多类社区属性的设计应对

文章以建筑师群体所担任的技术服务者的角度，将社区营造”朴素地还原为技术与服务的双重建构，即通过社区属性与设计策略之间的应对关系，从一个侧面探讨了大型设计机构在人居建筑方面所需关注的技术问题和服务方式。作为目前国内居住建筑设计业务量最大的设计机构之一，CCDI（中建国际设计顾问有限公司）将目前业务涉及的社区类型归纳为五类基本属性，并通过十个案例论述了在多方限制之下实现设计产品提升的实践之路。     

A model for the analysis of data-driven innovation and value generation in smart cities' ecosystems

Smart cities are key elements to cope with certain of the largest challenges facing society, such as overpopulation, transport, pollution, sustainability, security, health, and the creation of new firms. Smart cities' portals offer a great amount of data that can be used by the private and public entities to create new services. These data are also a valuable source for the deployment of big data businesses. In this article, a model is presented demonstrating how the data released by the smart cities creates value for the citizens and society. The model operates using three stages. The first one shapes the release of data by the smart city, and it includes several of the dimensions that make data appealing for reuse. The second stage analyses the mechanisms to create innovative products and services. The last stage explains how these products and services impact its society.     

从日本老年住宅的发展看如何建立我国老年居住体系

中国早在1999年已正式进入老龄化社会,随着时间的发展,许多60至70岁的老年人的家庭养老和消费观念正在发生明显改变。如何建立有中国特色的老年居住体系,成为中国进入老龄化社会后亟待解决的重要课题。很多发达国家的老年居住体系发展相对成熟,取得了很多成就,尤以日本的经验最值得中国借鉴。本论文详细阐述了日本老年居住模式、日本老年居住建筑服务设施体系及发展趋势和日本政府的老年住宅政策。论文还对中日两国的老年居住体系进行对比分析,总结出我国在借鉴日本发展老年居住体系的经验时,应注意的问题。最后论文提出结合我国的国情,建立起具有中国特色的老年居住体系的策略和建议。     

居住区停车方式的选择

小汽车大量进入居住区已经成为趋势。由于国内尚未出台相应的停车规划导则，在实际建设项目中，对停车方式的选择有很大的随意性。本文在进行居民问卷调查和实例分析的基础上，从居民的主观需求和居住区用地等定额限制条件出发，提出根据“小汽车密度”选择停车方式，以及确定车库规模和服务半径的思路。并指出停车规划应有利于实现人车分流、提高居住区的整体环境质量。建议将有偿停车的部分费用，用于改善居住区环境，同时鼓励居民使用其它交通方式。     

The Form of the Core

This article assesses the public water and sewer costs associated with alternative housing patterns. These patterns are defined in terms of lot size, tract dispersion, and distance from existing water and sewer service centers. The engineering cost model presented here gives empirical evidence of how sensitive local government service costs are to the spatial pattern of single-family residential development. The results show that more spread out housing patterns are more costly to supply with public water and sewer services, but that shifting a majority of these costs to the private sector may be a relatively simple matter.     

当前居住区公建配套标准的制订

本文从分析影响居住区公建配套的主要因素出发 ,归纳了 2 1世纪初居住区公建配套设施的发展趋势 ,并结合上海市 5 0年住宅公建配套设施建设的实际经验 ,以及《城市居住区公共服务设施设置规定 (DBJ0 8- 5 5 - 96 )》在实施中出现的问题 ,按照市场经济发展的要求 ,重新设计了居住区公建配套设施的项目指标及其规模 ,并提出若干建议 ,为政府部门提供决策支持参考     

Property Agents,Housing Markets and Housing Services in Transitional Urban China

This study examines the particular role, services and functions of property agents in the housing markets in mainland China. Since the implementation of housing market reforms, cities on the Chinese mainland have transferred from a centrally-directed, welfare-oriented housing system to a more decentralized, market-based one. Commodification of housing has expanded the opportunity of new market intermediaries to service the growing urban housing markets. Yet there appears to be little research on these agents, which bear similarity in name, but not exactly in operation, to those in a market society. Based upon insights from new institutional economics, this study examines how the existing institutions in China have constrained and facilitated their services in the housing transaction process. This micro-analytical study provides a different means towards understanding the market transformation of a socialist housing system.     

