现对信息坑散射光强及信息坑的测量，测出信息坑的大小与理论值一致。     

Seeing Hydrogen in Colors: Low‐Cost and Highly Sensitive Eye Readable Hydrogen Detectors

There is a great interest in the development of reliable and low‐cost hydrogen sensors for applications in the hydrogen economy, industrial processes, space application, detection of environmental pollution, and biomedical applications. Here, a new type of optical detector that indicates the presence of hydrogen in concentration range 5 ppm to 0.1 vol% H₂ merely by a reversible and tunable color change is reported. The device takes advantage of the reversible change in optical properties of a Pd‐capped Y thin film upon exposure to H₂, while the color is tuned using the interference of light reflected between the Y and Pd layers. In this way, an eye‐readable optical sensor that circumvents the need for electronics and external digital readouts is created. Using surface modifications, the performance of the H₂ detector in humid and oxygen rich environment is greatly improved. Therefore, the device has the potential to be used for chemical and also biochemical/biomedical H₂ sensing applications such as breathe hydrogen tests.