Y波段固态谐波混频器研究

为了进一步降低太赫兹接收机的噪声,介绍了基于平面肖特基二极管实现低噪声太赫兹谐波混频器的方法。在建立肖特基二极管较为精确的三维模型和电气模型的前提下,引入紧凑型hammer-head 滤波器结构,同时结合低损耗石英固态电路混合集成的方法,研制了220GHz 和250GHz 太赫兹谐波混频器。测试表明:220GHz混频器在205～235GHz工作范围内最低双边带变频损耗小于6.5dB,最低噪声温度小于650K,250GHz 混频器在230～270GHz 工作范围内最低双边带变频损耗小于6.5 dB,最低噪声温度小于900K。     

基于Schottky二极管和Hammer-Head滤波器0.67 THz二次谐波混频器

通过测量肖特基二极管的I-V和C-V曲线,建立等效电路模型.利用三维电磁场和谐波平衡仿真工具分别进行三维结构仿真和电路宽带匹配,最终实现混合集成方式的0.67THz谐波混频器设计.测试结果表明:混频器中心频率为0.685 THz,射频3 dB带宽为47 GHz,双边带变频损耗13.1~16 dB,在685 GHz双边带噪声温度最低值为11500 K.     

基于肖特基二极管的450 GHz二次谐波混频器

为了在亚毫米波波段进行遥感探测,研制了450GHz的二次谐波混频器.混频器的核心部件是一对反向并联的肖特基二极管,长度为74μm,截止频率高达8THz.在石英基片上搭建悬置微带的匹配电路,并采用一分为二的金属腔体.在二极管的仿真中获得二极管管芯的输入阻抗,然后考虑二极管的封装、匹配电路,仿真得到混频器的单边带变频损耗为8.0dB,所需本振功率为4mW.测试表明,本混频器的单边带变频损耗的最佳值为14.0dB,433~451GHz之间的损耗小于17.0dB,3dB带宽为18GHz,所需的本振功率为5mW.     

基于平面肖特基二极管的毫米波固定调节式谐波混频器

基于GaAs肖特基势垒二极管,研制出了两个不同波段的谐波混频器。在场仿真软件中,二极管的非线性结采用lumped端口来模拟,通过场分析方法分析二极管各端口的阻抗。谐波混频电路被分成不同部分来单独优化设计,基于优化设计的各独立电路,建立谐波混频器的整体场仿真模型,通过提取相应的S参数文件分析混频器的变频损耗。150GHz 谐波混频器测得最低变频损耗10.7dB,在135-165GHz变频损耗典型值为12.5dB。180GHz 谐波混频器测得最低变频损耗5.8dB,在165-200GHz变频损耗典型值为13.5dB,在210-240GHz变频损耗典型值为11.5dB。     

基于石英基片的二毫米波段二次谐波混频器设计和研制

介绍了一种基于石英基片的2mm波段二次谐波混频器.阐述了谐波混频器的基本原理,建立了混频二极管对结构的高频模型,并用全波分析软件对整个电路进行了仿真优化.实测得到射频信号在116～120GHz范围内,当本振频率为59GHz、功率为7～14dBm时,最低变频损耗为17dB,最高变频损耗为20dB.混频器的P1dB为1dB...     

330 GHz高性能二次谐波混频器设计

采用反向并联肖特基二极管对设计了一种330 GHz二次谐波混频器。混频器电路采用微带结构,使用波导-微带探针耦合的形式进行过渡;采用50 μm厚的石英作为基板,有效减小了电路体积;采用HFSS和ADS对电路进行仿真和谐波平衡仿真。仿真结果显示,混频器在310~350 GHz范围内的变频损耗优于9.5 dB,所需本振(LO)功率为3 dBm,有效降低了对本振的要求。     

基于肖特基二极管的670 GHz四次谐波混频器设计

常温固态太赫兹谐波混频器是太赫兹系统应用中的关键器件。介绍了一款基于肖特基二极管的670 GHz四次谐波混频器的仿真与设计。在高频结构仿真软件(HFSS)中对准垂直结构肖特基势垒变阻二极管进行三维结构建模,采用基于谐波平衡算法的整体综合仿真方法对混频器进行仿真和优化。结果表明：在功率为10 mW的167 GHz本振信号驱动下,混频器单边带变频损耗在637~697 GHz射频频率范围内小于13.8 dB,3 dB变频损耗带宽为60 GHz;最优单边带变频损耗在679 GHz为10.6 dB。     

0.67 THz宽带谐波混频器设计

为研制太赫兹多频段高灵敏度探测仪,依靠太赫兹砷化镓平面肖特基二极管的非线性特性,结合石英薄膜工艺,设计了宽带0.67 THz谐波混频器,并分析了砷化镓平面肖特基二极管性能表征参数指标对太赫兹混频器性能的影响。0.67 THz谐波混频器采用整体综合的设计方法,结合电气仿真软件ADS和电磁仿真软件HFSS,优化电路中不连续性微带与波导之间的电磁空间耦合效率,以混频器的变频损耗为优化目标,最终实现0.67 THz谐波混频器仿真设计。0.62~ 0.72 THz射频范围内,混频器单边带最低变频损耗小于8 dB,本振功率小于4 mW,本振端口与中频端口、射频端口与中频端口之间隔离度大于-30 dB。     

