南黄海辐射沙洲西洋水道垂向流速分布计算研究

利用传统对数分布描述潮流垂向流速分布时,常与现场实测资料有所偏差。考虑到悬沙垂向分布不均造成的水体分层效应,引入水体分层参数对动量传递系数进行修正,将悬沙垂向指数分布公式应用到流速分布计算中,推导出悬沙梯度引起水体分层效应时的垂向流速分布公式。与南黄海辐射沙洲西洋水道实测流速数据的对比分析表明,该分布与实测数据的相关程度明显高于传统对数分布,垂向流速分布结构更加符合实际情况。由于悬沙在水体底层的减阻作用,得到的摩阻流速小于由对数分布得到的摩阻流速,可以真实反映西洋水道内潮流底部的摩阻特性。     

岸边并联泄洪洞下游河道冲坑预测

挑流水舌对下游河道的冲刷关系到工程安全。根据动量方程推导了射流在下游水垫中的扩散规律,分析了下游水垫流速对射流扩散的影响,提出了动水垫下射流的临底流速计算方法。研究结果表明:动水流速增加了射流在水中的扩散距离,促进了射流扩散及射流流速衰减,降低了射流临底流速。将研究结果应用于白鹤滩岸边泄洪洞下游河道的冲坑深度预测。模型试验结果表明:在鼻坎水流参数相同的情况下,河道中水流为动水时的冲坑深度较静水时冲坑深度减小约10%,且位于河道下游侧的挑流水舌形成的冲坑深度小于上游侧挑流水舌形成的冲坑深度。与常规预测公式相比,该方法能准确预测不同位置挑流水舌的冲坑深度,研究结果可为泄洪设施下游河道消能防冲设计提供依据。     

黄河下游河道冲淤平衡临界水流能量损失研究

从河流能量损失的角度入手,采用理论研究和资料分析相结合的手段,研究了黄河下游河道(花园口-利津)河流能量损失与河道冲淤的相关关系,研究结果表明:河流一般能量损失(如机械能损失、动能损失、势能损失)和动量损失与黄河下游河道年冲淤量之间不存在相关关系;而河流有用功损失、推移功损失与河道年冲淤量之间相关性不明显,但河流悬浮功损失与黄河下游河道年冲淤量之间存在较为明显的相关关系;维持黄河下游河道(花园口-利津)冲淤平衡的能量损失临界条件是水文年内河流悬浮功损失0.75亿J.当悬浮功损失大于此临界值,下游河道将发生淤积;小于此临界值,下游河道将发生冲刷.     

陡槽中紊流边界层发展厚度的近似计算

本文应用水流能量平衡原理,推导出边界层发展厚度和沿程能量损失的关系,然后采用流速对数分布规律及能量损失近似计算法,从而提出紊流边界层发展厚度的估算方法。计算结果与试验资料尚吻合。本文方法可用于实际工程的计算。     

二维闸门流动特性的试验和数值研究

依据雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程,结合流体体积法,对二维水闸上下游的流动特性进行了试验和数值研究。通过获得的试验结果提供了平均速度分布和湍流特性。使用RNGk-ε和雷诺应力模型（RSM）湍流模型模拟速度场,从而估算能量和动量修正系数、水头损失和底床摩擦。收缩系数也随着闸门开度的增大而增大,这与能量动量平衡一致。这一结果可用于推导精确的流量方程。     

高坝挑流冲坑流场的数值模拟

本文采用正交变换下的有限体积法，选取标准Ｋ－ε紊流模型，对三峡溢流坝下游冲坑流场进行了二维数值模拟，得到了冲坑内部流速与夺强分布等资料。经与实测资料进行对比分析，结果较为满意。     

增加水流含沙量控制堤岸冲刷的分析

针对小浪底水库建成后下游河道小水顶冲堤岸、险情时有发生的情况,提出增大出险部位水体含沙量来降低水流流速、减小挟沙力,从而减小冲刷力的建议。认为,该方法与传统抗冲方法是辩证的统一体,两种方法结合使用可以快速、高效地控制各类冲刷险情。     

冲泻区形态动力学耦合模型研究Ⅰ:分段输沙率公式建立

海岸泥沙运动的床面推移质输沙率公式多采用修正的单向流泥沙输运的计算公式,难以描述近岸带往复急变非恒定流作用下冲泻区床面泥沙运动规律及其力学机理。本文在总结分析3家冲泻区泥沙运动希尔兹参数修正公式的基础上,对比分析垂向流速、岸坡、渗流等因素对岸滩形态改变的影响,提出符合冲泻区水沙动力特征的瞬时希尔兹参数修正公式,确定了公式所含参数的计算方法,建立了表征冲泻区泥沙运动的推移质分段输沙率公式,并基于理论分析设计水槽实验对公式参数进行计算,拟合得到的分段参数L表征量位于低冲泻区和中冲泻区的衔接处。结果显示,分段进行冲泻区推移质输沙率的计算是可行的,为后续岸滩形态动力学模型的建立奠定了基础。     

