Enterosorbent-induced halting of inverse inhibition of pancreatic enzyme secretion from the duodenum]

Three series of acute experiments were carried out on dogs. In the first series pancreatic enzyme secretion (PES) was stimulated by intravenous injection of secretin and pancreozymin and selectively inhibited by intraduodenal injection of amylase; in the second series PES was induced by intraduodenal injection of acidified hydrolysin and nonselectively inhibited by intraduodenal injection of PES from the same dog; in the third series of experiments PES was stimulated by intraduodenal injection of hydrolysin, and selectively inhibited by intraduodenal injection of amylase. Activated carbon and gastric mucus were used as enterosorbents of enzymes. Their administration into the duodenum simultaneously with pancreatic amylase or pancreatic secretion eliminated or diminished their selective and nonselective inhibitory effects on pancreatic secretion of enzymes. A conclusion has been made that enterosorbents of duodenal enzymes reduce or eliminate the inhibitory action of pancreatic enzymes from the duodenal chyme on pancreatic secretion of enzymes.     

Pancreatic amylase, plasma glucose, and insulin responses to propionate or monensin in sheep

Yearling wethers fitted with reentrant bile-pancreatic duct cannulae were in a two-part study of effects of duodenal propionate infusions or increased ruminal propionate caused by dietary monensin on pancreatic alpha-amylase secretion and glucose and insulin in blood plasma. Continuous duodenal infusion of propionate increased concentrations of glucose and insulin in blood plasma of wethers fed alfalfa. Results supported a direct response of insulin secretion to propionate. Amylase secretion was not affected. Addition of monensin (22 ppm) to an 80% corn diet reduced the ratio of acetate:propionate in rumen, but bile-pancreatic flow and amylase activity were unaffected. Monensin supplementation had little influence on glucose and insulin in blood plasma. Pancreatic alpha-amylase secretion of ruminants seems to be a complex phenomenon that is not regulated strictly by fluctuations of glucose or insulin.     

Response of the rat pancreas to the effects of secretin and pancreozymin under conditions of different nutrition

A study conducted on intact and castrated male rats with cannulated biliary-pancreatic ducts has shown that long-term protein deficiency in the ration leads to decreased secretion of pancreatic juice, lowers activity of amylase, alkaline ribonuclease, trypsin, lipase in the juice, and changes pancreatic response to the action of secretin, pancreozymin or their mixture, that is especially pronounced in the castrated rats.     

Effect of the alimentary factor on certain indices of the functional state of the pancreas in young peptic ulcer patients and atrophic gastritis patients

The activity of amylase, lipase and trypsin was increased and that of the trypsin inhibitor decreased in the blood serum of young peptic ulcer patients as compared with healthy persons. The antiulcerous dietetics normalized significantly the parameters studied. Similar highly pronounced shifts in the activity of the blood pancreatic enzymes were revealed in atrophic gastritis patients. Hyperamilasuria and clinical symptoms of pancreatitis were not observed both in the peptic patients, and in the atrophic gastritis patients. The shifts in the blood content of pancreatic enzymes and their dynamics correlated mainly with the intensity and dynamics of the disturbances in the locomotive function of the gastroduodenal system.     

Analysis by means of pancreatozymin of the degree of parallelism of secretion of pancreatic enzymes in healthy persons and patients with chronic pancreatitis]

In 14 normal individuals and in 28 patients with chronic recurrent pancreatitis the total secretion of amylase, lipase and trypsin, as well as the proportions of these enzymes in 20 minute portions of the duodenal contents under basal conditions and after an intravenous injection of 1.5 Un/kg of the "Boots" pancreozymin were studied. A definite disproportion in the stimulated secretion of pancreatic enzymes with a higher amylase/lipase ratio and a lower lipase/trypsin ratio was found to occur as a physiological phenomenon, the degree of this disproportionality, however, being substantially greater in patients with chronic pancreatitis than in healthy persons. An inference is drawn that, along with an investigation into the overall amount of enzymes secreted secondary to pancreozymin stimulation, of importance is not so much the very fact of divulging the non-proportionality of the stimulated pancreatic enzymes secretion, but rather the analysis of the nature and the degree of this disproportionality. This is essential, in particular, when estimating the effect of various nutritional patterns on the external secretion of the pancreas.     

