A Survey on Smart Agriculture: Development Modes,Technologies, and Security and Privacy Challenges

With the deep combination of both modern information technology and traditional agriculture,the era of agriculture 4.0,which takes the form of smart agriculture,has come.Smart agriculture provides solutions for agricultural intelligence and automation.However,information security issues cannot be ignored with the development of agriculture brought by modern information technology.In this paper,three typical development modes of smart agriculture(precision agriculture,facility agriculture,and order agriculture)are presented.Then,7 key technologies and 11 key applications are derived from the above modes.Based on the above technologies and applications,6 security and privacy countermeasures(authentication and access control,privacy-preserving,blockchain-based solutions for data integrity,cryptography and key management,physical countermeasures,and intrusion detection systems)are summarized and discussed.Moreover,the security challenges of smart agriculture are analyzed and organized into two aspects:1)agricultural production,and 2)information technology.Most current research projects have not taken agricultural equipment as potential security threats.Therefore,we did some additional experiments based on solar insecticidal lamps Internet of Things,and the results indicate that agricultural equipment has an impact on agricultural security.Finally,more technologies(5 G communication,fog computing,Internet of Everything,renewable energy management system,software defined network,virtual reality,augmented reality,and cyber security datasets for smart agriculture)are described as the future research directions of smart agriculture.     

基于主从联盟链结构的农产品供应链追溯系统方案设计

针对目前农产品供应链追溯系统存在的数据存储容量低、管理中心化、可扩展性差、参与主体隐私信息得不到保证等问题,使用Hyperledger Fabric v2.0平台设计了基于主从联盟链结构的农产品供应链追溯系统。该系统基于已构建的主从联盟链模型存储供应链的信息,利用联盟链的多通道设计方案保证了供应链各参与主体隐私信息的安全性。通过在供应链的各参与主体中部署物联网设备进行信息的采集、处理和上传,保证了供应链存储的信息无人为窜改、安全可信。同时,基于《食品安全国家标准》设计了主从链间的智能合约,用于判断各参与主体上传信息的合理性,以实现从源头保证食品的安全质量。此外,设计了分簇集群传输方法以较低的能耗上传农场中物联网设备产生的大量数据。实验结果表明,该系统可以以较低的时延构建农产品供应链,并且可以在较短时间内返回消费者查询的信息。另外,使用分簇集群传输方法可以明显降低物联网设备传输数据产生的能耗。所设计的农产品供应链追溯系统最终实现了农产品供应链的公开透明,提高了供应链信息溯源效率,增加了消费者对食品安全的信任度。     

Implementation path and reference framework for Industrial Internet Platform (IIP) in product service system using industrial practice investigation method

With the development of intelligent sensing, edge computing, fog computing, cloud computing, parallel computing, smart grid, big data, block chain, 5G, cyber-physical systems, digital twins, machine learning and other technologies, the industrial internet has undergone control network stage, sensor network stage, internet stage, Internet of Things (IoT) stage, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) stage, and Industrial Internet (II) stage, etc. In the existing research, scholars focus on a local dot, such as: technology, function, elements and application based on industrial internet. However, there is a lack of an overall framework to study the top-level planning of Industrial Internet Platform (IIP) from a systematic perspective. On the other hand, there are few studies on the detailed path and steps for implementing IIP in a specific enterprise in a specific industry. The objective of this paper is to study a reference framework and industrial implementation path for IIP in product service system using industrial practice investigation method, which meets the needs of industry on the basis of existing theory and industrial practice, and to provide reference for government and industry planning, design, implementation and promotion of IIP. In addition, the proposed reference framework and industrial implementation for IIP in product service system can enhance the core value of the enterprise and increase benefits.     

物联网应用中访问控制智能合约的形式化验证

蓝牙、WiFi等网络技术的进步推动物联网（IoT）的发展,然而IoT在方便了人们生活的同时也存在严重的安全隐患。若无安全的访问控制,非法接入IoT的访问可能给用户带来各方面的损失。传统的访问控制方法需要一个可信任的中心节点,不适合节点分散的IoT环境。区块链及智能合约的出现为IoT应用的访问控制提供了更有效的解决方案,但用一般测试方法难以保证实现IoT应用的访问控制智能合约的正确性。针对这个问题,提出一种利用模型检测工具Verds对访问控制智能合约进行形式化验证从而保障合约正确性的方法。该方法利用状态迁移系统定义Solidity智能合约的语义,应用计算树逻辑（CTL）公式描述所要验证的性质,并对智能合约交互及用户行为进行建模,从而形成Verds的输入模型及所要验证性质,然后利用Verds验证待测性质的正确性。方法核心是Solidity合约子集到Verds输入模型的转换。对两个IoT资源访问控制智能合约的实验结果表明,该方法可以对访问控制合约的典型场景及期望性质进行验证,提升了智能合约的可靠性。     