射流掺气对冲刷的影响

通过对射流掺气与不掺气时基岩冲刷的对比试验，研究了掺气对射流冲刷的影响。试验结果表明：掺气总是使冲坑减小，冲坑深度随掺气浓度的增加而递减的规律可表示为幂函数关系。当入射流速和水舌厚度相同时，随着下游水垫深度的增加，掺气对射流冲刷能力的减弱程度也增加；当水舌厚度和水垫深度相同时，对不同的入射流速，在本次试验范围内，掺气对射流冲刷能力的减弱程度是相同的。掺气对冲坑形态并没有实质性的影响，冲坑的宽深比随冲坑深度的减小而增大，无论造成冲坑深度减小的原因是掺气、降低流速还是减少入射水舌厚度，其变化规律都可用相同的直线关系表示。     

曲面贴角鼻坎水舌下游冲刷深度计算方法

本文研究了纵向拉开水舌外缘水股进入水垫后扩散机理,推导出水股入水后流速递减到河床基岩不冲流速时河床冲深计谋公式。公式中考虑其它水股对计算水股冲刷深度影响,引进了影响系数。可以分层计算出纵向拉开水舌各部位水股不同不冲流速时的冲刷深度线。公式适用于曲面贴角斜鼻坎和对称曲面贴角窄缝鼻坎的纵向拉开水舌形态冲深计算,也适用于曲面贴角斜鼻坎的复合形水舌冲深计算。     

Engineering application of submerged water jets for sediment removal in a tidal riverbed

Sediment deposition problems have attracted the interest of engineers and researchers. Several experimental studies have been conducted on scour depth using turbulent jets. However, field observation and monitoring have rarely been reported. This study aimed to eliminate sediments on a tidal riverbed using a prototype device, which consisted of a set of submerged vertical water nozzles and submerged horizontal air nozzles. The effectiveness of the water jet in sediment removal during spring and neap tides was evaluated. The quantitative relationships of dimensionless parameters, such as (1) the relative sediment scour volume versus the number of flows from the jet exit, (2) the relative sediment scour volume versus the relative scour depth, and (3) the relative scour size versus the relative jet intensity, were analyzed. The results showed that the freshwater flowing to the sea affected the sediment scour volume during the falling cycle of spring tides. In contrast, the rising cycle of spring tides retarded the freshwater flow, resulting in a decrease in the sediment scour volume. A steep water surface slope accelerated the river flow and further influenced the cross-flow current around the study area. As a result, a highly diffusive turbulent flow was produced, causing suspended sediments to be rapidly removed from the scour hole center. An increase in the number of flows from the jets led to intensified diffusion of turbulent energy into the flow. The rapidly varying water depth caused jet energy to be dissipated before approaching the riverbed, and it significantly affected the scour process during the spring-tide period. The proposed equations can be used to estimate the scour volume, scour size, and re-suspended sediments in tidal rivers within defined ranges of parameters.     

枢纽下游河床冲刷深度和水位降落估算方法

通过清水冲刷水槽试验,在探索非恒定输沙及床沙调整等规律的基础上,结合沙量平衡原理,建立了一种枢纽下游河床冲刷深度和水位降落的计算模式。洪峰过程可以概化为一种恒定的"当量流量",深槽冲刷以枯水边界作为脱离体,可将该模式延伸于天然河道。能够计算冲刷过程及终期河床冲刷纵剖面和不同流量下的水位降落。     

Laboratory Investigation of Stilling Basin Slope Effect on Bed Scour at Downstream of Stepped Spillway: Physical Modeling of Javeh RCC Dam

Stepped spillway and stilling basin are one of the most important energy dissipation structures. Eventhough, most of energy dissipated by these structures, but in skimming flow, the upstream flow motion is nonaerated and the residual energy capable to destroyed structures during floods. In this study, effect of stilling basin slope on bed scour, downstream of Javeh dam was investigating. Experiments performed in hydraulic structures laboratory of the University of Kerman with six different discharges (5, 7, 13, 17, 25 and 30 l/s.m) and five various stilling basin slope (0.02, 0.01, 0, ?0.01 and???0.02). The parameters such as maximum scour depth (d_s), flow velocity (in three point), water depth on upstream and downstream of stepped spillway and stilling basin, the distance of the maximum scour depth to sill (L_s) and the gheometery of scour hole measured. Result shown that when stilling basin slopes was 0.02, the average of maximum relative scour depth, 47% Increased and in ?0.02, 52.2% Decreased. In addition, the distance of maximum scour depth until stilling basin increased by increasing and decreased by decreasing the stilling basin slope.

