驴肝与猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝之间的营养成分比较

目的探究驴肝与猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝之间的营养成分差异。方法测定驴肝、猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝的水分、灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质元素、维生素的含量,并将驴肝与其他3种肝脏的营养成分作对比分析。结果驴肝蛋白质含量比猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝高,不饱和脂肪酸含量和占总脂肪酸的比例均优于猪肝、鸡肝和鹅肝,矿物质元素中Zn含量明显高于其他3种肝脏。胆固醇含量、总脂肪酸含量均低于其他畜禽肝脏。结论从营养学角度看,驴肝是较优的动物性食品原料。     

Chemistry of swine liver and products of liver processing. 2. Interaction between water-soluble liver proteins and glucose--non-enzymatic browning reactions

The influence of thermical treatment of pig liver on the concentration of water-soluble proteins was investigated. The latter can be partly separated by preparative thin-layer chromatography and characterized by UV-spectroscopy. The initial decrease in measurable protein content as a result of the denaturation was followed by a light increase. The latter was caused by an easier accessibility of the hydrophobe protein areas and by hydrolytical splitting of the proteins. The same assessment of quality is also valid for the model protein (bovine-serum albumin). The addition of glucose causes in both cases an intensive reaction between proteins and sugars--the result is in every case an increase in browning intensity.     

Chemistry of swine liver and products of liver processing. 1. Carbohydrate content of swine liver in relation to thermal stress

Glucose can be extracted from the carbohydrates of pig liver by water, but glycogen only by boiling alkalies. The last one can be precipitated with ethanol. The boiling of an aqueous liver suspension causes a decrease in glucose quantity as expected. Thereby the influence of the liver proteins on carbohydrate concentration becomes apparent as well as the interaction between both substances within the reaction of non-enzymatic browning. A series of storing experiments confirmed that neither freezing nor boiling temperatures can completely stop this reaction.     

Dietary salmon milt extracts attenuate hepatosteatosis and liver dysfunction in diet-induced fatty liver model

The cover image is based on the Research Article Dietary salmon milt extracts attenuate hepatosteatosis and liver dysfunction in diet-induced fatty liver model by Toshihiro Sakurai et al., DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9352

     

猪肝酱的研制

猪肝酱营养丰富,风味独特。研制开发符合商业相关质量标准、要求,保质期长的猪肝酱,可以提高农副产品的附加值,增加企业的收入。     

鸡肝酱的研制

鸡肝酱是一种营养丰富,风味独特,附加值高的即食熟肉制品。通过对最佳艺流程的筛选,研制开发符合相关质量要求商业无菌,保持期长的鸡肝酱。鸡肝酱的水分含量58.9%,食盐1.4%,亚硝酸盐5.9mg/kg,过氧化值0.05g/100g,酸价0.82mg/g。     

肠道菌群失调介导酒精性肝病发生发展的机制研究进展

目的：研究三叶青超微粉能否缓解酒精引起的肝损伤,并探讨其保护作用机制,为开发酒精性肝损伤辅助治疗产品提供新的研究思路。方法：连续给予大鼠8周酒精制备肝损伤模型,同时给予大鼠灌胃不同剂量的三叶青超微粉,观察其对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。检测大鼠血清中ALT、AST、ALP和肝组织中GSH、SOD、MDA的变化,观察肝组织病理切片损伤情况,并采集粪便提取基因组DNA,进行16S rDNA 全长测序分析。结果：与模型组比较,三叶青中、高剂量（0.5和1.0 g·kg⁻¹）可显著降低大鼠ALT、AST和ALP水平及MDA含量（P<0.05）,提高SOD和GSH活性,减轻肝组织病变。肝组织切片证实,三叶青超微粉明显改善酒精所引起的肝细胞肿胀和脂肪变性,治疗效果类似于阳性药联苯双酯。肠道菌群分析表明,酒精性肝损伤大鼠肠道菌群结构发生显著变化;三叶青、阳性药干预对肠道菌群在门、属、种水平上较模型组均有一定程度的改善;三叶青能有效恢复因酒精增加的普雷沃菌属,降低的约氏乳杆菌、毛杆菌丰度,效果优于阳性药对照组（P<0.05）。结论：首次验证了三叶青超微粉对大鼠酒精性肝损伤有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与其抗氧化应激作用及肠道菌群的调节有关。     

