Lignin-based carbon fibers for composite fiber applications

Carbon fibers have been produced for the first time from a commercially available kraft lignin, without any chemical modification, by thermal spinning followed by carbonization. A fusible lignin with excellent spinnability to form a fine filament was produced with a thermal pretreatment under vacuum. Blending the lignin with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) further facilitated fiber spinning, but at PEO levels greater than 5%, the blends could not be stabilized without the individual fibers fusing together. Carbon fibers produced had an over-all yield of 45%. The tensile strength and modulus increased with decreasing fiber diameter, and are comparable to those of much smaller diameter carbon fibers produced from phenolated exploded lignins. In view of the mechanical properties, tensile 400–550 MPa and modulus 30–60 GPa, kraft lignin should be further investigated as a precursor for general grade carbon fibers.     

含碳纳米管导电PET纤维的研究

将纳米组装高分子(PEEM)作为载体,使碳纳米管(CNT)及金属氧化物在其中充分分散,分别制成CNT母粒和导电剂,再与聚酯切片共混纺丝制备导电PET纤维。探讨了CNT母粒含量、导电剂含量、导电剂／CNT母粒配比、纤维的导电性能以及导电纤维的耐洗涤性、力学性能。研究结果表明:在CNT质量分数为0.18％、导电剂质量分数为2％时,制得导电PET纤维的体积比电阻为3.86×108 Ω·cm,且力学性能较纯PET下降不大。通过浸泡水洗,其体积比电阻基本不变,说明其具有优良、比较稳定的导电性和耐洗涤性。对纤维导电机理做了初步探讨。     

锌/碳纳米管复合电沉积薄膜性能研究

通过复合电沉积技术制备了纳米叠层锌/碳纳米管和光亮锌/碳纳米管2种复合薄膜,薄膜的拉曼光谱验证了锌与碳纳米管的共沉积。薄膜表面的场发射扫描电子显微镜观测显示碳纳米管表面的金属包覆层连续且均匀,预示着良好的界面结合。在2种薄膜的断口和裂纹处分别发现了被拔出基体和桥联的碳纳米管,证实了碳管对基体具有有效的增强作用。     

Metallized polyacrylonitrile fibers — A reinforcing filler for conducting polymeric composite materials

The promise of using metal-containing PAN fibers as a reinforcing filler for PCM was demonstrated. The nickel in the structure of the fiber initiates opening of epoxy rings and reacts with the hydroxyl and epoxy groups in the oligomer. The conductivity of PCM reinforced with metal-containing PAN fibers is a function of the concentration and character of the distribution of the metal in the fiber. It was found that conductivity in PCM is caused by the concentration of free nickel and is similar to the conductivity of metals.Saratov Polytechnical Institute, Tashkent Institute of the Textile and Light Industry, N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Belarus' Academy of Sciences, Minsk. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 39–41, July–August, 1992.     

Ultralight conducting polymer/carbon nanotube composite aerogels

By embedding carbon nanotubes into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT–PSS) supermolecular hydrogels in the presence of a very small amount of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), we have presented the fabrication of ultralight conducting polymer/carbon nanotube composite aerogels with the apparent density of 0.04–0.07 g/cm³ made by supercritical CO₂ drying of as-made composite hydrogel precursors. The carbon nanotubes employed here are directly applicable to pristine (MWCNTs) or acid treated (c-MWCNTs) multi-wall nanotubes. Infra-red spectroscopy is used to confirm that PVA used for stabilizing nanotubes during the synthesis of hydrogel precursors has been completely removed by solvent exchange before supercritical CO₂ drying. The morphology and textural properties of the resultant composite aerogels are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and X-ray powder diffraction tests. The thermal stability, together with electrical conductivities, of the resulting composite aerogels is revealed by the thermal gravitational analysis as well as conductivity tests. The results show that embedding of either MWCNTs or c-MWCNTs into PEDOT–PSS aerogel matrix can significantly enhance the specific surface areas (280–400 m²/g), the thermal stability and electrical conductivities (1.2–6.9 × 10⁻² S/cm) of the resulting composite aerogels.     

东丽公司碳纤维及其复合材料的进展：国外碳纤维进展之一

在美国第四十届材料与加工工程促进学年会与展览上,共有８家世界上著名的碳纤维公司展出了碳纤维及其复合材料产品。本文简要介绍日本东丽公司碳纤维及其复合材料制品的新发展。     

Processing of strong and highly conductive carbon foams as electrode

Porous carbons were processed by the foaming of two-part polymer precursors with pre-loaded carbon powder (graphitic or amorphous), and then resin impregnation and carbonization to control both porosity and mechanical strength of the resulting foam. Electrical conductivity of the foams was improved by nickel-catalyzed graphitization. Different levels of graphitization were obtained for varied concentrations of nickel to the amorphous carbon foams. The presence of graphitic carbon improves the electrical conductivity by a factor of 50, compared to the amorphous counterparts. Electrochemical studies showed that graphitization of the amorphous structures increased the specific electrochemical surface area and electron transfer rate of the carbon electrodes.     