物联网技术于人文艺术之应用

近年来,物联网(Internet of Things,IoT)产业受到许多的关注,世界各国均视其为潜在无限商机的高科技产业,并投入大量的资源从事研发与推广。由于物联网的应用非常广泛,且透过物联网技术人类得以提升生活质量,让生活更加便利,因此,本论文首先简介物联网的背景及应用,并介绍其基本概念与架构。接着,本论文以「无线感测真菌人文树道」为例,针对物联网技术应用于人文艺术领域进行说明,并详细叙述其所使用到之各项软件、韧体及硬件技术,透过真菌的感测、无线通信及异质网络连网功能的设计,使真菌网络成为物联网在人文艺术应用的一个重要典范。     

物联网安全测评技术综述

近年来,物联网大规模应用于智能制造、智能家居、智慧医疗等产业,物联网的安全问题日益突出,给物联网的发展带来了前所未有的挑战。安全测评技术是保障物联网安全的重要手段,在物联网应用的整个开发生命周期都需要进行安全测评工作,以保证物联网服务的安全性和健壮性。物联网节点面临计算能力、体积和功耗受限等挑战,智慧城市等应用场景提出了大规模泛在异构连接和复杂跨域的需求。本文首先总结了目前物联网中常用的安全测评方法和风险管理技术;然后从绿色、智能和开放三个方面分析物联网安全技术的发展现状和存在的安全问题,并总结了物联网安全测评面临的挑战以及未来的研究方向。     

物联网与绿色智能建筑

针对智能建筑的发展模式,结合智慧地球与物联网,本文阐述了物联网与视联网的相关技术,并分析了物联网在智能建筑中的应用,最后指出物联网、视联网是实现智能城市建筑的关键技术,而建筑智能化系统工程是物联网、视联网的应用基础。     

A proof system of the CaIT calculus

The Internet of Things (IoT) can realize the interconnection of people, machines, and things anytime, anywhere. Most of the existing research mainly focuses on the practical applications of IoT, and there is a lack of research on modeling and reasoning about IoT systems from the perspective of formal methods. Thus, the Calculus of the Internet of Things (CaIT) has been proposed to specify and analyze IoT systems before the actual implementation, which can effectively improve development efficiency, and enhance system quality and reliability. To verify the correctness of IoT systems described by CaIT, this paper presents a proof system for CaIT, in which specifications and verifications are based on the extended Hoare Logic with time. Furthermore, we explore the cooperation between isolated proofs to validate the postconditions of the communication actions occurring in these proofs, with a particular focus on broadcast communication. We also demonstrate the soundness of our proof system. A simple “smart home” is given to illustrate the availability of our proof system.     

Towards a data‐driven IoT software architecture for smart city utilities

The Internet of things (IoT) is emerging as the next big wave of digital presence for billions of devices on the Internet. Smart cities are a practical manifestation of IoT, with the goal of efficient, reliable, and safe delivery of city utilities like water, power, and transport to residents, through their intelligent management. A data‐driven IoT software platform is essential for realizing manageable and sustainable smart utilities and for novel applications to be developed upon them. Here, we propose such service‐oriented software architecture to address 2 key operational activities in a smart utility: the IoT fabric for resource management and the data and application platform for decision‐making. Our design uses Open Web standards and evolving network protocols, cloud and edge resources, and streaming big data platforms. We motivate our design requirements using the smart water management domain; some of these requirements are unique to developing nations. We also validate the architecture within a campus‐scale IoT testbed at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and present our experiences. Our architecture is scalable to a township or city while also generalizable to other smart utility domains. Our experiences serve as a template for other similar efforts, particularly in emerging markets and highlight the gaps and opportunities for a data‐driven IoT software architecture for smart cities.     

