基于矩形微透镜阵列的红外焦平面集成技术研究

微小型化是红外焦平面探测器发展的必然趋势,微小型化将使目前焦平面阵列存在的占空比小、光能利用率低的问题体现的更加明显,针对这一状况,提出一种利用分子间引力的光胶技术将矩形孔径球面微透镜阵列集成于红外焦平面之中。采用几何光学理论分析了微透镜阵列的聚能效应,设计并制作"栅线"和"方孔"双对准标记,采用衍射光栅同轴对准方法使两种器件的对准精度达到0.1μm。对集成前后红外焦平面阵列性能进行测试,发现响应率提高了近40%,探测率提高了约20%,红外焦平面的噪声从758.89μV下降到668.23μV。最终得到结论:光胶法用于两种器件的集成具有耐温性好、变形小、强度高等优点,集成后红外焦平面的探测性能显著提高,有利于探测器微小型化发展。     

锑化铟红外探测器的微透镜阵列设计及试验

台面型锑化铟红外焦平面探测器的制作工艺简单,量子效率高,但是填充因子较低且会随着像元尺寸的减小而进一步降低。减小台面腐蚀深度可以提高探测器的填充因子,但会增大串音。介绍了一种新型微透镜阵列的设计与制备方法,以提高锑化铟红外探测器的填充因子并减小串音。与现有的热回流微透镜阵列相比,该微透镜阵列的填充率、表面粗糙度以及尺寸均匀性能得到了较好的兼顾,可直接在锑化铟红外探测器表面制作,工艺简单。结果显示,探测器的串音降低26%,光响应提高22%。     

方形孔径微透镜阵列与红外焦平面集成技术研究

针对红外焦平面阵列自身存在的占空比小、光能利用率低的问题,提出利用光胶技术将方形孔径球面微透镜阵列与红外焦平面集成。从理论角度分析了微透镜阵列集成的聚能效应。设计"栅线"和"十字"双对准标记,采用衍射光栅同轴对准方法实现器件的对准。经过对集成前后红外焦平面性能进行对比,发现响应率提高了近40%,探测率提高了约20%,红外焦平面的噪声从758.89μV下降到668.23μV。最终得到结论:光胶法用于两种器件的集成具有耐温性好、变形小、强度高等优点,集成后红外焦平面的探测性能显著提高,有利于探测器微小型化发展。     

长波碲镉汞探测器的原位集成微透镜技术研究

采取原位集成的方式在红外焦平面探测器芯片的入光侧制备微透镜阵列以达到增强信号以及减小串音的作用,通过光学分析获得了匹配不同中心距器件的微透镜结构设计,在长波碲镉汞320×256,50 μm和30 μm中心距的探测器上验证了原位集成的微透镜阵列能够有效地通过汇聚光线,使信号增强分别达到28 %和61 %。对于超高灵敏度红外探测以及SWaP和超大规模红外探测器研究具有重大意义。     

256×256 Si微透镜阵列与红外焦平面阵列单片集成研究

基于标量衍射理论设计了8位相菲涅尔衍射微透镜阵列.利用多次曝光和离子束刻蚀技术在大规模面阵(256×256)PtSi红外焦平面阵列的背面制作了单片集成微透镜阵列样品(单元面积为30μm×40μm).测试结果表明,单片集成微透镜的红外焦平面阵列样品的信噪比提高了2.0倍.     

256×256Si微透镜阵列与红外焦平面阵列单片集成研究

基于标量衍射理论设计了8位相菲涅尔衍射微透镜阵列.利用多次曝光和离子束刻蚀技术在大规模面阵(256×256)PtSi红外焦平面阵列的背面制作了单片集成微透镜阵列样品(单元面积为30μm×40μm).测试结果表明,单片集成微透镜的红外焦平面阵列样品的信噪比提高了2.0倍.     

用于改善PtSi红外焦平面阵列器件响应特性的长焦距GaAs微透镜阵列器件的制作研究

提出了一种新的曲率补偿法用于长焦距微透镜阵列的制作.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示微透镜阵列为表面极为平缓的方底拱形阵列,表面探针测试结果显示用曲率补偿法制作的微透镜的焦距可达到3861.70μm,而常规光刻热熔法很难制作出焦距超过200μm的相同尺寸的微透镜阵列.微透镜阵列器件与红外焦平面阵列器件在红外显微镜下对准胶合,显著改善了红外焦平面阵列器件的响应特性.     

