Q235钢基体表面微晶玻璃功能梯度涂层接触应力的数值模拟

接触应力状态是涂层材料表层破坏、整体分层剥落的重要影响因素。运用有限元软件ANSYS对Q235钢基体表面TiN/LZAS微晶玻璃梯度涂层在法向静载下的接触应力进行了分析,建立了该复合涂层的有限元分析模型,通过比较有限元数值解和Hertz理论解,验证了有限元模型的可靠性,探讨了不同层数和层厚对涂层体系接触应力分布的影响。结果表明:涂层的径向接触应力和Mises应力的最大值均位于接触区域中心处,最大剪切应力位于接触中心附近;涂层层数和厚度对涂层表面径向应力、界面剪切应力和整体Mises应力均有明显影响。模拟分析的结果可以为该复合材料的设计和制备提供一定的理论依据。     

金属基复合材料界面性能对残余应力的影响

采用ANSYS有限元软件计算涂层法制备的SCS-6 SiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料内热残余应力,分析了界面性能对热残余应力的影响。结果表明:较高的热膨胀系数(CTE)导致界面层产生高的应力梯度,使环向残余应力由低热膨胀系数时的压应力转变为较高的热膨胀系数时的拉应力;界面层弹性模量的增加,使得纤维和界面层内径向残余压应力明显增加,但对基体中的残余应力影响并不大;界面层厚度的变化对基体中径向残余应力影响不大,但随着界面层厚度增加,基体中残余应力有所减小。     

C/C材料表面ZrB2-SiC功能梯度涂层残余应力分析

目的以C/C复合材料为基体,设计ZrB_2-SiC功能梯度材料。方法利用Ansys软件对等离子喷涂ZrB_2-SiC功能梯度涂层在沉积过程中产生的残余应力进行数值模拟,分析成分分布指数p和梯度层厚度t对梯度涂层残余应力的影响;并通过基于悬臂梁理论的热应力解析,计算与基体接触的涂层在涂层与基体厚度比λ不同时的残余应力值。结果模拟分析结果表明,在涂层与基体的界面,梯度层的厚度对轴向压应力影响不大,径向压应力和切向应力均随厚度的增加而增大,在边缘区域应力集中较为严重,易产生层间破坏;纯ZrB_2层为表面层,其应力主要为径向压应力,且沿径向逐渐减小至0,到边缘处又突变为拉应力,并随p的增大而减小。对比解析法分析可得两者计算的与基体接触的涂层内部的残余应力随λ的增大都是逐渐降低的,这符合涂层内部的应力分布原理。根据优化设计,获得功能梯度材料在各梯度层厚度d为0.1~0.2 mm,成分梯度指数为4时的热应力变化缓和效果较好。结论基于悬臂梁理论的解析解可以很好地评估热应力,并验证了该模拟的正确性。     

反应火焰喷涂TiC-Ni功能梯度涂层温度场和残余应力场数值模拟

详细介绍了利用自蔓延反应火焰喷涂技术在钢板表面制备TiC-Ni功能梯度涂层工艺.建立了计算TiC-Ni功能梯度涂层温度场及应力场的数学模型和反应喷涂涂层结构的物理模型.采用有限元分析软件分析了自蔓延反应喷涂层沉积过程中温度场及残余应力场的分布,深入分析了实验条件对涂层温度场的影响.同时,对沿涂层厚度方向残余应力变化规律进行了模拟,并通过模拟检验了利用该方法制备的功能梯度涂层的残余应力的连续性和缓和性,并对不同喷涂速度条件下涂层残余应力场进行了模拟与比较.结果表明,不同喷涂速度对残余应力场的分布影响不大.     

多次热循环下热障涂层热稳定过程的数值模拟

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,通过对热障涂层多次热循环降温过程中产生的残余应力的数值模拟,研究了在热梯度、热膨胀失调情况下涂层的热稳定过程.结果表明,在相同材料参数情况下,陶瓷层与粘接层的界面形貌对残余应力及稳定状态有显著的影响,凹凸不平的界面将会使界面残余应力发生突变,不利于增强界面结合强度和涂层结构的稳定.该结果对分析涂层寿命及失效机制有指导意义.     