居住社区若干问题解析

通过对居住社区的概念及名称由来的解析,指出建设居住社区是推进社会管理体制改革的突破口,是完善城市居民自治制度、构建和谐社会的重要平台,也是提高城市全球竞争力的社会资本。提出完善《上海市大型居住社区设计导则》的建议,包括：居住社区建设应构建合理的居住社区规划结构,即构建社区—小区—街坊3级规划结构;完善居住社区公共服务设施配置;满足老年人生活需要等。     

城市轨道交通影响范围及服务价值研究

为了提高城市轨道交通公共服务价值,研究合理的轨道交通发展规划对城市发展结构转变的作用,计算了大连市轨道交通影响范围,选取大连市公共服务设施及近期交易居住物业,计算可达性指标,建立特征价格模型,分析公共设施的社会服务价值。通过设计模型的计算方法,研究城市轨道交通服务价值变化过程。结果得出合理的城市规划将极大提高城市轨道交通的公共服务价值,从而提高轨道交通对居住物业价值即对沿线土地的资本化率的影响。     

老年人社区设计初探

我国已经慢慢步入老龄化社会,在面临这样转型期的社会阶段,如何设计出适合老年人居住和使用的公共设施、居民区和住宅,将成为我们这代建筑师设计工作的重点。虽然在20世纪90年代末,针对人口老龄化情况下的建筑设计展开了一系列的研究和探讨,但是由于对老年人居住建筑设计的认识深度不够,经验不足造成设计上有所偏颇。笔者希望通过本文能够起到一个抛砖引玉的作用,引起大家新的一轮对老年人居住模式的探讨和研究。     

城市机构养老设施利用实态研究——以西安市C养老服务中心为例

随着社会老龄化的日益加剧,城市机构养老设施发展迅猛。西安的机构养老设施虽在一定程度上满足了《老年人居住建筑设计标准》的要求,但是否符合使用者的行为需求尚需探究。以西安市C养老服务中心为例,通过对入住老人日常行为的追踪调查,描绘养老设施的利用实态,总结空间使用特征,并以此为基础,对城市机构养老设施的空间布局、家具配置、经营管理等方面提出改善意见,以期为此类设施的建设与改造提供有益参考。     

实现高品质供给的住区公共中心规划设计探索 ——以江门滨江新区实践为例

住区公共中心是城市住区公共服务供给的核心。规划实施中存在住区公共服务供给分散失序、公共中心不易成形的现象。通过辨析宜居住区规划设计理念及其公共中心“诱导”机制,基于设施集中配置的社会学意义,提出须重视环境与行为之间的相互促进作用,围绕集约优化住区公共中心的场地和环境布局,弹性整合公共管理和公共服务设施,因势利导多样化的建设条件,因地制宜践行高品质供给的理想范式。在江门滨江新区的实践中,为确保城市新区住区公共服务适时适当和可持续供给,采用“两级集中、三级协同”的层级调适策略,形成“社区综合服务中心+ 学校和公园绿地”的住区公共中心规划设计特色模式,在地探索了兼顾便利性和舒适性的住区服务设施配置方案。     

Constructing the divide: Spatial disparities in broadband access

As residential broadband options such as cable and xDSL grow in popularity, broadband providers continue to roll out service in select market areas. However, due to technological limitations, some locations qualify for xDSL broadband service while others do not. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of local geography on broadband (xDSL) network access. This type of micro-geographic analysis is important in two ways. First, a detailed analysis at the local level can reveal the spatial disparities in infrastructure access. Second, because broadband access is quickly emerging as the technology of choice for both small businesses and households, it is important to consider which locations will have opportunities for these connections and which locations will not. Utilising an integer programming model, the maximal covering location problem, and a geographic information system, xDSL broadband access is evaluated in Columbus, Ohio. Results indicate that many suburban areas can be left without adequate service. Received: 6 October 2000 / Accepted: 18 June 2001     

Forgotten Needs? The Demographic and Socio-economic Impact of Free-standing New Settlements

For some time, local authorities have attempted to restrict the residential development of large, medium and small settlements on the grounds of the regional and local land use planning impacts. However, the changing distribution of national populations and associated housing pressure during recent decades suggest a need for a more appropriate land use planning response. One such approach is the creation of freestanding new settlements. Using a Scottish case study, this paper assesses the impact of such developments on residential mobility patterns and examines the socio-economic characteristics of residents and their level of satisfaction with the provision of services. The study provides one measure of the effectiveness of new settlements as a planning mechanism for meeting the needs of residential development from the consumers' perspective. It is concluded that free-standing new settlements are in danger of becoming elitist satellite communities where residents are likely to be disadvantaged in terms of service provision.     