Preparation of nanostructured porous carbon composite fibers from ferrum alginate fibers

Nano‐microstructured porous carbon composite fibers (Fe₂O₃@C/FeO@C/Fe@C) were synthesized by the thermal decomposition of ferrum alginate fibers. The ferrum alginate fiber precursors were prepared by wet spinning, and calcined at 300–1000°C in high purity nitrogen. The resulting composite fibers consist of carbon coated Fe₂O₃/FeO/Fe nanoparticles and porous carbon fibers. All the prepared nanostructures were investigated using thermal gravimetry, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm. The results show that there are five stages in the decomposition process of the ferrum alginate fibers. Transitions between the five stages are affected by the decomposition temperature. XRD results show that maghemite (Fe₂O₃), wüstite (FeO), martensite (Fe) nanoparticles were formed at 300–500°C, 600–700°C, 800–1000°C, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and TEM results indicate that the composite fibers consist of nanoparticles and porous carbon. The diameter of the nanosized particles increased from 100 to 500 nm with increasing reaction temperature. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption results also show that the composite fibers have a micro‐ and mesoporous structure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Polyamide 6 composite fibers with incorporated mixtures of melamine cyanurate,carbon nanotubes,and carbon black

Polyamide 6 (PA6) composite filament yarns were produced by the simultaneous incorporation of melamine cyanurate (MeCy) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon black (CB) into a composite matrix in a melt-spinning process. The results show that the simultaneous incorporation of MeCy with CNTs or CB additives provided filaments with a uniform black color. Tensile analysis confirmed that a reinforcing effect was achieved when CB was used, whereas the CNTs induced a reducing effect on the filament tenacity. With regard to the burning behavior, the flame-retardant action of MeCy was preserved in the presence of CB but was significantly hindered when used in combination with CNTs. These results indicate that the mixture of MeCy and CB was much more compatible for the production of reinforced PA6 composite filaments with increased thermal stability and improved flame retardancy over those of the MeCy and CNTs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47007.     

Fex-Co1-x bimetallic catalysts for highly efficient growth of carbon nanotubes on carbon fibers

This paper aims to develop a catalyst for highly efficient growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on carbon fibers (CFs) with improved tensile strength by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The effect of the composition of Fe_x-Co_1-x catalysts on the morphology of the synthesized CNTs and the tensile properties of the CFs at different stages of the CVD process were explored. It was found that the bimetallic catalysts possessed better catalytic effect than monometallic catalysts at low temperature. The detailed study of the tensile properties of CFs at different stages of CVD process manifested that the composition of catalysts affected the catalytic activity. When the atomic fraction of Fe was 50%, the bimetallic catalyst among Fe_x-Co_1-x family was considered to hold the highest catalytic efficiency due to the least damage to the fibers and the ability to generate more carbon atoms to repair and reinforce CFs. The corresponding tensile strength of the final CNTs-grafted CFs was 11.53% higher than that of the desized CFs.     

New carbon nanotube–conducting polymer composite electrodes for drug delivery applications

A novel drug delivery system (DDS) based on a carbon nanotube (CNT)–poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) composite was constructed via a layering method. Single‐walled CNTs (SWNTs) were immobilized on a gold electrode using a layer‐by‐layer technique. In particular, cysteamine (Cys) was firstly bonded to the gold surface through the strong S? Au association and SWNTs were subsequently linked onto the Cys layer through condensation reaction of ? NH₂ and carboxyl groups by 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N‐hydroxysuccinimide coupling. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy demonstrate that this is a facile route for immobilizing CNTs on gold electrodes. Finally PEDOT was electropolymerized on the SWNT‐functionalized electrode to make a SWNT–PEDOT composite, and the modified electrode was applied as a DDS. Dexamethasone, as a model drug, was incorporated into PEDOT in the electropolymerization. Investigations of the electrochemical properties of SWNT–PEDOT demonstrate that SWNTs greatly improve the conductivity and increase the charge capacity of PEDOT. The composite exhibits a petal‐like surface structure, 20–30 nm thick and 100–200 nm wide. Compared to a DDS based on pure PEDOT synthesized under the same conditions, SWNT–PEDOT has the merits of higher drug release rate and larger release amount. The average mass release for every five voltammetry cycles increases from 1.4126 to 1.8864 mg cm^?2. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

轻质复合材料高压容器的研究和结构设计

轻质复合材料高压容器的应用越来越广泛,随着氢能和天然气等清洁燃料在汽车中的应用,其轻量化和安全性的研究显得特别重要。主要进行高压储氢容器的研究与结构设计,该结构采用高强度铝合金内胆、外缠绕高强度纤维复合材料构成压力容器,它具有质量轻、防渗漏、耐压能力强等特点;通过提高储氢压力和减轻容器重量来提高储氢密度,储氢密度可达到5%以上;设计中改进了纤维缠绕的预应力分布,在操作时降低了铝内胆的平均应力,提高了容器的抗疲劳性能和综合安全性能。     