用于改善PtSi红外焦平面阵列器件响应特性的长焦距GaAs微透镜阵列器件的制作研究

提出了一种新的曲率补偿法用于长焦距微透镜阵列的制作。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显示微透镜阵列为表面极为平缓的方底拱形阵列,表面探针测试结果显示用曲率补偿法制作的微透镜的焦距可达到3861．70um,而常规光刻热熔法很难制作出焦距超过200um的相同尺寸的微透镜阵列。微透镜阵列器件与红外焦平面阵列器件在红外显微镜下对准胶合,显著改善了红外焦平面阵列器件的响应特性。     

用于改善PtSi红外焦平面阵列器件响应特性的长焦距GaAs微透镜阵列器件的制作研究

提出了一种新的曲率补偿法用于长焦距微透镜阵列的制作。扫描电子显微镜 ( SEM)显示微透镜阵列为表面极为平缓的方底拱形阵列 ,表面探针测试结果显示用曲率补偿法制作的微透镜的焦距可达到 3 861.70 μm,而常规光刻热熔法很难制作出焦距超过 2 0 0μm的相同尺寸的微透镜阵列。微透镜阵列器件与红外焦平面阵列器件在红外显微镜下对准胶合 ,显著改善了红外焦平面阵列器件的响应特性     

256×256 Si微透镜阵列与红外焦平面阵列单片集成研究

基于标量衍射理论设计了 8位相菲涅尔衍射微透镜阵列 .利用多次曝光和离子束刻蚀技术在大规模面阵( 2 5 6× 2 5 6) Pt Si红外焦平面阵列的背面制作了单片集成微透镜阵列样品 (单元面积为 3 0μm× 4 0μm ) .测试结果表明 ,单片集成微透镜的红外焦平面阵列样品的信噪比提高了 2 .0倍 .     

Integration of 256×256 Element Si Microlens Arrays with PtSi IR Detector Array Devices

Diffractive 11-phase-level Si microlens arrays are fabricated by a special method, i.e. part-etching. The method can increase focal length of diffractive microlens arrays. By using this method, the microlens arrays on the back side of the Si substrate and PtSi IR focal plane arrays(FPAs) on the front side of the same wafer are monolithically integrated together. The IR response characteristics of the integrated devices are improved greatly.     

Diffractive Microlens Array Monolithic Integration with PtSi Focal Plane array

Diffractive microlens arrays can completely collect the light at the focal plane and concentrate it into a smaller spot size on the detector plane, the photodetector area can be substantially reduced. Increased gamma radiation hardening and noise reduction result from the decrease in photodetector sensitive area. The diffractive microlens arrays have been designed by considering the correlative optical and processing parameters for PtSi focal plane array. They have been fabricated on the backside of PtSi focal plane array chip by successive photolithography and Ar⁺ ion-beam-etching technique. The alignment of microlens array with PtSi focal plane array was completed by a backside aligner with IR light source. The practical processes and fabrication method are discussed. The performance parameters of PtSi FPA with diffractive microlens array are presented.     

短波红外InGaAs焦平面噪声特性

为研究铟镓砷焦平面的噪声特性,设计了两种不同吸收层掺杂浓度的InGaAs外延材料,采用标准工艺制备了平面型160×128元光敏芯片,并与相同结构的读出电路倒焊耦合形成160×128元焦平面,采用改变积分时间和改变器件温度的方法,测试焦平面的信号与噪声.通过研究不同材料参数、器件性能与焦平面噪声的关系,定量分析了短波红外InGaAs焦平面的噪声特性.结果表明,焦平面噪声主要来源于焦平面耦合噪声和探测器噪声,降低InGaAs外延材料吸收层的掺杂浓度,可以有效降低探测器电容,从而降低焦平面的耦合噪声;而探测器噪声由探测器暗电流和工作温度影响,该噪声在长积分时间下决定了焦平面的总噪声水平.实现低暗电流、低电容特性的光敏芯片是降低焦平面噪声的有效途径.     

Design and development of multicolor MWIR/LWIR and LWIR/VLWIR detector arrays

Multicolor infrared (IR) focal planes are required for high-performance sensor applications. These sensors will require multicolor focal plane arrays (FPAs) that will cover various wavelengths of interest in mid wavelength infrared/long wavelength infrared (MWIR/LWIR) and long wavelength infrared/very long wavelength infrared (LWIR/VLWIR) bands. There has been significant progress in HgCdTe detector technology for multicolor MWIR/LWIR and LWIR/VLWIR FPAs.^1–3 Two-color IR FPAs eliminate the complexity of multiple single-color IR FPAs and provide a significant reduction of weight and power in simpler, reliable, and affordable systems. The complexity of a multicolor IR detector MWIR/LWIR makes the device optimization by trial and error not only impractical but also merely impossible. Too many different geometrical and physical variables need to be considered at the same time. Additionally, material characteristics are only relatively controllable and depend on the process repeatability. In this context, the ability of performing “simulation experiments” where only one or a few parameters are carefully controlled is paramount for a quantum improvement of a new generation of multicolor detectors for various applications.     