基于RFID的物流装备信息监控网络平台设计

集装箱是全球物流运输的核心装备,全球国际货运90％以上都是通过集装箱完成,目前集装箱运输的智能化和信息化技术落后,从而导致物流效率低、海关通关效率低且做不到实时可视化监控。文中基于射频识别和嵌入式微控制器技术开发了用于托盘和集装箱等物流装备的智能数据采集终端,进而设计了基于智能集装箱的现代物流装备物联网系统平台。该平台的广泛应用使现代物流系统的整个供应链信息流畅通,实现了可视化监控,大幅度提高了现代物流效率。为行业应用提供智能集装箱成熟产品和技术方案。     

RFID-based Production Data Analysis in an IoT-enabled Smart Job-shop

Under industry 4.0, internet of things (IoT), especially radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, has been widely applied in manufacturing environment. This technology can bring convenience to production control and production transparency. Meanwhile, it generates increasing production data that are sometimes discrete, uncorrelated, and hard-to-use. Thus, an efficient analysis method is needed to utilize the invaluable data. This work provides an RFID-based production data analysis method for production control in IoT-enabled smart job-shops. The physical configuration and operation logic of IoT-enabled smart job-shop production are firstly described. Based on that, an RFID-based production data model is built to formalize and correlate the heterogeneous production data. Then, an eventdriven RFID-based production data analysis method is proposed to construct the RFID events and judge the process command execution. Furthermore, a near big data approach is used to excavate hidden information and knowledge from the historical production data. A demonstrative case is studied to verify the feasibility of the proposed model and methods. It is expected that our work will provide a different insight into the RFIDbased production data analysis.      

基于区块链的物联网可伸缩管理机制

为了解决大规模物联网（IoT）设备集中式管理的安全性和可伸缩性问题,提出一种基于区块链技术的轻量级物联网设备可伸缩管理框架。该框架采用区块链网络,在网络中部署智能合约为设备管理提供操作接口,利用设备管理器将轻量级物联网设备独立于区块链网络之外,并改进了区块链中拜占庭容错算法（PBFT）的一致性协议,增加了动态选举机制。仿真实验分别对改进共识算法的性能和机制的可伸缩性进行验证,结果表明,该机制具有良好的伸缩性,设备管理器每秒能响应约1 000次的请求。与传统PBFT算法相比,改进算法提高了交易吞吐量,缩短了交易延时,并减少了通信开销。     

ResIoT: An IoT Social Framework Resilient to Malicious Activities

The purpose of the next internet of things (IoT) is that of making available myriad of services to people by high sensing intelligent devices capable of reasoning and real time acting. The convergence of IoT and multi-agent systems (MAS) provides the opportunity to benefit from the social attitude of agents in order to perform machine-to-machine (M2M) coopera-tion among smart entities. However, the selection of reliable partners for cooperation represents a hard task in a mobile and federated context, especially because the trustworthiness of devices is largely unreferenced. The issues discussed above can be synthesized by recalling the well known concept of social resilience in IoT systems, i.e., the capability of an IoT network to resist to possible attacks by malicious agent that potentially could infect large areas of the network, spamming unreliable infor-mation and/or assuming unfair behaviors. In this sense, social resilience is devoted to face malicious activities of software agents in their social interactions, and do not deal with the correct working of the sensors and other information devices. In this setting, the use of a reputation model can be a practicable and effective solution to form local communities of agents on the basis of their social capabilities. In this paper, we propose a framework for agents operating in an IoT environment, called ResIoT, where the formation of communities for collaborative purposes is performed on the basis of agent reputation. In order to validate our approach, we performed an experimental campaign by means of a simulated framework, which allowed us to verify that, by our approach, devices have not any economic convenience to performs misleading behaviors. Moreover, further experimental results have shown that our approach is able to detect the nature of the active agents in the systems (i.e., honest and malicious), with an accuracy of not less than 11% compared to the best competitor tested and highlighting a high resilience with respect to some malicious activities.      

Elastic Smart Contracts in Blockchains

In this paper, we deal with questions related to blockchains in complex Internet of Things (IoT)-based ecosystems. Such ecosystems are typically composed of IoT devices, edge devices, cloud computing software services, as well as people, who are decision makers in scenarios such as smart cities. Many decisions related to analytics can be based on data coming from IoT sensors, software services, and people. However, they are typically based on different levels of abstraction and granularity. This poses a number of challenges when multiple blockchains are used together with smart contracts. This work proposes to apply our concept of elasticity to smart contracts and thereby enabling analytics in and between multiple blockchains in the context of IoT. We propose a reference architecture for Elastic Smart Contracts and evaluate the approach in a smart city scenario, discussing the benefits in terms of performance and self-adaptability of our solution.      