Optical and electrical characterization of conducting polymer-single walled carbon nanotube composite films

The optical and electrical properties of the conducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) and single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composites have been investigated. The composites were prepared by dispersing carbon nanotubes in the polymer matrix already dissolved in 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The optical absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and electrical conductivity of the composite was studied as a function of SWCNT concentration in the solution. The absorption coefficient of the polymer was found to be unaffected upto a SWCNT concentration 5% w/w. However a minor decrease in the absorption in visible region was observed for higher SWCNT concentrations. The intensity of PL emission from the composite was measured and was found to decrease with the increase in SWCNT concentration. For a SWCNT concentration of 30% w/w, ∼90% of the PL was quenched, indicating an ultra fast transfer of photoinduced charges from donor polymer to acceptor SWCNT. Direct current conductivity of the composite film was found to increase rapidly with the increase in SWCNT concentration and an increase of ∼5 orders of magnitude was observed for a 30% w/w concentration. The enhancement in conductivity is explained in terms of percolation theory with an estimated percolation threshold of 2% w/w.     

Stress transfer in polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube composite fibers

Gel spun polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube (PAN/CNT) composite fibers have been produced, and the stress-induced G′ Raman band shifts in the CNTs have been monitored to observe stress transfer during fiber strain. Improvements in CNT quality, CNT dispersion, and post-processing fiber drawing are shown to increase the stress transfer from the matrix to the CNT. Radial breathing mode (RBM) intensity of specific CNT chiralities confirms CNT debundling during fiber processing. During PAN/CNT fiber straining, there reaches a plateau in the CNT G′ downshift, signifying that the stress on the CNT is maintained despite continued straining of the PAN/CNT fiber. Correlating CNT strain with CNT modulus and volume fraction allows for the interfacial shear strength (τ_i) of the PAN-CNT interface to be determined. The as-spun and fully drawn PAN/CNT-A (99/1) nano composite fibers exhibit τ_i of 13.1 and 30.9 MPa, respectively, while an improved CNT dispersion (PAN/CNT-A (99.9/0.1)) results in τ_i equal to 44.3 MPa.     

国产碳纤维编织碳/碳喉衬烧蚀分析

采用国产T300级碳纤维进行轴棒法编织结构碳/碳(C/C)复合材料制备,并对C/C复合材料喉衬进行固体火箭发动机(SRM)地面点火试验,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM),分别对烧蚀后喉衬入口部位、喉部和出口部位的烧蚀形貌进行分析。结果表明,在7.432 MPa压力下,国产T300级碳纤维轴棒法编织结构C/C喉衬的烧蚀性能较为稳定,烧蚀均匀,烧蚀后型面光滑,烧蚀率较低,平均线烧蚀率为0.159 6 mm/s,国产T300级碳纤维的性能满足发动机的工作要求。     

Preparation and properties of the three-dimensional highly thermal conductive carbon/carbon-silicon carbide composite using the mesophase-pitch-based carbon fibers and pyrocarbon as thermal diffusion channels

The novel three dimensional highly thermal conductive carbon/carbon-silicon carbide (C/C-SiC) composite was successfully prepared using the mesophase-pitch-based carbon fibers and pyrocarbon as the thermal diffusion channels. The results show that the highly thermal conductive C/C-SiC composite with 221.1 W m^?1K^?1 in the ablation direction exhibits a smaller temperature gradient, and the surface temperature is 470 °C lower than that of the lowly thermal conductive C/C-SiC composite. The mass and linear ablation rates of the highly thermal conductive C/C-SiC composite are 0.56 mg·cm^?2 s^?1 and 0.11 μm·s^?1, respectively.     

Dynamic mechanical studies of a highly filled composite structure: A lightweight coated paper

A composite sandwich structure, consisting of a paper sheet as a middle layer and two porous coating layers of a highly filled acrylate–styrene–butadiene copolymer, has been studied by means of a dynamic mechanical test in torsion. Stiffness and mechanical damping, tan δ, were recorded over the temperature region where the latex polymer exhibits a glass transition. The mechanical damping decreases with increasing filler content in the coating. Variations in the thickness of the coating layers did not influence the mechanical damping. The glass transition temperature of the latex polymer increases with increasing volume fraction of filler at high filler contents as an effect of filler–matrix interaction. The outer layers partly penetrate into the middle layer, as indicated by thickness measurements on the coated paper. A theoretical comparison of the peak heights of the mechanical damping using lamination theory shows a discrepancy in the experimental results. If penetration of the outer layer is allowed for, i.e., if using a thicker outer layer of the composite in the calculations, a favorable correlation between the theoretical and the experimental results is obtained. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.