5 THz混频二极管等效电路模型研究

采用电磁场和电路联合仿真,基于直流测试和三维电磁建模仿真技术,建立了截止频率5 THz的混频肖特基二极管的等效电路模型。重点研究了二极管的非线性结模型和外围结构三维电磁全波仿真模型,构建了考虑实际电路形式的四端口三维电磁全波仿真模型。该等效电路模型可用于太赫兹低频段混频模块设计,该模型的建立方法也为更高频段模型的建立提供了一种参考。基于该模型设计了一款220 GHz分谐波混频器,在192~230 GHz宽带范围内,双边带变频损耗小于10 dB,测试结果与仿真结果较为一致。     

基于二极管3D精确模型的0.42 THz分谐波混频器

基于电子科技大学与中国电子科技集团第十三研究所自主联合设计的肖特基二极管研制宽带360~440 GHz分谐波混频器。详细描述二极管建模,以模拟在极高频复杂电磁环境中由于二极管结构引入的相关寄生效应.在软件HFSS与ADS中,通过场与路结合的方法对分谐波混频器进行优化.实测结果显示在本振信号为210 GHz本振功率6 d Bm的驱动下,在406 GHz可得到最小变频损耗9.99 d B,在380~430 GHz范围内,变频损耗小于15 d B,在360~440 GHz范围内,变频损耗小于19 d B.     

A low-noise fixed-tuned 300-360-GHz sub-harmonic mixer using planar Schottky diodes

This letter presents the design and fabrication of a low-noise fixed-tuned 300-360-GHz sub-harmonic mixer, featuring an anti-parallel pair of planar Schottky diodes fabricated by the University of Virginia and flip-chipped onto a suspended quartz-based microstrip circuit. The mixer exhibits a double side band (DSB) equivalent noise temperature lower than 900K over 18% of bandwidth (300-360-GHz), with 2 to 4.5mW of local oscillator (LO) power. At room temperature, a minimum DSB mixer noise temperature of 700K and conversion losses of 6.3dB are measured at 330GHz.     

A Unique 520–590 GHz Biased Subharmonically-Pumped Schottky Mixer

We report on the design and performance of a novel broadband, biased, subharmonic 520-590 GHz fix-tuned frequency mixer that utilizes planar Schottky diodes. The suspended stripline circuit is fabricated on a GaAs membrane mounted in a split waveguide block. The chip is supported by thick beam leads that are also used to provide precise radio frequency (RF) grounding, RF coupling and dc/intermediate frequency connections. At room temperature, the mixer has a measured double sideband noise temperature of 3000 to 4000 K across the design band.     

Subharmonically Pumped Millimeter-Wave Mixers

The two-diode subharmonically pumped stripline mixer has a pair of diodes shunt mounted with opposite polarities in a stripline circuit between the signal and local oscillator inputs. The circuit has low noise and conversion loss and substantial AM local oscillator noise cancellation.The local oscillator frequency is about half the signal frequency. A novel diode chip, the notch-front diode, which has ohmic contacts on the chip faces adjacent the face containing the diode junctions, was developed for these circuits. The notch-front diode permits the low parasitic reactance of the waveguide diode mount to be achieved in stripline circuits. The best performance for a two-diode subharmonically pumped mixer with notch-front diodes was a 400 K mixer noise temperature, obtained at 98 GHz which is comparable to the best fundamental mixers in this frequency range. The performance over a 47-110-GHz frequency range for this circuit with commercial beam-lead diodes is also presented.     

A 320–360 GHz Subharmonically Pumped Image Rejection Mixer Using Planar Schottky Diodes

This letter presents the design, fabrication and test of an integrated 320–360 GHz subharmonic image rejection mixer using planar Schottky diodes. The integrated circuit uses two separate anti-parallel pairs of diodes mounted onto a single quartz-based circuit. Measurement results give best single sideband (SSB) receiver noise temperatures of approximately 3400 K at 340 GHz, with an image rejection from 7.2 to 24.1 dB over the 320–360 GHz frequency band. This work represents the first demonstration of a Schottky based SSB mixer at submillimeter wavelengths.      