Dietary interactions of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) trypsin inhibitor, haemagglutinin and cyanide. Part 2. Effect on pancreatic and intestinal alpha-amylase (EC 3.21.1.1) in growing albino rats

A total of 108 growing albino rats was used to evaluate the dietary interactions of the major lima bean antinutritional factors trypsin inhibitor (TI), haemagglutinin (Hgg) and cyanide (CN) with respect to their effects on pancreatic and intestinal alpha-amylase activities. The results indicate that when fed at the same level of activity as found in the raw lima bean (RLB) these factors had no significant (p greater than 0.05) influence on pancreatic alpha-amylase activity whether acting individually or in combination. However, when acting alone, CN appeared to depress pancreatic amylase level more than when interacting with TI or Hgg or both. Amylase activity was significantly (p less than 0.01) depressed by the dietary treatments in both the small and large intestine while caecal levels were not. The most severe depression in amylase activity was elicited by the RLB diet. The haemagglutinin-containing diets appeared generally associated with lower levels of intestinal amylase activity. From the present finding it is suggested that these factors alone cannot fully account for the magnitude of the depression of intestinal amylase activity which is contingent upon the ingestion of RLB by experimental rats.     

Dietary interactions of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) trypsin inhibitor,haemagglutinin and cyanide Part 2. Effect on pancreatic and intestinal α-amylase (EC 3.21.1.1) in growing albino rats

A total of 108 growing albino rats was used to evaluate the dietary interactions of the major lima bean antinutritional factors trypsin inhibitor (TI), haemagglutinin (Hgg) and cyanide (CN) with respect to their effects on pancreatic and intestinal α-amylase activities. The results indicate that when fed at the same level of activity as found in the raw lima bean (RLB) these factors had no significant (p > 0.05) influence on pancreatic α-amylase activity whether acting individually or in combination. However, when acting alone, CN appeared to depress pancreatic amylase level more than when interacting with TI or Hgg or both. Amylase activity was significantly (p < 0.01) depressed by the dietary treatments in both the small and large intestine while caecal levels were not. The most severe depression in amylase activity was elicited by the RLB diet. The haemagglutinin-containing diets appeared generally associated with lower levels of intestinal amylase activity. From the present finding it is suggested that these factors alone cannot fully account for the magnitude of the depression of intestinal amylase activity which is contingent upon the ingestion of RLB by experimental rats.     

动态高压微射流对刺梨果渣膳食纤维及其抑制淀粉消化和葡萄糖扩散的影响

本实验以刺梨果渣为原料,采用酶法制备可溶性膳食纤维（soluble dietary fiber,SDF）、不可溶性膳食纤维（insoluble dietary fiber,IDF）和全膳食纤维（total dietary fiber,TDF）,并采用动态高压微射流（dynamic high pressure microfluidization,DHPM）对刺梨果渣SDF进行改性处理,初步探索了刺梨果渣膳食纤维及DHPM处理SDF（DHPM-SDF）的理化特性及其对淀粉酶活力和葡萄糖扩散的影响。结果表明,IDF和SDF都能通过吸附葡萄糖、抑制葡萄糖扩散以及改变胰淀粉酶二级结构来减缓葡萄糖的流动进程和淀粉消化速率,其中,IDF对葡萄糖的吸附能力和抑制葡萄糖扩散能力分别是SDF的1.28 倍和1.99 倍,而SDF的胰淀粉酶活力抑制率是IDF的1.73 倍,并且,SDF对胰淀粉酶活力的抑制作用主要通过改变胰淀粉酶的α-螺旋和无规卷曲结构。TDF表现出与IDF相似的葡萄糖吸附能力和抑制淀粉酶活力的能力。与SDF相比,DHPM-SDF平均粒径增加了2.08 倍,使得其葡萄糖吸附能力和抑制葡萄糖扩散能力分别提高了28.13%和62.09%,并且DHPM-SDF能显著减少胰淀粉酶的α-螺旋和无规卷曲结构相对含量（P＜0.05）,其对淀粉酶活力的抑制能力是SDF的1.44 倍。因此,刺梨果渣膳食纤维,尤其是SDF可作为降血糖产品开发的潜在优良资源,并且DHPM是提高刺梨果渣可溶性膳食纤维降血糖活性的有效改性处理手段。     