面向物联网的基于智能合约的认证和授权方案

由于存在单点失效、规模受限等问题,传统中心化的解决方案很难满足物联网的安全需求。针对这种情况,提出一个面向IoT的基于智能合约的访问控制方案。通过引用IoT智能网关作为IoT设备的中心管理节点和公有区块链的全能节点,采用中心化与去中心化相结合、私有区块链和公有区块相结合、本地局部存储和外部公共存储相结合的方法加以实现。该方案实现IoT设备和IoT智能网关的相互认证,并实现用户对IoT设备中资源及存储在数据库中的数据的授权访问,具有去中心化、分布式优点,满足了规模性和安全性要求。     

基于区块链物联网的抽样检测平台

当前我国的抽样检测平台信息化智能化程度较低导致抽检工作效率低下, 且中心化平台导致了数据可篡改与来源不可信问题. 针对这些问题, 提出了一种面向抽样检测的区块链技术方案, 利用区块链中联盟链多中心化、不可篡改、隐私保护等特点, 结合物联网终端设备对过程的智能感知, 实现了数据安全可信, 过程可追溯可监控的抽样检测平台, 提高了抽样检测的效率与检测结果的可信性, 保障了数据的安全性.     

论物联网技术在现代农业中的应用

农业具有对象多样、地域广阔、偏僻分散、通信条件落后等特点;因此在多数情况下,农业数据信息的获取非常困难。随着电子技术与物联网技术的发展,把物联网关键技术应用搭建在一个农业物联网智能化监控系统具有广阔的应用前景。阐述了农业物联网的概念和关键技术,总结了物联网技术在现代农业的初期应用和农业物联网发展展望。     

IntelliHome: An internet of things-based system for electrical energy saving in smart home environment

Despite there has been an increasing energy price due to factors such as supply, demand, government regulation, among others, users do not like to spend their time to analyze their power consumption and establish actions to save money. Hence, there is a need for smart solutions that help users to save energy at home in an easy way. The smart home concept is attracting the attention of both academia and industry to address this need. Nowadays, high volumes of data are available in the smart home context, facilitated by the growth of internet of things (IoT)-based devices and advanced sensing infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to automatically extract useful knowledge from this information to cost-effective use of energy at home. In this sense, this work presents IntelliHome, a smart-home system that aims to reduce electrical energy consumption at home. To this end, IntelliHome uses big data analytics technologies and Machine Learning and statistical techniques to provide users with a meaningful perspective of their electricity consumption habits aiming to actively involve them in the energy-saving process through real-time information and energy-saving recommendations. This work also discusses a case study and an evaluation aligned with the objectives of this work. The obtained results verify the effectiveness of the proposed system regarding electrical energy saving.     

基于海云协同的物联网大数据管理

大数据不断地从复杂的应用系统中产生,并且将会以更多、更复杂、更多样化的方式持续增长。多样化的物联网传感设备不断地感知着海量的具有不同格式的数据。物联网系统中大数据的复杂化和格式多样化,决定了物联网系统中针对大数据的应用场景和服务类型的多样化,从而要求物联网大数据管理系统必须采用不同的新技术来应对具有不同格式的大数据,而现有的针对特定数据类型和业务的系统在架构上已经难以满足如此多样化的需求,因此,设计新的具有可扩展性的系统架构已经成为物联网大数据管理的研究热点。文章提出了一种物联网大数据管理的创新解决方案:面向物联网大数据管理的海云协同模型。首先讨论海云协同模型的整体架构和协同机制,然后分别讨论了海云协同模型中海端计算系统和云端计算系统的设计和实现方案,测试结果表明提出的解决方案性能良好、具有实践可行性。     

物联网技术在医疗领域的研究进展*

从药品领域、远程监护、医疗信息化、医疗设备管理等多个方面详细讨论了物联网技术在医疗领域的应用现状,并在医疗物联网、物联网医学和健康物联网等概念的基础上,分析了目前物联网技术在医疗领域的研究现状。最后指出了医疗领域下物联网研究中有待解决的关键问题,包括面向医疗行业的物联网系统标准、电子病历的相关问题,以及病人数据安全和隐私保护问题等。