     

Scour around submarine pipes due to high-amplitude transient waves

Estimation of scour dimensions below submarine pipelines is a vital step in designing offshore infrastructure. Extreme events like tsunami waves produce strong erosive forces below the underwater pipes, apt to create scour holes, jeopardizing the safety of the structure. Despite the importance of this issue, previous studies have mainly focused on steady flow cases, and the scour pattern below submarine pipes induced by high-amplitude transient waves has rarely been investigated. This paper reports the results of 40 experimental runs on transient wave-induced scour below a model pipe in a laboratory flume under a variety of initial conditions. The variables included the bed particle size and gradation,initial water depth, wave height, and slope of the bed layer. Waves were generated by a sudden release of water from a sluice gate, installed in the middle of the flume. A pressure transducer data acquisition system was used to record the wave heights at different time steps. The results indicate that, with a shallower initial depth of flow, the scour depth is relatively large. It was also found that there exists a direct correlation between the induced wave height and the size of the scour hole. It was observed that, in clear water conditions, the size of the scour hole in coarse sediments is smaller, while in live-bed conditions, larger scour holes are created in coarser sediments. It was also observed that at high wave amplitudes, the live-bed conditions are dominant, and consequently the bed elevation is altered.     

挑流消能冲刷时间对冲刷深度影响的试验研究

通过大量的模型试验,对挑流冲刷坑形成的时间过程进行了研究,将冲刷坑随时间的发展变化趋势与前人的理论分析成果进行拟合优化,得出在某个特定时间内,冲刷深度与时间成幂函数关系。本文通过此试验,对研究冲坑演变规律有一定的意义。     

跨海桥梁基础冲刷特征研究

在我国近海海域,跨海桥梁基础冲刷是影响大桥安全的重要因素之一。基于金塘大桥2014、2015和2017年桥墩基础冲刷实测资料,并结合建桥前地形测验资料进行了案例分析,解析出了往复潮流条件下桥墩基础的一般冲刷及局部冲刷深度,金塘大桥中引桥桥墩一般冲刷深度为3.3~3.6 m,平均局部冲刷深度约8.3 m。往复潮流条件下桥墩基础局部冲刷坑受双向潮流影响向上下游延伸,形状呈椭圆形,各墩冲刷坑纵向长度与最大局部冲刷深度呈近似线性关系,长度约为局部冲刷深度的10~12倍,而各墩冲刷坑横向宽度则基本一致,约为桥墩基础宽度的4~5倍,与最大局部冲刷深度无明显相关性。跨海桥梁基础冲刷深度计算方法及冲刷坑形态特征的研究成果可供跨海大桥基础设计、运行维护及基础冲刷防护参考。     

丁坝群附近流场及局部冲刷的三维数值模拟

为探索丁坝群附近水流流场,揭示其局部冲刷的形成机理,该文采用Flow-3d软件,选取RNG k-ε湍流模型和以希尔兹(Shields)数为基础的泥沙推移质输沙率模型对上挑丁坝群的周围流场分布和局部冲刷进行了三维数值模拟。研究发现,丁坝群间涡系结构复杂,第一座丁坝坝头处有一对反向的旋涡和下潜水流,切应力达到最大值,使得该位置有较大冲刷坑发生,解释了冲刷机理。冲刷坑的模拟深度和范围与实验结果吻合较好,表明该模型可以用于丁坝群及相关河道整治工程的流场和冲刷坑计算。     

射流冲刷沙床初始阶段的SPH方法数值模拟

针对射流移动清淤时短时间内的冲刷效果问题,采用无网格光滑粒子动力学方法(SPH),对平面垂直淹没射流冲刷沙床的初始阶段进行了模拟计算。探讨了SPH中淹没环境和沙土材料的建立方法,研究了射流冲刷初始阶段动态冲坑深度的发展趋势,分析了射流速度对冲坑深度发展的影响。结果表明:采用SPH方法可以有效地模拟射流冲刷的过程;在初始阶段,冲坑深度随时间线性增加,而且随着射流速度的增加,坑深增加的速率加快。本文研究可为探讨疏浚射流破土效果提供数值方法参考。     

多孔拦河闸的水力特性研究

为了研究拦河闸的水力特性,针对某拦污工程,通过1∶70整体水工模型试验,对各工况下拦河闸的流态、流速、流量和冲刷等水力学参数进行对比分析,得出流量系数、冲坑范围和深度及上游水位壅水高度,对多孔拦河闸的泄洪能力、消能防冲和上游淹没进行验证,进而对原方案运行方式、电站船闸处导墙长度进行优化设计并提出合理的建议。优化结果表明:拦河闸进水平顺,水面光滑衔接,流速分布合理,流量满足要求;下游流态良好,冲坑深度和冲坑下游坡度满足要求;上游淹没范围满足要求。该研究可对类似工程理论分析及设计提供参考价值。