Digestive stimulant action of three Indian spice mixes in experimental rats

The present study examined the favourable influence of three spice mixes derived from a few commonly consumed spices of known digestive stimulant action on digestive enzymes of pancreas and small intestine, and on bile secretion and composition in experimental rats. The common ingredients of these mixes were coriander, turmeric, red chilli, black pepper and cumin, while the spice mix II additionally had ginger, and spice mix III contained onion. All the three spice mixes favourably enhanced the activities of pancreatic lipase, chymotrypsin and amylase when consumed during the diet. In addition, these spice mixes brought about a pronounced stimulation of bile flow and of bile acid secretion. Among the three spice mixes examined, spice mix III which is customized so as to include spices that are desirable from the point of view of stimulation of digestion, had the highest stimulatory influence particularly on bile secretion, bile acid output and the activities of pancreatic enzymes. While activities of pancreatic lipase, amylase and chymotrypsin were elevated by 40, 16 and 77%, respectively, the bile volume as well as the bile acid secretion were almost doubled in spice mix III treatment. The higher secretion of bile especially with an elevated level of bile acids and a beneficial stimulation of pancreatic digestive enzymes, particularly of lipase could probably be the two mechanisms by which these combinations of spices aid in digestion.     

Fat digestion and absorption in spice‐pretreated rats

BACKGROUND: A few common spices are known to stimulate secretion of bile with higher amount of bile acids which play a major role in digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. It would be appropriate to verify if these spices enable efficient digestion and absorption during high‐fat intake. In this context, dietary ginger (0.05%), piperine (0.02%), capsaicin (0.015%), and curcumin (0.5%) were examined for their influence on bile secretion, digestive enzymes of pancreas and absorption of dietary fat in high‐fat (30%) fed Wistar rats for 8 weeks. RESULTS: These spices enhanced the activity of pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin by 22‐57%, 32‐51%, 63‐81% and 12‐38%, respectively. Dietary intake of spices along with high‐fat enhanced fat absorption. These dietary spices increased bile secretion with higher bile acid content. Stimulation of lipid mobilisation from adipose tissue was suggested by the decrease in perirenal adipose tissue weight by dietary capsaicin and piperine. This was also accompanied by prevention of the accumulation of triglyceride in liver and serum in high‐fat fed rats. Activities of key lipogenic enzymes in liver were reduced which was accompanied by an increased activity of hormone‐sensitive lipase. CONCLUSION: Thus, dietary ginger and other spice compounds enhance fat digestion and absorption in high‐fat fed situation through enhanced secretion of bile salts and a stimulation of the activity pancreatic lipase. At the same time, the energy expenditure is facilitated by these spices to prevent the accumulation of absorbed fat. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