Decellularized liver as a practical scaffold with a vascular network template for liver tissue engineering

The construction of a functional liver-tissue equivalent using tissue engineering is a very important goal because the liver is a central organ in the body. However, the construction of functional organ-scale liver tissue is impossible because it requires a high-density blood vessel network. In this study, we focused on decellularization technology to solve this problem. Decellularized liver tissue with a fine vascular tree network template was obtained using Triton X-100. The distance between each vascular structure was less than 1?mm. Endothelialization of the blood vessel network with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was successfully performed without any leakage of HUVECs to the outside of the vessel structure. Furthermore, hepatocytes/spheroids could be located around the blood vessel structure. This study indicates that decellularized liver tissue is a potential scaffold for creating a practical liver tissue using tissue engineering technology.     

副干酪乳杆菌对酒精致肝损伤小鼠生长性能和肝脏的影响

该实验旨在研究副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei）M5L对酒精致肝损伤小鼠生长性能及肝功能的影响。试验选取40只生长性能良好、体质量在25～28 g之间的昆明小鼠，随机将小鼠分为对照组、模型组、高、低副干酪乳杆菌剂量组，每组各10只，饲养28 d后进行生长性能和肝功能指标的测定。结果表明，与模型组的小鼠相比，副干酪乳杆菌M5L处理后能显著提高小鼠的体质量（P＜0.05），显著增大胸腺指数和脾脏指数（P＜0.05）；减轻小鼠肝脏水肿、充血，肝细胞坏死的情况，并且显著降低小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性（P＜0.05），显著降低小鼠肝脏中丙二醛（MDA）的含量（P＜0.05），显著增加小鼠肝脏中超氧化歧化酶（SOD）活性和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量（P＜0.05）。综上，副干酪乳杆菌M5L能够提高酒精致肝损伤小鼠的生长性能，并增强小鼠肝脏的抗氧化能力。     

Liver fibrosis is a common pathological change in the liver of dairy cows with fatty liver

Fatty liver (i.e., hepatic lipidosis) is a prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy cows during the transition period, characterized by excess hepatic accumulation of triglyceride (TG), tissue dysfunction, and cell death. Detailed pathological changes, particularly hepatic fibrosis, during fatty liver remain to be determined. Liver fibrosis occurs as a consequence of liver damage, resulting from the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, which distorts the architecture of the normal liver, compromising its normal synthetic and metabolic functions. Thus, we aimed to investigate liver fibrosis status and its potential causal factors including oxidative stress, hepatocyte apoptosis, and production of inflammatory cytokines in the liver of cows with fatty liver. Forty-five dairy cows (parity, 3–5) were selected, and liver biopsy and blood were collected on the second week postpartum (days in milk, 10–14 d). On the basis of the degree of lipid accumulation in liver, selected cows were categorized into normal (n = 25; TG <1% wet wt), mild fatty liver (n = 15; 1% ≤ TG <5% wet wt), and moderate fatty liver (n = 5; 5% ≤ TG <10% wet wt). Compared with normal cows, blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate, along with alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, were greater in the cows with fatty liver (mild and moderate). Hepatic extracellular matrix deposition, as indicated by Picrosirius red staining, was greater in cows with fatty liver than those with normal ones. In addition, we observed an increased proportion of collagen type I fiber in extracellular matrix with increased lipid accumulation in the liver. Compared with normal cows, the area of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive staining along with the mRNA abundance of collagen type I α 1 (COL1A1), ACTA2 (gene encoding α-SMA), and transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) were greater in cows with fatty liver. Compared with normal cows, hepatic contents of malondialdehyde, glutathione disulfide, and 8-isoprostane were greater, whereas total antioxidant capacity, the hepatic content of glutathione, and activities of antioxidant indicators, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, were lower in cows with fatty liver. The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells and abundance of apoptosis-related molecules BAX, CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9 were greater in cows with fatty liver. However, mRNA abundance of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 did not differ. The mRNA abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFA), interleukin-1β (IL1B), and interleukin-6 (IL6) was greater in the liver of cows with fatty liver. Overall, the present study indicated that fibrosis is a common pathological response to liver damage and is associated with oxidative stress, hepatocyte death, and inflammation.     