0.22 THz宽带混频电路研究

基于中国电子科技集团公司第十三研究所的反向并联肖特基二极管,采用电磁场和电路软件联合仿真,完成了0.22 THz分谐波混频电路设计。在固定中频输出频率10 MHz的条件下测试了混频电路的变频损耗,在175~235 GHz共60 GHz带宽内双边带变频损耗小于15 dB,在196 GHz处最佳变频损耗为8.5 dB。测试结果与仿真结果趋势吻合良好。基于冷热负载,测试了分谐波混频电路的噪声温度,当本振功率为5.7 mW时,在216 GHz处双边带噪声温度为1 200 K。     

A 275–425-GHz Tunerless Waveguide Receiver Based on AlN-Barrier SIS Technology

We report on a 275-425-GHz tunerless waveguide receiver with a 3.5-8-GHz IF. As the mixing element, we employ a high-current-density Nb-AlN-Nb superconducting-insulating-superconducting (SIS) tunnel junction. Thanks to the combined use of AlN-barrier SIS technology and a broad bandwidth waveguide to thin-film microstrip transition, we are able to achieve an unprecedented 43% instantaneous bandwidth, limited by the receiver's corrugated feedhorn. The measured double-sideband (DSB) receiver noise temperature, uncorrected for optics loss, ranges from 55 K at 275 GHz, 48 K at 345 GHz, to 72 K at 425 GHz. In this frequency range, the mixer has a DSB conversion loss of 2.3 plusmn1 dB. The intrinsic mixer noise is found to vary between 17-19 K, of which 9 K is attributed to shot noise associated with leakage current below the gap. To improve reliability, the IF circuit and bias injection are entirely planar by design. The instrument was successfully installed at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO), Mauna Kea, HI, in October 2006.     

0.1 THz鳍线单平衡式基波混频电路研究

研究了一种基于石英基片的0.1 THz频段的鳍线单平衡混频电路,混频电路的射频和本振信号分别从WR10标准波导端口通过波导单面鳍线微带过渡和波导微带探针过渡输入,中频信号通过本振中频双工器输出。这是一种新型的混频电路形式,与传统的W波段混频器相比,混频电路可以省略一个复杂的W波段滤波器,具有电路设计简单、安装方便的特点。该电路使用两只肖特基二极管通过倒装焊工艺粘结在厚度为75 m的石英基片上,石英基片相对传统基板,可以极大提高电路加工精度。在固定50 MHz中频信号时,射频90~110 GHz范围内,0.1 THz混频器单边带变频损耗小于9 dB。     

A 100-GHz fixed-tuned waveguide SIS mixer exhibiting broadbandwidth and very low noise temperature

This paper presents design and performance data for a 100-GHz waveguide superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixer, which is incorporated with a twin-junction device (i.e., two identical junctions connected in parallel through a tuning inductance) and a fixed-tuned broad-band waveguide mixer mount. The 100-GHz mixer is actually developed as a prototype of the 500-GHz one. The constructed 100-GHz SIS receiver results in an overall receiver noise temperature (DSB) of less than 40 K over the frequency range from 80-120 GHz, with a minimum value of just 20 K that is four times as large as the quantum limit (i.e., 4ℏω/k). Such a performance is comparable or even superior to those of the best mechanically tunable waveguide SIS receivers at the same frequency band. In addition, some interesting mixing behaviors related to this two-junction device are described in detail     

Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor Mixers for the 2 mm Band (129-174 GHz)

We present the design, construction and performance of backshort-tuned Single Side Band (SSB) and of fixed-tuned Double Side Band (DSB) Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) mixers covering the frequency range of 129-174 GHz (2 mm band). Receivers employing these SSB mixers have been continuously operated for astronomical observations on the six antennas of the IRAM Plateau de Bure Intereferometer (PdBI) since 2007 and on the IRAM 30 m Pico Veleta (PV) radio telescope since 2009. The DSB version of the mixer was employed in a prototype of a four-element focal plane array that was tested on the IRAM 30 m radio telescope. Both SSB and DSB mixers employ the same chip and are based on a wideband single ended probe transition from WR6 full-height waveguide to thin-film microstrip line and on a series array of two Nb/Al-AlO_x/Nb junctions. The measured receiver noise for the four-element DSB mixer array pumped by a Gunn oscillator cascaded with a frequency doubler was in the range 25-35 K across the 135-168 GHz LO band. The PdBI and PV receivers equipped with the SSB mixers have measured noise temperatures in the range of 30 K to 60 K and an image sideband rejection below -10 dB over the 129-174 GHz RF band. The measurement results agree well with the predictions obtained through detailed simulations of the SIS receivers based on the standard theory of quantum mixing.     

A high-performance W-band uniplanar subharmonic mixer

A uniplanar subharmonic mixer has been implemented in coplanar waveguide (CPW) technology. The circuit is designed to operate at RF frequencies of 92-96 GHz, IF frequencies of 2-4 GHz, and LO frequencies of 45-46 GHz. Total circuit size excluding probe pads and transitions is less than 0.8 mm ×1.5 mm. The measured minimum single-sideband (SSB) conversion loss is 7.0 dB at an RF of 94 GHz, and represents state-of-the-art performance for a planar W-band subharmonic mixer. The mixer is broad-band with a SSB conversion loss of less than 10 dB over the 83-97-GHz measurement band. The measured LO-RF isolation is better than -40 dB for LO frequencies of 45-46 GHz. The double-sideband (DSB) noise temperature measured using the Y-factor method is 725 K at an LO frequency of 45.5 GHz and an IF frequency of 1.4 GHz. The measured data agrees well with the predicted performance using harmonic-balance analysis (HBA). Potential applications are millimeter-wave receivers for smart munition seekers and automotive-collision-avoidance radars