三丁酸甘油脂对宫内发育迟缓哺乳仔猪血液生理生化指标和胰腺的影响

研究宫内发育迟缓（intra-uterine growth retardation,IUGR）对哺乳仔猪血液生理生化指标、胰腺质量及其分泌酶活性的影响,以及日粮添加0.1%三丁酸甘油酯对其调控作用。选取8 头正常初生体质量仔猪和16 头IUGR仔猪,将IUGR仔猪随机均分为2 组,分别饲喂基础人工乳（IUGR组）、基础人工乳＋0.1%三丁酸甘油酯（IUGR＋tributyrin,IT组）,正常仔猪饲喂基础人工乳（NBW组）。7 日龄开始饲喂,21 日龄时每组选取6 头体质量相近的仔猪屠宰取样,并对血液指标和胰腺酶活力进行测定。结果表明：1）受IUGR影响,仔猪血液中尿素、总胆红素含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,总蛋白、肌酐含量显著上升（P＜0.05）;胰腺质量也较NBW组显著降低（P＜0.05）;胰淀粉酶、脂肪酶活力显著降低（P＜0.05）。2）IUGR仔猪日粮补充0.1%三丁酸甘油酯后,血液中尿素、总胆红素、总蛋白、肌酐与NBW组相比,均无显著差异（P＞0.05）;且胰腺质量得到增加（P＞0.05）,胰蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶和脂肪酶含量均显著提高（P＜0.05）。结果提示：IUGR可对哺乳仔猪血液生理生化造成一定的影响和阻碍胰腺的发育以及酶活性的分泌,日粮补充0.1%三丁酸甘油酯能对IUGR造成的损伤有一定的缓解作用。     

Studies on Desi and Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars. The Levels of Amylase Inhibitors, Levels of Oligosaccharides and In Vitro Starch Digestibility

Amylase inhibitor activity (AIA) of chickpea extracts was investigated using pancreatic and salivary amylases. The extracts showed higher inhibitor activity towards pancreatic amylase than salivary amylase. Mean values indicated slightly higher inhibitory activity in desi than kabuli cultivars, though clear-cut differences were not observed among the cultivars. While in vitro starch digestibility of meal samples indicated no large differences among desi and kabuli types of chickpea, the mean values of digestibility of isolated starches of kabuli types was higher than those of desi types. The mean values of stachyose were higher in desi cultivars. When desi and kabuli types were considered together, stachyose and raffinose contents were not found significantly related to the concentrations of total soluble sugars while stachyose showed a significant correlation with raffinose.     

Some factors influencing caecal enlargement induced by raw potato starch in the rat

The phenomenon of caecal enlargement in rats fed raw potato starch as their sole dietary carbohydrate source is examined. The caeca of experimental animals were enlarged 800–1700%. They contained undigested starch, an increased number of micro-organisms and a lower concentration of ions and were of lower pH (5·5) than those of control animals (pH 7·0).Duodenal contents had a lower specific activity of amylase expressed either as whole duodenal contents or on the basis of duodenal protein which was also depressed. This suggests that the potato starch either: (a) contains an inhibitor of pancreatic amylase, (b) lacks an amylase activating or stabilising factor or (c) causes changes in the duodenal secretions.The resistance of potato starch to pancreatic amylase, together with the lower level of amylase in the duodenum, results in undigested starch reaching the caecum and there probably acting as a substrate for the caecal microflora. The mechanism whereby these events result in caecal enlargement is still unclear.     

葡萄籽多酚对糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用及其机制

目的：研究葡萄籽多酚对糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用,并从胰岛细胞损伤及胰岛素表达的角度探讨其作用机 制。方法：以链脲佐菌素腹腔注射至雄性SD大鼠,建立Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠模型,成模后随机分为模型组、阿卡波糖 阳性对照组和葡萄籽多酚组。通过为期8 周的葡萄籽多酚（50 mg/（kg·d）,以体质量计）干预,观察大鼠空腹血 糖水平、胰岛素水平、葡萄糖耐受性变化,并采用免疫组化法检测胰岛病变及胰岛素表达。结果：葡萄籽多酚可明 显降低糖尿病大鼠的空腹血糖水平（P＜0.05）,提高对葡萄糖的耐受性,促进胰岛素分泌,改善胰岛细胞损伤, 增加胰腺中胰岛素的表达（P＜0.05）,增加血清中超氧化物歧化酶的活力及降低丙二醛的含量（P＜0.05）。结 论：长期低剂量的葡萄籽多酚干预可以有效调节糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平。葡萄籽多酚通过修复胰岛损伤促进胰岛素 分泌降低空腹血糖水平,改善葡萄糖耐受程度,这一作用可能与其显著的体内抗氧化功效相关。     