基于肝微粒体和肝S9成分的食品接触材料中 五氯苯酚体外代谢分析

目的通过体外代谢方法,研究五氯苯酚(pentachlorophenol,PCP)的代谢情况。方法采用肝微粒体和肝S9成分2种体外代谢试剂模拟体内代谢模式,通过优化代谢反应条件,建立PCP、四氯苯醌(Cl4BQ)2种目标物的气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)检测方法,对PCP进行体外代谢研究分析。结果体外代谢分析的最佳反应条件为代谢试剂浓度0.75 mg/m L、代谢反应时间4 h。结论在最优反应条件下分析比较2种试剂对PCP的代谢情况,验证了PCP的代谢产物为Cl4BQ,且在肝微粒体和肝S9成分中的代谢没有显著差异。     

大鲵肝肽酒制备及其对小鼠酒后肝脏保护作用研究

以大鲵肝脏和白酒为原料制备大鲵肝肽酒，通过酶解法制备不同分子质量肝肽，对其体外乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）激活活性、体外抗氧化活性和溶解度进行测定，并采用生理盐水、白酒、大鲵肝肽酒分别灌胃小鼠，对小鼠肝脏及血清中相关生化指标进行测定。结果表明，分子质量<3 000 Da肝肽（GSLP-Ⅲ）对ADH激活率最高（83.53%），其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基（DPPH·）、羟自由基（·OH）和超氧阴离子自由基（O2-·）清除率均>83.50%，还原力最高（吸光度值0.44），在53%vol白酒中溶解度较高（94.35%）。与白酒组小鼠相比，大鲵肝肽酒组小鼠肝脏乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、乙醛脱氢酶（ALDH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量分别提高66.58%、26.84%、15.84%、36.92%，丙二醛（MDA）、甘油三酯（TG）含量分别降低17.37%、26.39%，血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性分别降低21.82%、23.61%，说明大鲵肝肽酒对小鼠酒后肝脏具有一定的保护作用。     

面包涂抹酱-鸡肝酱的研制

通过单因子实验对配方和工艺参数对面包涂抹酱品质的影响进行了研究,得出最佳配方为:瘦猪肉100g、鸡肝100g、猪脂25g、冰水223g、糖25g、盐2.33g、味精0.7g、胡椒粉0.7g、肉豆蔻0.7g,斩拌时间为7min,蒸煮温度和时间:75℃,30min。我们预测面包涂抹酱在不久的中国会有喜人的市场价值。     

Dietary antioxidant compounds and liver health

Chronic liver damage is a widespread pathology characterized by a progressive evolution from steatosis to chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. As the oxidative stress plays a central role in liver diseases pathogenesis and progression, the use of antioxidants have been proposed as therapeutic agents, as well as drug coadjuvants, to counteract liver damage. In this work in vitro and in vivo studies, with emphasis on humans and animals experiments, have been considered and reviewed according to antioxidant typologies. Great differences emerge as far as ingested doses, bioavailability and liver ability to accumulate the various compounds. Results available up to now suggest that lycopene-rich foods could be proposed in therapeutic treatment of some liver pathologies. On the other hand contradictory results have been obtained with alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and trans-resveratrol. Quercetin, silymarin, esculetin and thyme and rosemary among phenolic compounds need further studies.     

鹅肝酱罐头的加工工艺

概述了鹅肝酱罐头的加工要点