Monolithically integrated HgCdTe focal plane arrays

The cost and performance of hybrid HgCdTe infrared (IR) focal plane arrays are constrained by the necessity of fabricating the detector arrays on a CdZnTe substrate. These substrates are expensive, fragile, available only in small rectangular formats, and are not a good thermal expansion match to the silicon readout integrated circuit. We discuss in this paper an IR sensor technology based on monolithically integrated IR focal plane arrays that could replace the conventional hybrid focal plane array technology. We have investigated the critical issues related to the growth of HgCdTe on Si read-out integrated circuits and the fabrication of monolithic focal plane arrays: (1) the design of Si read-out integrated circuits and focal plane array layouts; (2) the low-temperature cleaning of Si(001) wafers; (3) the growth of CdTe and HgCdTe layers on read-out integrated circuits; (4) diode creation, delineation, electrical, and interconnection; and (4) demonstration of high yield photovoltaic operation without limitation from earlier preprocessing such as substrate cleaning, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth, and device fabrication. Crystallographic, optical, and electrical properties of the grown layers will be presented. Electrical properties for diodes fabricated on misoriented Si and readout integrated circuit (ROIC) substrates will be discussed. The fabrication of arrays with demonstrated I–V properties show that monolithic integration of HgCdTe-based IR focal plane arrays on Si read-out integrated circuits is feasible and could be implemented in the third generation of IR systems.     

Monolithic Integration of Diffractive Microlens Arrays and Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

Monolithic integration method has been demonstrated to increase the fill factor of the infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA). Which is consists of 256×256 Pt-Si schottky barrier charge coupled devices(CCD) operation in 3-5μm IR region. The relative silicon 256×256 element diffractive microlens arrays have been fabricated on the back side of the substrate of the IRFPA using binary optics technology. The aligning process between IRFPA and microlens arrays on each side of the substrate has been completed by IR mask aligner. The testing results show that the imaging quality is very good and the average optical response of the IR FPA is increased by a factor of 3.0, which is improved by about 25% compared with the hybrid integration method in the previous work.     

硅化铂红外焦平面探测器性能改进技术分析

硅化铂红外焦平面探测器具有响应光谱宽、规模大、均匀性好、时间稳定性高、制造成本低等优点,在多/宽光谱成像、激光探测、天文观测、医疗检测等领域具有应用潜力,但NETD 100 mK 的灵敏度对其广泛应用有一定的限制。文中从该探测器的量子效率和填充因子两方面总结和分析了国内外的改进技术,重点分析了光腔结构、多孔硅结构、重掺杂P+和合适硅化铂膜厚提高量子效率的机理,并定量比较了提升幅度:多孔硅结构提升幅度最大,在波长4 m 处的量子效率可达27%;相比内线转移CCD,电荷扫描器件、曲流沟道CCD 和混合读出结构均能改善填充因子,其中混合读出结构的填充因子可提高为80%。微透镜列阵能将填充因子提高到85%以上。     

Control and growth of middle wave infrared (MWIR) Hg<Subscript>(1−x)</Subscript>Cd<Subscript>x</Subscript>Te on Si by molecular beam epitaxy

Middle wave infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe p-on-n double-layer heterojunctions (DLHJs) for infrared detector applications have been grown on 100-mm Si (112) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for large format 2,560×512 focal plane arrays (FPAs). In order to meet the performance requirements needed for these FPAs, cutoff and doping uniformity across the 100-mm wafer are crucial. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), x-ray, and etch pit density (EPD) were monitored to assess the reproducibility, uniformity, and quality of detector material grown. Material properties demonstrated include x-ray full width half maximum (FWHM) as low as 64 arc-sec, typical etch pit densities in mid-10⁶ cm⁻², cutoff uniformity below 5% across the full wafer, and typical density of macrodefects <1000 cm⁻². The detector quality was established by using test structure arrays (TSAs), which include miniarray diodes with the similar pitch as the detector array for easy measurement of critical parameters such as diode I-V characteristics and detector quantum efficiency. Typical I-V curves show excellent R₀A products and strong reverse breakdown characteristics. Detector quantum efficiency was measured to be in the 60–70% range without an antireflection coating.     

High-quality large-area MBE HgCdTe/Si

HgCdTe offers significant advantages over other similar semiconductors, which has made it the most widely utilized variable-gap material in infrared (IR) focal plane array (FPA) technology. HgCdTe hybrid FPAs consisting of two-dimensional detector arrays that are hybridized to Si readout circuits (ROIC) are the dominant technology for second-generation infrared systems. However, one of the main limitations of the HgCdTe materials system has been the size of lattice-matched bulk CdZnTe substrates, used for epitaxially grown HgCdTe, which have been limited to 30 cm² in production. This size limitation does not adequately support the increasing demand for larger FPA formats which now require sizes up to 2048×2048, and only a single die can be printed per wafer. Heteroepitaxial Si-based substrates offer a cost-effective technology that can be scaled to large wafer sizes and further offer a thermal-expansion-matched hybrid structure that is suitable for large format FPAs. This paper presents data on molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown HgCdTe/Si wafers with much improved materials characteristics than previously reported. We will present data on 4- and 6-in diameter HgCdTe both with extremely uniform composition and extremely low defects. Large-diameter HgCdTe/Si with nearly perfect compositional uniformity and ultra low defect density is essential for meeting the demanding specifications of large format FPAs.