Natural plant enzyme inhibitors. Isolation of a trypsin/α-amylase inhibitor and a chymotrypsin/trypsin inhibitor from ragi (Eleusine coracana) grains by affinity chromatography and study of their properties

A trypsin/α-amylase inhibitor (TAI) and a chymotrypsin/trypsin inhibitor (CTI) were isolated in homogeneous forms from ragi grains by affinity chromatography using immobilised chymotrypsin and immobilised trypsin. Both the inhibitors were capable of inhibiting the caseinolytic and amidolytic activities of bovine trypsin whereas the esterolytic activity of the enzyme was only weakly affected. While TAI had no action on chymotrypsin, the CTI exerted an inhibitory effect on the caseinolytic activities of bovine α-, β-, γ- and ?-chymotrypsins. Both the inhibitors could inactivate the proteolytic actions of bovine as well as human crude pancreatic preparations, TAI showed inhibitory activity against human pancreatic, porcine pancreatic and human salivary amylase in the ratio of 6.5:5:1. The possible practical application of TAI for the purification of α-amylases by affinity chromatography is indicated based on the demonstration of the dissociation of porcine pancreatic amylase from a ‘trypsin-TAI-amylase’ trimer complex in the presence of maltose. The antichymotryptic activity of CTI was less stable than its antitryptic activity at high temperature, acidic pH and on treatment with pepsin. Modification of arginine residues by 1,2-cyclohexane dione led to a preferential inactivation of its antitryptic activity. Treatment of CTI with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or pronase, however, caused almost identical loss of both antitryptic and antichymotryptic activities. The mode of inhibition of CTI was non-competitive for trypsin but was uncompetitive for chymotrypsin. The CTI could bind to immobilised trypsin or chymotrypsin but not to immobilised TPCK-chymotrypsin or chymotrypsinogen.     

绿原酸防治2型糖尿病作用机制的研究进展

绿原酸是一类广泛存在于自然界中的酚酸化合物,常见于人类植物源饮食中,也是很多中药材的主要组分。研究表明,绿原酸具有调节肠道激素分泌、抑制胰岛素抵抗、减缓肝脏糖异生等作用。近年来,有关绿原酸调节糖代谢研究进一步深入,例如绿原酸可以抑制胰淀粉酶活性、抑制人胰岛淀粉样多肤形成、抑制醛糖还原酶和糖基化终末产物形成等。本文综述了绿原酸在调节糖脂代谢方面的作用机制和研究进展。     

ANTI-AMYLASE, ANTI-GLUCOSIDASE AND ANTI-ANGIOTENSIN I-CONVERTING ENZYME POTENTIAL OF SELECTED FOODS

α‐Amylase and α‐glucosidase have been targeted as potential avenues for modulation of postprandial hyperglycemia through mild inhibition of the enzymatic breakdown of complex carbohydrates to decrease meal‐derived glucose absorption. Water‐soluble extracts with optimized phenolic content of selected American and Asian foods were investigated for inhibitory activity against α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase, as well as angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE), which has been linked to hyperglycemia‐associated hypertension. Porcine pancreatic α‐amylase (PPA) was allowed to react with each phenolic‐optimized food extract, and the derivatized enzyme–phytochemical mixtures obtained were characterized for residual amylase activity. The α‐glucosidase and ACE activities were determined in the presence of each phenolic‐optimized food extract. The amylase activity was inhibited more than the glucosidase activity in the presence of these phytochemical extracts, and more so by Asian foods than by American foods. The Asian spice ginger was found to possess strong ACE inhibitory activity in addition to significant anti‐amylase activity. The α‐amylase enzyme inhibition was positively associated with extract antioxidant activity and negatively with extract protein content. The significance of food‐grade, plant‐based amylase inhibitors for modulation of carbohydrate breakdown and control of glycemic index of foods in the context of preventing hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus complications in the long term and ACE inhibitors for modulation of associated hypertension is hypothesized and discussed.     