How Important is the Time Factor? Saving Lives Using Fire and Rescue Services

The shorter the response time of emergency services the more lives are saved. But, how important in fact is the time factor for saving lives? The objective of this study is to analyse the relation between response time and fatalities, to be able to measure how many lives could be saved with a shorter response time. The study uses data from reports from the fire and rescue services in Sweden for 2005–2013 for residential fires. The time variable used is continuous and the statistical methods are non-linear regression techniques. It is found that the risk of fatality is a non-linear function of response time. For a given change of response time, the increase in risk of fatality is large for a short response time, then decreases, and eventually seems to approach zero. If it was possible to decrease the median response time by 1 min 0.00035 lives could be saved for every turn-out on average. For all turn-outs to residential homes that means that about two lives, or 3%, could be saved per year. The response time is most important for blocks of flats, nursing homes and semi-detached/terraced houses. The response time is more important for fires due to smoking, children playing or started intentionally (arson). The results can be used to evaluate the performance of local fire and rescue services. The method is easy to use for other emergency services, such as ambulances.     

Energy and building technology for the 2000 W society—Potential of residential buildings in Switzerland

The 2000 W society, achievable through cuts in resource consumption and per capita CO₂ emissions, is closely related to the goals of sustainable development. This study identifies the specific targets that need to be met both globally and by Switzerland to realize the vision. As a major energy consumer, the buildings sector will have to make a substantial contribution to meeting these targets. The report starts by examining the energy-saving potential of individual residential buildings through different combinations of building standard and building services system. Various building concepts already available today offer considerable potential and, as individual solutions, often achieve the targets of the 2000 W society. Yet, as the impact of such individual solutions on the building stock is dampened by a range of factors (e.g. long refurbishment cycles, low energy prices, scepticism of investors towards new technology), the effective gains fall far short of the theoretical potential. As the considered implementation scenarios and building stock projections show, the average buildings-sector targets required for the 2000 W society are nonetheless attainable. However, in order to tap the potential in the residential buildings sector, there is an urgent need for immediate action at various levels (e.g. through financial incentive systems, consumer information campaigns).     

Research on the Greening Rate and Spatial Differences of Urban Residential Neighborhoods in Shenzhen

Residential green spaces are one of the most frequently used urban green space types. Aiming at filling a gap in the existing greening indicators with considerations on the spatial differences of residential green spaces, as well as to inform the improvement of urban green space service, three greening indicators, i.e. residential unit’s green coverage rate, green view index, and park ratio within a 500 m service radius, are proposed in this paper. This study selects 14,196 residential units in built area of Shenzhen City in 2017 to measure the greening rate and the geographic spatial factors of the units upon multi-sourced geographic databases such as land cover maps and street view images. The research reveals that: 1) the three indicators can all independently measure the greening rate within or around residential units; 2) the studied residential units are low in residential unit’s green coverage rate and park ratio within a 500 m service radius, but high in green view index; 3) there are significant disparities of the greening rate and the surrounding parks in 500 m service radius among the studied units, and among different housing property rights, showing a disequilibrium in green space service; and 4) the greening rate of residential units is mainly impacted by factors such as development intensity, types of housing property right, altitude, and location. In conclusion, it is suggested that urban green space layout should prioritize improving the spatial distribution and layout of residential green spaces, especially for the socially vulnerable population. Finally, the study points out that the park ratio within a 500 m service radius can be adopted as a supplement to existing greening indicators for residential areas.     

美国高校职业生涯规划的工作理念及其启示

作为世界上大学生就业指导工作开展历史最为悠久的国家,美国已经形成了良好的大学生就业指导的工作环境。政府、社会和高校的具体工作部门都认真把大学生就业落到实处,并把就业指导提升到生涯规划的高度,所形成的全员覆盖、全程指导的工作理念对我国大学生就业指导工作有一定启示。     

服务管理模式影响下的老年住区类型初探

在日益严重的老龄化给社会带来了巨大压力的同时,庞大的老年群体也为养老产业的发展提供了机会。老年住区作为一种老年人居住模式,经过了十多年的实践,初步形成了一定的理论基础。文章分别从内涵和外延两个方面探讨老年住区的概念,并且从服务管理模式对于老年住区的影响入手,深入分析类普通住区型、机构型和住构混合型3种老年住区类型。     

Housing Costs and Alternative Cost Reducing Policies

The discussioiz of the relation between population homogeneity and social-life values, begun in an earlier article, is here extended to the larger question of the desirability of the balanced, or heterogeneous, community. A number of planners have advocated population heterogeneity as a means for achieving four sets of cultural, political, and educational ends or values. This article discusses each of the means-ends relationships, concluding that population heterogeneity contributes relatively little toivard the achievement of these values. Nevertheless, heterogeneity is desirable, because as long as local taxation is the main support of community services, it will help to prevent undesirable inequalities in the level of community services. It is not, however, the best means of alleviating the glaring social and economic inequality noiv rampant in most metropolitan areas, and planners are therefore urged to place greater emphasis on policies that will reduce this inequality. The increased opportunity for all sectors of the population to make social and cultural choices in a more cqualitarian society may also bring about greater heterogeneity in residential areas in the future.