界面形貌对热障涂层残余应力影响的数值模拟

利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对热障涂层中的残余应力进行了模拟分析,研究了不同界面微结构及其尺寸(包括圆弧半径、高度)对平行和垂直于界面的残余应力最大值的影响。结果表明,界面形貌结构尺寸与热障涂层中的陶瓷层及粘结层界面残余应力有密切的关系,凹凸不平的界面将会使界面残余应力发生突变,界面形貌的曲率对残余应力的影响较大。这些结论为提高涂层界面结合强度提供了理论支持,也为热障涂层界面的优化提供了指导。     

SiC纤维增强钛基复合材料中涂层性能对残余热应力的影响

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件,对Si C/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料残余热应力进行数值模拟,分析了纤维表面附着涂层的材料性能对热残余应力的影响。结果表明,残余热应力与涂层的杨氏模量和热膨胀系数有关,与无涂层时相比,低模量涂层能减小该复合材料的界面残余热应力。计算得出涂层存在一定值Er,杨氏模量小于Er值的涂层能有效降低界面残余热应力,且Er值随热膨胀系数的增大而减小。     

等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层结构优化与热力耦合模拟计算

目的研究不同结构参数对Mo/8YSZ热障涂层系统残余应力的影响因素。方法设计Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层,并利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的数值模型,模型中考虑了材料热物理性能参数随温度变化,研究粘结层、过渡层及陶瓷层厚度对Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层残余应力的影响规律。结果随着径向距离的增大,粘结层与陶瓷层界面的残余应力逐渐由压应力变为拉应力,并且在涂层边缘位置,径向残余拉应力达到最大值。在0~12 mm路径范围内的同一位置,伴随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,粘结层与陶瓷层界面位置的轴向残余应力无明显变化,且轴向残余应力的数值几乎为0;在6~12.5 mm路径范围内的同一位置,伴随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,其剪切残余应力逐渐增大。在基体与粘结层界面边缘0.5 mm处存在着与其他位置相比更大的应力突变。粘结层与陶瓷层的厚度参数比控制在4∶10~4∶13时,涂层具有最低的热失配。过渡层与陶瓷层的厚度参数比控制在1∶4时,涂层具有最低的热失配。当功能梯度热障涂层的过渡层采用50%Mo与50%8YSZ复合而成时,将粘结层、过渡层及陶瓷层三者的厚度比值控制在16∶10∶40~16∶13∶52,涂层具有最低的热失配。结论通过设计功能梯度热障涂层,并合理调控热障涂层系统的结构参数,可进一步减小喷涂构件的残余应力和应力突变情况,提升基体与涂层的结合强度。     

MoSi2涂层残余应力和结合强度的有限元分析

目的研究残余应力对MoSi_2涂层结合强度的影响。方法基于粉末包渗法(PC)制备的MoSi_2涂层在退火前后的微观形貌和相组成,建立有限元分析模型,计算MoSi_2涂层在退火前后的残余应力。根据涂层法向和切向残余应力随涂层厚度的变化,并结合涂层在退火前后结合强度随涂层厚度的变化规律,研究残余应力对涂层结合强度的影响。结果有限元模拟结果表明,MoSi_2涂层的法向残余应力随涂层厚度的增加而减小。涂层的切向残余应力在涂层界面边缘处形成应力集中,并且最大切向残余应力随涂层厚度的增加而增大,与涂层结合强度的变化趋势相吻合。此外,退火后,MoSi_2涂层的法向残余应力几乎没有变化,但是最大切向残余应力下降了10%左右,结合强度提高了20%左右。结论粉末包渗法(PC)制备的Mo Si_2涂层的结合强度受切向残余应力的影响,涂层切向残余应力增大,导致涂层结合强度降低。退火处理能够起到有效改善涂层界面切向残余应力集中的作用,对于提高涂层结合强度有明显的效果。     

硬质颗粒重复冲击TiN/Ti涂层损伤分析

航空发动机压气机叶片表面制备硬质涂层可显著提高其抗砂尘冲蚀性能,但砂粒高角度冲击对涂层损伤严重,易出现脆性裂纹。采用受控动能型重复冲击设备模拟硬质颗粒对涂层的高角度冲击,研究调制比、层数结构对TiN/Ti涂层冲击损伤的影响,并根据涂层损伤特征、冲击力学响应以及应力分布分析涂层的破坏机理。结果表明,TiN/Ti涂层出现剥落和圆周裂纹;硬质层内部、硬质层与结合层/过渡层界面存在高的应力梯度,而冲击坑点边缘硬质层上表层受到拉应力且由于材料堆起,在重复冲击下将导致涂层的疲劳剥落和圆周疲劳裂纹。调制比、层数显著影响涂层冲击响应过程,其中不同调制比的2层涂层,调制比为3:1的抗冲击性能较好;调制比为9:1的不同层数涂层,4层结构的抗冲击性能较好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.