曲霉种间融合子产淀粉酶条件优化研究

揭示了曲霉亲株、融合子的生物量、淀粉酶分泌量与氮源之间关系;观察了曲霉亲株、融合子产淀粉酶时间进程;通过正交试验研究了曲霉亲株、融合子产淀粉酶的条件,结果表明:产酶因素效应与菌株关系不大,不同菌株效应表现基本一致;对产淀粉酶因素而言,中温、高氮好,但在特定组合中高温也产高酶;pH效应无明显规律,这与天然培养基强缓冲能力有关。     

Mechanisms of selective inhibition of pancreatic secretion after increasing the enzymatic activity of duodenal contents]

In acute experiments on dogs it has been established that intraduodenal administration of trypsin, amylase and lipase induces selective inhibition of the introduced enzyme secretion by the pancreas. Atropine injection (0.2 mg/kg, intravenously, 4 times/h) removes the inhibitory effect of the introduced enzymes, the most pronounced atropine action being recorded in respect to trypsin. Intraduodenal trypsin administration decreases non-selective inhibitory effect of atropine on the stimulated secretion of the pancreas. It has been concluded that not only duodenal regulatory peptides but also the M-cholinergic mechanism participate in the selective inhibition.     

Response of pancreatic secretions to feeding diets with low and high levels of soybean trypsin inhibitors in growing pigs

Studies were carried out to determine the effect of soybean trypsin inhibitors (SBTI) on exocrine pancreatic secretions in growing pigs. Six barrows with an average initial body weight (BW) of 27·1±1·4 kg were fitted with permanent pancreatic re-entrant cannulas and fed two diets according to a crossover design. Two maize starch-based diets were formulated to contain 200 g kg⁻¹ crude protein from either Nutrisoy (food grade defatted soy flour) or autoclaved Nutrisoy. The concentrations of SBTI in Nutrisoy and autoclaved Nutrisoy diets were 13·4 and 3·0 g kg⁻¹, respectively. The experiment consisted of two periods of 9 days each. The average BW at the start of the first and second experimental periods was 33·5±2·7 and 37·2±3·7 kg, respectively. The average BW at the conclusion of the experiment was 41·8±3·9 kg. The volume of pancreatic secretion was higher (P<0·01) when the Nutrisoy, as opposed to the autoclaved Nutrisoy diet was fed (3804 vs 2634 ml (24 h)⁻¹). The concen-tration of nitrogen and protein and specific activities (units litre⁻¹) of amylase, chymotrypsin and trypsin were lower (P<0·05) in pancreatic juice of pigs fed the Nutrisoy diet. There were no differences (P>0·05) in the total secretions of nitrogen (g (24 h)⁻¹) and total activities (units (24 h)⁻¹) of amylase, lipase, chymotrypsin and trypsin in pancreatic juice of pigs fed the Nutrisoy and autoclaved Nutrisoy diets. However, the total secretion of protein was slightly higher (25·7 vs 22·8 g (24 h)⁻¹; P<0·05) in pancreatic juice of pigs fed the autoclaved Nutrisoy diet, which corresponded with the increase in the secretion of protein-bound amino acids. There was also an increase in the total secretion of free amino acids in pancreatic juice. These studies show no effect of SBTI on the total enzyme activities in pancreatic juice of growing pigs. © 1998 SCI.